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36 results for “wet season”
Stable social structure of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) during the dry and wet season in Central Tuli, Botswana
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Data from: Tracing the origin of the early wet-season Anopheles coluzzii in the Sahel
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Multi-scale drivers of soil resistance predict vulnerability of seasonally wet meadows to trampling by pack stock animals in the Sierra Nevada, USA
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Data for paper "Axial wind effects on stratification and longitudinal sediment transport in a convergent estuary during wet season"
<p>This is the COAWST model data used in the paper. </p>
SAFARI 2000 Vegetation Cover Characteristics, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000
Vegetation cover and composition, including species types and richness assessments, were measured at four locations along the Kalahari Transect in Botswana (Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River, and Tshane) during the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign. The sites visited showed interesting degrees of variability despite the apparent homogeneity of the Kalahari sands and predominantly semi-arid savanna shrub-woodlands vegetation cover (Ringrose et al., 2003).At each site, twelve individual locations were chosen by random stratified techniques within a 30-km radius at each location, based on differences in topography, soils, and known disturbance, to help determine local variability (Huennecke et al., 2001). Data collection methods were identical at each location (Ringrose et al., 1996; 1998): (1) identification and enumeration of all species along 3 x 90-m transects, spaced 45-m apart; (2) visual estimation (tape measure and pacing) of canopy diameter along each transect; and (3) visual estimation of percent live and dead herbaceous cover, litter, and bare soil using 3 x 50 m2 quadrats spaced at 30-m intervals along each transect. In addition, vegetation components were calculated for each site comprising woody vegetation cover, green herbaceous cover in terms of grass and forbs, dead herbaceous cover, plant litter, and bare soil. Species richness was calculated as the actual number of species per three transects (270 m2) at each site (Kent and Coker, 1996).The data set consists of two data files (ASCII tables) in comma-delimited format (.csv) with descriptive header records.
SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Transect CO2, Water Vapor, and Heat Flux, Wet Season 2000
Short-term measurements of carbon dioxide, water, and energy fluxes were collected at four locations along a mean annual precipitation gradient in southern Africa during the SAFARI 2000 wet (growing) season campaign of 2000. The purpose of this research was to determine how observed vegetation-atmosphere exchange properties are functionally related to long-term climatic conditions. This research was conducted along the Kalahari Transect (KT), one in the global set of International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) transects, which covers a north-south aridity gradient, all on a homogenous sand formation. Eddy covariance instruments were deployed on a permanent tower in Mongu, Zambia (879 mm of rainfall per year), as well as on a portable tower in Maun (460 mm/yr), Okwa River Crossing (407 mm/yr), and Tshane (365 mm/yr), Botswana for several days at each site.The data files are stored as ASCII text files, one file per site, in comma-separated-value (csv) format, with column headers. Each file contains measurements of the following parameters: air temperature; CO2 concentration; CO2 flux; friction velocity; heat flux; infrared surface skin temperature; longwave radiation; net radiation; photosynthetic photon flux density; photosynthesis energy; relative humidity; shortwave radiation; soil moisture; soil temperature; vapor pressure deficit; wind speed and angle; water use efficiency; and water vapor. Additional information can be found in the companion file: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/safari2k/climate_meteorology/kalahari_co2_heat_flux/comp/ kt_co2_heat_flux_readme.pdf. Detailed photographs (.jpg) that complement the experimental descriptions for this data set are available on the S2K Photo Gallery pages.
SAFARI 2000 Canopy Structural Measurements, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2001
This data set contains leaf area index (LAI), leaf inclination angle, and canopy dimension data from study sites along the Kalahari Transect in southwest Botswana. The data were collected during the 2001 wet season field campaign of the SAFARI 2000 at a total of seven plots of 200 x 150 meter dimensions; two plots each at Tshane and Mabuasehube, and three plots at Tsabong. The data set consists of measurements of leaf angle for plot dominant woody species, LAI calculated from overstory and understory photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurements, and canopy dimension data (i. e., crown height, crown width, and height to crown) for grass and woody vegetation, for use in the parameterization of plant canopy reflectance models.Measurements of LAI were made with a plant canopy analyzer which records direct and diffuse PAR at the top of the canopy using a beam fraction sensor. PAR beneath the canopy was measured simultaneously with a one-meter long probe held horizontally beneath the canopy. Leaf inclination angle measurements were made using a clinometer. Measurements of tree height, crown height, height-to-crown, and crown width were made for 10 to 20 individual trees of the dominant species at each field plot using a tape measure or simple trigonometry, and calculations based on these data.The data files are stored as ASCII table files, in comma-separated-value (.csv) format, with column headers. Photographs (.jpg) are provided of each plot to provide an idea of site conditions. The photographs can be viewed on the S2K Photo Gallery pages.
