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FIG. 3 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 3. — Albizinium eolebbekianum Prakash, MNHN.F.50172: A, Ts, vessels and parenchyma arrangement, marginal parenchyma band (arrow); B, Ts, lozengealiform parenchyma, sometimes confluent, fibres radialy aligned; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, simple perforation plates; D, Tls, 1-3-seriate rays, septa (black arrows) and crystalliferous parenchyma (white arrow); E, Tls, detail of a septate fibre; F, Rls, homocellular ray. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; D, 200 µm; C, F, 100 µm; E, 25 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 4 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 4. — Cynometroxylon holdeniae (Gupta) Prakash & Bande, MNHN.F.50174 (A, D-G), MNHN.F.50173 (B, C): A, Ts, banded parenchyma and vessel arrangement; B, Ts, detail of the wounded part of the wood with irregular pattern of parenchyma, vessels are absent; C, Ts, wounded part (white segment) in between the normal wood; D, Ts, detail of banded parenchyma 2-11 cells wide bands; E, Tls, heterocellular and mostly 2-seriate rays; F, Tls, minute alternate intervessel pits; G, Rls, heterocellular rays with 1-2 rows of marginal ray cells. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, D, E, G 200 µm, F, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 17 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 19 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 19. — Burseroxylon sp., MNHN.F.50196 (C), MNHN.F.50197 (A, B, D-E, G, H), MNHN.F.50198 (F, I, J): A, D, Ts, vessels with tyloses (white arrow) and thin sheath of vasicentric parenchyma (black arrow); B, Tls, (1)-4-seriate rays, septate fibres (arrow); C, Rls, heterocellular rays with upright marginal cells; E, Rls, simple vessel-ray pits, oval in shape; F, Rls, heterocellular rays with upright marginal cells, some of them are enlarged and contain a single crystal (arrow); G, Rls, crystals in upright marginal cells (white arrow), maybe also in procumbent cells sometimes (black arrow); H, I, Ts, traumatic canals (arrows); J, Tls, tangential view of undifferentiated tissue surrounding a traumatic canal. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B-D, F-H, J, 200 µm; E, 50 µm; I, 500 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 1. — A in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 1. — A, Simplified map of Myanmar showing the location of the field sites. Location of the fossil site is indicated with a green star (*). Abbreviations: Cb, Chindwin Basin; Mb, Minbu Basin; WPA, Wuntho-Popa Arc (volcanic arc of central Myanmar); B, stratigraphy of the Chindwin Basin, after Westerweel et al. (2020). The Natma Formation is indicated with a green star (*).

FIG. 18 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 18. — Shoreoxylon sp. 2, MNHN.F.50195: A, Ts, vessel arrangement, often solitary, sometimes in groups and clusters, with one parenchyma band (arrow); B, Ts, mostly vasicentric to slightly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, E, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays; D, Ts, long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma band (arrow); F, Rls, heterocellular ray with one line of upright marginal cells (arrow); G, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (only some vessels and rays are displayed) with bands of parenchyma as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots, arranged in long tangential lines; doubtful canals are displayed as orange dots; H, Rls, crystals in possibly chambered parenchyma cells (arrow); I, tyloses in vessels (black arrow) and vasicentric tracheids (white arrow) J, Tls, alternate, vestured (arrow) intervessel pits; K, simple vessel-ray pits with reduced borders and ovoid shape (arrow). Scale bars: G, 1 cm; A, D-E, 500 µm; B-C, F, 200 µm; H-I, 100 µm; K, 50 µm; J, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 15 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 7 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 7. — cf. Koompassioxylon, MNHN.F.50182: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels with aliform and aliform-confluent parenchyma, sometimes forming anastomosed shapes; B, Ts, interpretation of (A) of the parenchyma pattern (dotted) showing mostly confluent parenchyma, aliform parenchyma, but no regular bands; C, Ts, detail of aliform parenchyma and one vessel with tyloses (although rare, arrow); D, Tls, storied tendency of rays (arrows); E, Tls, 1-3 seriate heterocellular rays, sometimes with some rays with alternating uniseriate and mutliseriate portions (arrows); F, Tls, detail of a 2-seriate ray bordered by a strand of parenchyma made of at least eight cells (each marked by arrow); G, Rls, non-vestured (arrows), alternate, polygonal intervessel pits; H, Rls, heterocellular rays, sometimes with upright marginal cells (black arrow) and crystalliferous parenchyma, with more than 11 crystals per strand (white arrow); I, Rls, vessel-ray pits with distinct border (arrows) of the same size and shape as intervessel-pits; J, Tls, detail of crystals in chambered (arrows) parenchyma cells. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; C, E, F, H, 200 µm; G, I, J, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

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Text-fig. 7. Hamamelidoxylon crystalliferum sp. nov., UF 279-34464. a: Diffuse porous wood with exclusively solitary vessels, tending to be angular in outline, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, marked by radially narrowed fibers, latewood vessels narrower than earlywood vessels of the next ring, fibers thick-walled, no axial parenchyma visible, TS. c: Scalariform intervessel pits in narrow vessel (left), fibers with distinctly bordered pits, TLS. d: Scalariform perforation plate, tyloses (T) formation from marginal ray cell, TLS. e: Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 15 bars (PP), RLS. f: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa

