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3,472 results for “Balance”
Data from: Cast adrift on an island: introduced populations experience an altered balance between selection and drift
A long-standing question in evolutionary biology is what becomes of adaptive traits when a species expands its range into novel environments. Here we report the results of a study on an adaptive colour pattern polymorphism (stripes) of the coqui frog following its introduction to Hawaii from Puerto Rico. We compared population differentiation (φ'ST and FST) for the stripes locus —which underlies this colour pattern polymorphism— with neutral microsatellite loci to test for a signature of selection among native and introduced populations. Among native populations, φ'ST and FST for stripes were lower than expected under the neutral model, suggesting uniform balancing selection. Alternatively, among introduced populations, φ'ST and FST for stripes did not differ from the neutral model. These results suggest that the evolutionary dynamics of this previously adaptive trait have become dominated by random genetic drift following the range expansion.
Data from: Balancing selection and introgression of newt immune-response genes
The importance of interspecific introgression as a source of adaptive variation is increasingly recognized. Theory predicts that beneficial genetic variants cross species boundaries easily even when interspecific hybridization is rare and gene flow is strongly constrained throughout the genome. However, it remains unclear whether certain classes of genes are particularly prone to adaptive introgression. Genes affected by balancing selection (BS) may constitute such a class, because forms of BS that favor novel, initially rare alleles, should facilitate introgression. We tested this hypothesis in hybridizing newts by comparing 13 genes with signatures of BS, in particular an excess of common nonsynonymous polymorphisms, to the genomic background (154 genes). Parapatric hybridizing taxa were less differentiated in BS candidate genes than more closely related allopatric lineages, while the opposite was observed in the control genes. Coalescent and forward simulations that explored neutral and BS scenarios under isolation and migration, showed that processes other than differential gene flow are unlikely to account for this pattern. We conclude that BS, probably involving a form of novel allele advantage, promotes introgression. This mechanism may be a source of adaptively relevant variation in hybridizing species over prolonged periods.
Figure 1 in The balanced life: evolution of ventral shell weighting in gastropods
Figure 1. Examples of Recent gastropods with a ventral callus. All specimens are in the Vermeij collection. A, Monetarla caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cypraeidae), reef off Nchesar, Babeldaob, Palau, collected 5 September 1975; cypraeiform callus. B, Cypraecassis testiculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cassidae), grassbeds, Isla Galeta, Atlantic Panama, collected 12 April 1975; cassiform callus. C, Vasum rhinoceros Gmelin, 1791 (Vasidae), in grassbeds, Klkambala, Kenya, collected June 1972; modified cassiform callus. D, Gutturnium muriclnum Roding, 1798 (Cymatlidae), at depth of 4 m lying on its dorsal side, northeast coast of Urukthape1, Palau, collected 19 June 1984 by Roy K. Kropp; modified cassiform callus. E, Polinices mammilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Naticidae), Cocotiers beach, Nosy-Be, Madagascar, collected 29 June 1972; pseudoliviform callus. F, Phrontis luteostoma Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 (Nassariidae), Playa Venado, Pacific Panama, collected 28 August 1969; cassiform callus. G, Ministrombus variabilis Swainson, 1820 (Strombldae), depth of 12 m, Malakal, Palau, collected 9 July 1984 by Roy K. Kropp; modified cassiform callus. H, Nassarius pullus Linnaeus, 1758 (Nassariidae), grassbed, Taneti Island, Maluku, Indonesia, collected 12 July 1979; cassiform callus. I, Linnerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 (Neritidae), Tagachan Point, Guam, collected 26 May 1981; modified cassiform callus. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Mechanistic insights into silver-gold nanoalloy formation by two-dimensional population balance modeling
<p>This is the raw data for the manuscript:</p><p>Mechanistic insights into silver-gold nanoalloy formation by two-dimensional population balance modeling<br><br>Abstract:<br><br>The large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with defined properties requires detailed understanding of the underlying formation mechanisms and kinetics. The formation mechanisms of bimetallic NPs are still not sufficiently understood due to the complex reaction chemistry, which makes the control of the supersaturation within the reactor, as the thermodynamic driving force, challenging. Particle size, chemical composition, and the distribution of the elements within the particles change dynamically during particle formation. In this work, we propose a mechanism for the formation of bimetallic silver-gold alloy NPs via a green liquid-phase co-reduction synthesis and develop a two-dimensional population balance model to quantitatively describe the evolution of particle size, composition, and optical properties. We shed light on the complex multi-stage formation mechanism of a highly relevant bimetallic NP system and lay the foundation for tailoring the process conditions to achieve desired optical particle properties and to develop predictive property-process relationships.</p><p> </p><p>All data are sorted according to their appearance in the figures of the main manuscript.</p>