SAFARI 2000 AOT and Column Water Vapor, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000
The data presented here include the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and column water vapor measurements taken at sites along the Kalahari Transect using a Microtops sunphotometer. Data were collected every 30 minutes at 4 sites that were visited during the SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Wet Season Campaign between March 3, 2000 and March 18, 2000. AOT values are provided at 340, 440, 675, 870, and 936 nm wavelengths. An estimate of the Angstrom Coefficient is also provided to allow the estimation of AOT at other wavelengths.The purpose of this data collection was primarily for documentation of the conditions at each site and to aid in the correction of remote sensing data, for validation of Earth Observation System (EOS) products such as MODIS and MISR aerosol products, and for modeling of canopy productivity.
SAFARI 2000 Leaf Spectral Measurements, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000
The Boston University team collected several data sets along the Kalahari Transect during the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign between March 3 and March 18, 2000 to support the validation of the MODIS LAI/FPAR algorithm. Ground measurements of LAI, FPAR, leaf hemispherical reflectance and transmittance, and canopy transmittance were made using a LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer, an AccuPAR ceptometer, a LiCor 1800-12S External Integrating Sphere (LI-1800) portable spectroradiometer, and an ASD handheld spectroradiometer. Leaf spectral data are provided in this data set. Leaf spectral measurements were made on samples from dominant tree, shrub, and grass species at 5 different Kalahari Transect sites - Mongu in Zambia and Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River, and Tshane in Botswana (from north to south) - where vegetation ranges from moist closed woodlands to arid sparsely-shrub-covered grasslands. Measurements were made on site with a LI-1800 portable spectroradiometer right after the leaves were cut from the trees or shrubs. Three or four sample leaves of each dominant species were measured.The data files, in ASCII comma-delimited (.csv) format, contain the wavelength of the measurement (from 400 nm to 1100 nm, at an interval of 1 nm) and the corresponding fraction of leaf reflectance, transmittance, and albedo (reflectance+transmittance). There is a separate data file for each tree and shrub species sampled at each site and a single file containing unidentified grass species collected from all of the sites. Average values for combined samples of trees and of shrubs at different sites are also provided.
SAFARI 2000 LAI Measurements at Kalahari Transect Sites, Wet Season 2000
The Boston University team collected several data sets along the Kalahari Transect during the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign from March 3rd to March 18th, 2000 to support the validation of the MODIS LAI/FPAR algorithm. Ground measurements of LAI, FPAR, leaf hemispherical reflectance, leaf hemispherical transmittance, and canopy transmittance were made using a LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer, an AccuPAR ceptometer, a LiCor 1800-12S External Integrating Sphere (LI-1800) portable spectroradiometer, and an ASD handheld spectroradiometer. LAI data are provided in this data set. LAI was intensively measured at 4 different sites in Botswana -- Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River, and Tshane (from north to south) -- where vegetation types range from moist closed woodlands to arid sparsely-shrub-covered grasslands. LAI measurements were mostly made during dusk, shortly before and after sunset at ground level in Maun, Okwa, and Tshane and at two horizontal levels in Pandamatenga -- one 2.0 m above the ground to measure the LAI of trees and the other was at ground level for total LAI.This data set contains reduced LAI measurements made at two scales: a 1 km x 1 km transect scale and a 250 m x 300 m pixel scale. The transect LAI data are stored in one ASCII file containing all measurements along the three transects at each site. The pixel or subgrid LAI are stored in separate ASCII files for each site.
SAFARI 2000 ETA Atmospheric Model Data, Wet and Dry Seasons 2000
With modern computer power now capable of making mesoscale model output available in real time in the operational environment, increased attention has been given to utilizing these models in order to improve the forecasting ability of meteorologists. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) has developed a step-mountain eta coordinate model generally known as the ETA Model.This NCEP ETA data assimilation and prediction system (see Mesinger et al., 1988; Black, 1994) has been used by the South African Weather Bureau/Service (SAWS) to provide operational regional forecast guidance since November 1993. SAWS used this model to produce the basic meteorological data for the SAFARI project. The SAWS ETA model is a hydrostatic model with a horizontal grid spacing of approximately 48 km and 38 vertical levels, with layer depths that range from 20 m in the planetary boundary layer to 2 km at 50 mb. There have been several major ETA Model upgrades at SAWS: in March 1996, August 1998, November 1999, and August 2001.
SAFARI 2000 BVOC Measurements at Skukuza and Maun Flux Towers, Wet Season 2001
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions were measured in a Colophospermum mopane woodland near Maun, Botswana, and in a Combretum-Acacia savanna in Kruger National Park, 13 km from Skukuza, Republic of South Africa (RSA) during the 2001 wet season campaign of SAFARI 2000. In addition, relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) measurements of BVOC fluxes were made on flux towers at these sites, where net CO2 emissions were also measured simultaneously. The investigators also took advantage of a wide variety of easily accessible plant specimens growing in a nursery in the Kruger National Park to screen an additional 95 species of African plants for their ability to emit isoprene, providing species level isoprene emission information which can be used to further initial estimates of isoprene emissions from additional ecosystems of southern Africa. A leaf cuvette technique was used to determine the emission capacities of the nursery plants and the temperature and light dependence of the emissions. This research on BVOC emissions contributes to the development of a regional scale BVOC emissions model for southern Africa.Data files contain records of BVOC measurements from the Maun and Skukuza flux tower sites; species level isoprene emissions and physiological data; and site meteorological data. The data files are stored as ASCII text files, in comma-delimited format, with column headers.More information can be found in the companion file.