Text-fig. 7. Hamamelidoxylon crystalliferum sp. nov., UF 279-34464. a: Diffuse porous wood with exclusively solitary vessels, tending to be angular in outline, TS. b: Growth ring boundary, marked by radially narrowed fibers, latewood vessels narrower than earlywood vessels of the next ring, fibers thick-walled, no axial parenchyma visible, TS. c: Scalariform intervessel pits in narrow vessel (left), fibers with distinctly bordered pits, TLS. d: Scalariform perforation plate, tyloses (T) formation from marginal ray cell, TLS. e: Scalariform perforation plates with fewer than 15 bars (PP), RLS. f: Vessel-ray parenchyma pits with

Fig. 1 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 1. Map showing location od the study area (A) and the three fossiliferous localities (asterisked) of the Springhill Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina (B). C. Stratigraphic section of the Springhill Formation in the Estancia El Álamo locality.

Fig. 5 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 5. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. A, B. Trunk showing diameter and incomplete length. Note branches (arrows). C. Deep intrusion of the trunk into the deposits. D. Detail of the decorticated trunk.

Fig. 9 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 9. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Details of radial sections under SEM. A. Tracheid with slightly flattened pits (arrow). B. Tracheid showing contiguous pits with circular inner aperture. C–E. Araucarioid crossfield pits. C. General aspect. D. Contiguous alternate bordered pits placed in four vertical rows. Note circular pits in outline and circular inner aperture. E. Detail of inner apertures infilled with Si cement in elliptical form (arrow). Scale bars: A, B, E, 25 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 5 µm.

Fig. 4 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 4. XRD and SEM/EDS mineralogical and chemical analysis of Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. A. XRD pattern of the bulk sample showing quartz composition of the trunk. B. XRD pattern of the clay fraction showing no presence of clay minerals in the trunk. C, D. SEM of crossfield pits and tracheids in radial section. Note that quadrangular and rectangular areas correspond to the spot analysis shown in E–I. E–I. EDS patterns of xylem elements. E. Parenchyma ray cell wall. F. Inner aperture in crossfield pits. G, H. Tracheids cell walls. I. Tracheid pit cavity. All the EDS patterns are showing Si and O components.

Fig. 8 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 8. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Radial sections observed under SEM. A. General aspect showing ray cells (arrow), crossfields pits (circle), axial tracheids (arrowhead). B. Detail of tracheids with uniseriate, and contiguous pits, arrow shows transition from biseriate to uniseriate pit rows. C. Detail of tracheids with biseriate, contiguous, and alternate to subopposite pits. Scale bars: A, B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 3. Trunk location in the tectostratigraphic framework of the initial infilling of the AustralMagallanes Basin, from the rift stage to the beginning of the foreland stage (modified from Poiré et al. 2017). Not to scale.

Fig. 2 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 2. Outcrops of the Springhill Formation in the Estancia El Álamo locality. A. Panoramic view of the Springhill Formation outcrop overlying the El Quemado Complex. B. Polymictic conglomerate beds with a sandstone bed intercalation, Springhill Formation. C. Detail of the polymictic conglomerate with siliceous (S) and volcanic (V) clasts. D. Pyroclastic (P) and siliceous (S) clasts in the conglomerate.

Fig. 7 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 7. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Transverse sections observed under LM. A. General aspect showing numerous, at least five frost rings (brackets). B, C. Detail of frost rings. B. Two frost rings. Note normal and rectilinear trajectory of rays (arrows) alternate with more sinuous and distended rays (arrowheads). C. Detail of frost ring cell layers, from inside to outside. Note normal tracheids that gradually grade into irregular shaped tracheids (bar) followed by a dark layer of collapsed dead cells (arrow) followed by a layer of distorted axial tracheids difficult to recognise individually. Also note dark contents in lumen cells. Scale bars: A, 3 mm; B, 1.5 mm; C, 150 µm.

Fig. 6 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 6. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Wood sections observed under LM. A–C. Transverse view. A. Slightly marked growth ring (arrows). B. Detail of growth ring, arrow shows layers of rectangularflattened latewood tracheids. C. Detail of earlywood tracheids and rectilinear trajectory of rays (arrow). D–G. Longitudinal tangential view. D. General aspect, arrows indicate partially biseriate rays. E–G. Details of biseriate rays (arrows), arrowhead shows resin plugs. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, C, 150 µm; D–G, 100 µm.

Fig. 10 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 10. Hypothetical scenario in the Estancia El Álamo locality (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian) following volcanic disturbances. A. Preeruption stage. Seedlings, juvenile, and mature trees of Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. growing in a warm almost subtropical palaeoenvironment. Note volcanoes in the distance. Photo shows wood with slightly growth ring. B. Initial eruption stage. Volcanoes begin to eject silicate dust and sulfur compounds into the stratosphere. C. Climax eruption stage. Aerosol layer thickness is markedly increased producing the decrease of the surface air temperature below subzero values. Photo shows wood damaged by frost. D. Posteruption stage. Volcanoes activity begins to cease and temperature begins to rise to original values.