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40 results for “velvet worm”
Fig. 7 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 7 Cephalic structures in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. In all images, the anterior orientation is at the top of the figure, with posterior at the bottom. a Overview of the head. The lack of sclerotized/eversible head organs and/or modified head papillae is a characteristic feature of Ooperipatellus. Arrow points to remnant of ejected slime on the head of the specimen. b Detail of
Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
<p>Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one <i>pdf</i> gene, two <i>pdf</i> homologs, <i>pdf-I</i> and <i>pdf-II</i>, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of <i>pdf-I</i> in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two <i>pdf</i> genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran <i>Euperipatoides rowelli</i>. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from <i>E. rowelli</i>. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in <i>E. rowelli</i> but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides—as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators—in Onychophora.</p>
Raw data Encapsulated salts in velvet worm slime drive its hardening
<p>Individual Images from the main manuscript and code for SAED image analysis using ImageJ.</p>
Data from: Exploring the impact of habitat size on phylogeographic patterning in the Overberg velvet worm Peripatopsis overbergiensis (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae)
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Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
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Supplementary material 1 from: Oliveira IS (2023) An updated world checklist of velvet worms (Onychophora) with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys 1184: 133-260. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.107286
Number of valid species and nomina dubia currently assigned to each genus of Onychophora
Supplementary material 2 from: Oliveira IS (2023) An updated world checklist of velvet worms (Onychophora) with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys 1184: 133-260. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.107286
Summary of all species and genera currently assigned to Onychophora
Data from: Opsins in Onychophora (velvet worms) suggest a single origin and subsequent diversification of visual pigments in arthropods
<p>Multiple visual pigments, prerequisites for color vision, are found in arthropods, but the evolutionary origin of their diversity remains obscure. In this study, we explore the opsin genes in five distantly related species of Onychophora, using deep transcriptome sequencing and screening approaches. Surprisingly, our data reveal the presence of only one opsin gene (<em>onychopsin</em>) in each onychophoran species, and our behavioral experiments indicate a maximum sensitivity of onychopsin to blue–green light. In our phylogenetic analyses, the onychopsins represent the sister group to the monophyletic clade of visual r-opsins of arthropods. These results concur with phylogenomic support for the sister-group status of the Onychophora and Arthropoda and provide evidence for monochromatic vision in velvet worms and in the last common ancestor of Onychophora and Arthropoda. We conclude that the diversification of visual pigments and color vision evolved in arthropods, along with the evolution of compound eyes—one of the most sophisticated visual systems known.</p>
Figure 8 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 8. Origin and fate of primordial germ cells in Epiperipatus biolleyi (A, B) and Opisthopatus roseus (C, D). Transmission electron micrographs. A, primordial germ cells (pgc) that occur as an unpaired cluster of cells at the posterior end of an early segmenting embryo. Inset shows the position of the cluster (arrow) in a slightly older elongating embryo. B, horizontal section of a coelomic cavity with primordial germ cells associated with the visceral coelomic lining (cl) in an embryo with a full number of somites developed. Anterior is up, mid-line is left. C, horizontal section of a coelomic lining with associated primordial germ cells in an embryo with the full number of somites. D, detail of a primordial germ cell, which is covered by slender processes of coelomic lining cells towards the coelomic cavity (co). Arrowhead indicates an apical junction. Abbreviations: bc, primary body cavity; cl, coelomic lining cells; co, coelomic cavity; en, endoderm; mt, mitochondria; nu, nucleus; pgc, primordial germ cells.
Figure 2 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 2. External organization of the three major types of ovaries and associated structures in Onychophora. Scanning electron micrographs, ventral view, anterior upmost. A, exogenous ovary of Peripatopsis balfouri (Peripatopsidae, South Africa). Arrowheads indicate 'grape-like', stalked oocytes projecting from the ovarian surface. B, pseudoendogenous ovary of Metaperipatus inae (Peripatopsidae, Chile). Note the absence of stalked oocytes on the ovarian surface, which consequently appears smooth. C, endogenous ovary of Epiperipatus biolleyi (Peripatidae, Costa Rica) with a smooth ovarian surface. Abbreviations: lg, suspensory ligament; od, oviduct; of, ovarian funnel; ov, ovary; rs, seminal receptacle.