SAFARI 2000 PAR Measurements, Kalahari Transect, Botswana, Wet Season 2000
Ceptometer data from a Decagon AccuPAR (Model PAR-80) were collected at four sites in Botswana during the SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Transect Wet Season Campaign (March, 2000). These sites include Maun, Pandamentanga, Ghanzi/Okwa River Crossing, and Tshane. The measurements were taken near stake flags placed at 25 m intervals along three parallel 750 m transects located 250 m apart. The ceptometer contains 80 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors fixed at 1 cm intervals along a wand and connected to a control box. The sampling protocol followed in general was to first measure above canopy incident PAR, then canopy reflected PAR, then above canopy incident PAR again, and finally, canopy transmitted PAR. The data can be used to compute fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), intercepted PAR, leaf area index (LAI), and gap fraction. These data currently exist in raw format, but can be processed using manufacturer-provided software to estimate the derived products.The data are stored as ASCII files, in csv format, organized by site, with one file per transect. Incident, transmitted, and reflected PAR radiation values for a transect and site are in the same file. The type of measurement for each data point is known due to comments in the data files. For the Maun and Pandamatenga sites, there is an additional file containing above canopy PAR irradiance. The PAR data units are micromols m-2 s-1, and the time is in Local Time. There is also a readme file, in txt format, for each site.
SAFARI 2000 Vegetation Structure of Kataba Forest, Zambia, Wet Season 2000
Tree basal area, percent tree canopy cover, and proportional contribution of main species to canopy cover were measured at 60 sampling points at 50 m intervals along six transects in the vicinity of the MODIS validation site tower in Kataba Forest, near Mongu, Zambia, in late February to early March 2000 as part of the SAFARI 2000 Wet Season Campaign. The aim of the study was to provide a broad description of the tree canopy layer around the tower.Tree and shrub species composition was recorded for each grid and measurements of canopy cover (% and rank) and frequency of occurrence (%) were made. Basal area was estimated at each grid site in a single 360 degree sweep using a basal area prism. Four estimates of canopy cover, oriented north, south, east, and west around the sample point, were taken at each grid site using a spherical densiometer and the data were averaged to give a single value for each grid. Only the canopies of trees and shrubs above 1.5 m height were measured.The data are stored in an ASCII file, in csv format. The file lists all tree and shrub species recorded and provides the proportional contribution of these species to canopy cover in each grid. Total tree basal area (m2 ha-1) and overall tree canopy cover (%) in each grid is also provided. The companion file provides additional vegetation data, graphics, long-term meteorological data, a discussion of the study results, and photographs of the study site.
SAFARI 2000 Leaf Measurements of Dominant Trees, Kalahari Sites, Wet Season 2000
Data presented in this data set were collected during an intensive field campaign in Botswana between February 28 and March 18, 2000 along the Kalahari Transect as part of the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign. The sites visited were Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River Crossing, and Tshane (north to south). Individual leaf blade measurements were made on replicate samples from selected dominant and subdominant tree species using an optical lens and graticule. Leaves used in the study had recently-matured new growth, and were fully exposed to the sun for a significant part of the day. The data set is comprised of individual leaf blade dimensions along the length and width of each leaf by tree species as well as the mean of the replicate leaf length and width samples. The data are in comma-delimited ASCII format (kt_leaf_dimensions.csv).
SAFARI 2000 Leaf-Level VOC Emissions, Maun, Botswana, Wet Season 2001
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise a significant proportion of trace gases in the atmospheric environment and play an important role in the formation of secondary air pollutants. Emissions of monoterpenes from vegetation were studied at adjacent sites in Botswana as part of the SAFARI 2000 (Southern African Regional Science Initiative). Using a LI-COR leaf cuvette, VOC emissions were measured from the dominant tree species (Colophospermum mopane) and other vegetation near Maun, Botswana. The aims of this work were to: (1) determine the VOC emission potential of C. mopane; (2) investigate any differences in VOC emission potential between the tall and short C. mopane morphology types; (3) investigate environmental controls of VOC emissions from C. mopane; and (4) screen other non-dominant vegetation for high VOC emission potential. The data are contained in an ASCII text file (maun_leaf-level_voc.csv) in comma-delimited format with column headers. The data file contains leaf-level VOC emission rates for C. mopane and other plant species growing near Maun, Botswana recorded under different types of experiments associated with the measurements (e.g., preliminary light dependency, emission potential, tall/short and water potential, light dependency, screening). In addition, the data file contains physical measurements, such as leaf area and dry biomass, which are used in calculating leaf-level emissions rates. Environmental parameters in the leaf cuvette (PAR, temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration) are also recorded. All measurements were made during the wet season campaign (February) of 2001.
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