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36 results for “wing length”
Figure 2 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 2. Location of linear measurements (A) and schematic representation (B, C) of Philaethria wings showing veins and landmarks adopted in this study. A, hind wing dorsal and ventral (detail) views, showing measured vectors. B, fore wing. C, hind wing. See Appendix S2 for details on morphological definitions of landmarks.
Figure 4 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 4. Linear variation in hind wing size and medial postdiscal bands for Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion (left column), and in relation to latitude when samples from the two species are combined (right column). A, D, hind wing length. B, E, hind wing length/postdiscal band ratio (AB/DE). C, F, inner and medial postdiscal band ratio (EF/DF). See Fig. 2A for details on wing position of corresponding measurements. Numbers above boxes indicate the number of specimens measured in each class.
Figure 1 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 1. Geographical distributions of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion, and corresponding variation in male genitalia ultrastructure and ventral hind wing colour. A, shaded areas show distribution ranges proposed by Constantino & Salazar (2010) for P. wernickei (green) and P. pygmalion (red); green circles and red triangles represent collection localities of the material analysed in this study. B, variation in valva's cucullus, external view. C, variation in the colour pattern of hind wing surface, ventral view.
Figure 3 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 3. Male genitalia of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion. A, P. wernickei, lateral view. B, P. pygmalion, lateral view. C, schematic representation of generalized genitalia for both, in lateral view. D, F, H, J, scanning electron micrographs of P. wernickei; E, G, I, K, scanning electron micrographs of P. pygmalion. D, E, ampulla external view. F, G, ampulla internal view. H, I, ampulla ornamentation in detail. J, K, fultura inferior distal end. Scale bars = 150, 30, and 100 μm, for D–G, H–I, and J–K, respectively.
Figure 8 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 8. STRUCTURE-based clustering of Philaethria wernickei individuals from low (0–10°S) to high (20–25°S) latitudes (north and south populations, respectively) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism loci. Each individual is represented by a vertical line divided into segments of different colour that represent genetic clusters (K) from 1–4.
Figure 7 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 7. Multilocus consensus Bayesian tree based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (Co-I), triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (Atlantic Rain Forest, purple circles) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (Amazon Forest, black triangles) depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria pygmalion and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches and bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%.
Data from: Consistent declines in wing lengths of Calidridine sandpipers suggest a rapid morphometric response to environmental change
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Data on Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) body mass, wing, and headbill length
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Wing: A suitable non-lethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats
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Data from: Intralocus sexual conflict over wing length in a wild migratory bird
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Data from: QTL linkage mapping of wing length in zebra finch using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms markers
Avian wing length is an important trait that covaries with the ecology and migratory behaviour of a species and tends to change rapidly when the conditions are altered. Long-distance migrants typically have longer wings than short-distance migrants and sedentary species, and long-winged species also tend to be more dispersive. Although the substantial heritability of avian wing length is well established, the identification of causal genes has remained elusive. Based on large-scale genotyping of 1404 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a captive population of 1067 zebra finches, we here show that the within-population variation of relative wing length (h2 = 0.74 ± 0.05) is associated with standing genetic variation in at least six genomic regions (one genome-wide significant and five suggestive). The variance explained by these six quantitative trait loci (QTL) sums to 36.8% of the phenotypic variance (half of the additive genetic variance), although this likely is an overestimate attributable to the Beavis effect. As avian wing length is primarily determined by the length of the primary feathers, we then searched for candidate genes that are related to feather growth. Interestingly, all of the QTL signals co-locate with Wnt growth factors and closely interacting genes (Wnt3a, Wnt5a, Wnt6, Wnt7a, Wnt9a, RhoU and RhoV). Our findings therefore suggest that standing genetic variation in the Wnt genes might be linked to avian wing morphology, although there are many other genes that also fall within the confidence regions.
FIGURE 36. Relations between wing length and spot distance 3–4 in A systematic review of the genus Tan yp u s Meigen from Japan, with a description of T. n ak aza toi sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae)
FIGURE 36. Relations between wing length and spot distance 3–4.
Data from: Evolution of wing length and melanin-based coloration in insular populations of a cosmopolitan raptor
<p><b>Aim.</b> Insular populations face different conditions than those living on continents, thus resulting in the evolution of typical insular phenotypes, like smaller body sizes or reduced colourations. However, the generality of the so-called "island rule" has been questioned, and intraspecific analyses on the effects of insularity on cosmopolitan species are lacking. Here, we tested the predictions of the island rule in the cosmopolitan common barn owl group.</p> <p><b>Location.</b> World.</p> <p><b>Taxon.</b> Barn owl species complex.</p> <p><b>Methods.</b> We compared wing and bill length, as well as melanin-based plumage traits, between thousands of insular and continental barn owls living in the Afro-Palearctic region (<i>T. alba</i>), in the Americas (<i>T. furcata</i>), and in Australasia (<i>T. javanica</i>). We also tested whether the difference between insular and continental populations in these phenotypic traits varies among islands/archipelagos of different size and isolation.</p> <p><b>Results.</b> In all the regions, we found differences between insular and continental owls in all the traits but bill length, with insular populations convergently evolving shorter wings and paler colourations. In addition, the difference in wing size between insular and continental populations is particularly marked on small and remote island systems, while melanin-based traits are less expressed especially on large islands.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions.</b> We thus provide unprecedented evidence that insular conditions drive predictable phenotypic variations, even at the intraspecific level in different biogeographic regions, possibly promoting speciation events. In addition, our results also indicate that selective advantages of a given colouration can arise as the by‐product of positive selection on individuals displaying phenotypic traits which can favour island colonization and are genetically linked to melanisation.</p>
Morphometrics of taxa in the genus Sphenopsis, recorded from adult male (n = 21) and female (n = 15) study skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP) and Delaware Museum of Nature & Science, Greenville (DMNH) collections. Sample sizes and means (± SD) are given for each taxon, within each sex class (female, male), for the following variables: (WG) wing length, (TR) tarsometatarsus length, (TL) tail length, (BL) bill length, and (BW) bill width. All measurements in mm. in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Morphometrics of taxa in the genus Sphenopsis, recorded from adult male (n = 21) and female (n = 15) study skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP) and Delaware Museum of Nature & Science, Greenville (DMNH) collections. Sample sizes and means (± SD) are given for each taxon, within each sex class (female, male), for the following variables: (WG) wing length, (TR) tarsometatarsus length, (TL) tail length, (BL) bill length, and (BW) bill width. All measurements in mm.
Data from: QTL linkage mapping of wing length in zebra finch using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms markers
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Data from: Evolution of wing length and melanin-based coloration in insular populations of a cosmopolitan raptor
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