Figure 2 from: Oliveira I, Read V, Mayer G (2012) A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys 211: 1-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.211.3463
Figure 2 - Overview map with type localities of valid onychophoran species worldwide. The type localities of the Peripatidae species are indicated by blue dots, those of the Peripatopsidae species by red dots.
Figure 1 from: Oliveira I, Read V, Mayer G (2012) A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys 211: 1-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.211.3463
Figure 1 - Diagram illustrating the number of species descriptions of Onychophora per year since the very first description of an onychophoran species by Guilding (1826). Note the numerous gaps in the taxonomical work.
Figure 3 from: Oliveira I, Read V, Mayer G (2012) A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys 211: 1-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.211.3463
Figure 3 - Overview map withlocalities of onychophoran species regarded as nomina dubia in the present work. Note that the localities of these species are imprecise. The localities of the Peripatidae species are indicated in blue, those of the Peripatopsidae species in red. Numbers refer to the following species: 1 Paraperipatus amboinensis Pflugfelder, 1948 2 Paraperipatus stresemanni Bouvier, 1914b 3 Paraperipatus leopoldi Leloup, 1931 4 Paraperipatus schultzei Heymons, 19125 Peripatoides morgani Trewick, 1998 6 Peripatoides novaezealandiae (Hutton, 1876) 7 Peripatoides aurorbis Trewick, 1998 8 Peripatoides sympatrica Trewick, 1998 9 Ooperipatellus cryptus Jackson & Taylor, 1994 10 Paropisthopatus costesi (Gravier & Fage, 1925) 11 Metaperipatus blainvillei (Gervais, 1837) 12 Oroperipatus peruanus (Grube, 1876) 13 Oroperipatus quitensis (Schmarda, 1871) 14 Oroperipatus goudoti (Bouvier, 1899c) 15 Epiperipatus nicaraguensis (Bouvier, 1900a) 16 Peripatus antiguensis Bouvier, 1899c 17 Peripatus bavaysi Bouvier, 1899c 18 Macroperipatus geayi (Bouvier, 1899c) 19 Epiperipatus tucupi (Froehlich, 1968) 20 Eoperipatus sumatranus (Sedgwick, 1888).
Data from: Opsins in Onychophora (velvet worms) suggest a single origin and subsequent diversification of visual pigments in arthropods
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Fig. 10 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 10 Phylogenetic relationships among representative onychophorans, including Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Maximum likelihood topology combining the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA with COI nucleotide sequences excluding the third codon position. Four
Fig. 2 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 2 Features associated with male reproductive structures in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. In all images, the anterior orientation is at the top of the figure, with posterior at the bottom. a Genital pad in overview. The posterior border of the genital pad appears modified into a conspicuous swollen area (dotted lines) in males of this species. Note the characteristic genital opening of Ooperipatellus, the cruciform opening of which divides the genital pad completely on the transverse but not on the longitudinal axis. b Detail of the modified area of the genital pad. Note the lack of dermal
Fig. 6 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 6 Head and ventral colour pattern in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Images of living specimens. In all images, the anterior orientation is at the left of the figure, with posterior at the right. a Head colour pattern. Note the banded antennae and the orange/tan slime papillae. Antennal rings that normally appear orange/tan are numbered according to their
Fig. 1 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 1 Geographical position and relative size of Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Maps on the left indicate the approximate position (red dot) of the collecting site where the new species was found in Tasmania, Australia. Drawings on the right side represent a comparison to scale of O. nickmayeri sp. nov. (black), reconstructed from photographs of walking
Fig. 9 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 9 Structures associated with the legs in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. In all images, the distal orientation is at the top of the figure, with proximal at the bottom. Spinous pads are numbered from distal to proximal and fragmented pads are delimited by dotted lines. Spineless integumentary fold between the second and third pads is artificially coloured green. a A leg from the midbody. b Detail of the spineless integumentary fold. This
Fig. 8 in A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms
Fig. 8 Dermal papillae in Ooperipatellus nickmayeri sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs. Black circles with white centre indicate the number of scale ranks in primary and accessory papillae. a Primary papilla equipped with sensorial bristle. b Accessory papillae lacking sensorial bristle. c Distribution of type I (artificially coloured blue) and type II (artificially coloured purple) crater-shaped papillae. Ventral side
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