Continuous snow temperature profiles from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) (level 1 Raw), Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH), November 2022-June 2023
<p>Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (~ 38°58.345' N, 106°59.811' W) during the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere, and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) campaign near Gothic, Colorado, from November 2021 through June 2023. The SIMBA, originally designed for observing the mass balance of sea ice, is comprised of a thermistor chain with 2 cm spacing (Jackson et al., 2013). This system was configured for terrestrial snowpack by the manufacturer, SAMS Enterprise, to the specifications for SPLASH. The chain was installed suspended from a tripod and fixed to a rigid plastic bar near in time to the onset of snowpack in November 2022. The lowest 10 cm of the chain were buried within the soil. The top of the chain reached approximately 180 cm above the soil surface and snow was permitted to accumulate around the chain throughout the winter of 2022-2023. In the files, negative values of the "height" vector are below the soil surface and positive levels are above, which may be either snow or air depending on the snow depth. The system also uses a low-power heating cycle to measure thermistor's temperature response time for aiding in determining material interfaces: see Jackson et al. (2013) for details. </p><p>There are several cautions to be aware of when using these data. The data has been ingested into daily netCDF and metadata (in attributes) have been provided but no quality control has been carried out on this raw version of the data set. From 1 November through 22 December 2022, the sensor obtained profiles every 10 min after which corruption of the configuration file reverted the profiles to every 6 hours (0, 6, 12, and 18 UTC). After 1 January a problem in the firmware caused the system to lose connection to the time-synching GPS network and therefore the clock drifted from January through June 2023 (the maximum potential time stamping error is likely < 81 sec). Finally, from 23 March through 4 April 2023, the depth of the snow at the location of the sensor was deeper than 180 cm and thus measurements in the upper part of the snowpack were not observed then.</p><p>Jackson, K., J. Wilkinson, T. Maksym, D. Meldrum, J. Beckers, C. Haas, and D. Mackenzie (2013) A novel and low-cost sea ice mass balance buoy. Journal of Atmosphere and Oceanic Technology, 30(11), 2676-2688, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00058.1.</p>
Autoconfig: Balanced Minimum sum-of-squares clustering case
<p>Autoconfig: Balanced Minimum Sum-of-Squares Clustering</p> <p>See https://github.com/rmartinsanta/ac-BMSSC for full details.</p> <p> </p> <p>Authors of the original paper: <br>Alberto (Herrán González)<br>José Manuel (Colmenar Verdugo)<br>Abraham (Duarte Muñoz)</p>
Data products from "GNSS reflectometry from low-cost sensors for continuous in-situ contemporaneous glacier mass balance and flux divergence"
<p>GNSS, GNSS-IR, and mass balance data from "GNSS reflectometry from low-cost sensors for continuous in-situ contemporaneous glacier mass balance and flux divergence". Contains the following folders and files</p> <ul> <li>GNSS <ul> <li><em>Precise point positioning solution (.pos, etc) using the CSRS-PPP tool for each GNSS system</em></li> </ul> </li> <li>GNSS_basefix <ul> <li><em>Precise point positioning solution (.pos) with base station observations using the Emlid Studio desktop application for GNSS systems AB floating and AB fixed</em></li> </ul> </li> <li>GNSSIR<br> <ul> <li><em>Reflector height solutions for site AB floating, AB fixed, and D floating (see Fig. 7). The filename is the day of year 2023.</em></li> </ul> </li> <li>Monitored Ablation Stake<br> <ul> <li><em>Processed daily and seasonal climatic mass balance height changes (see Fig. 5)</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Single-cell Roadmap dataset "Cardiac differentiation roadmap for analysis of plasticity and balanced lineage commitment" (Snabel et al.)
<p>View the temporal single-cell transcriptomics data (UMAP, PCA, Heatmaps and Violin plots) using the Shiny App interface of iSEE (<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14966.1">doi:10.12688/f1000research.14966.1</a>) for easy visualization of the single-cell data described in "Single-cell roadmap of cardiac differentiation identifies roles for ZNF711 and retinoic acid in balanced epicardial and cardiomyocyte lineage commitment" (Snabel et al., bioRXiv).</p> <p>For instructions on how to use this data, please visit https://github.com/Rebecza/scRoadmap_CardiacDiffs/.</p>
Replication package for the paper "Modeling Europe's role in the global LNG market 2040: balancing decarbonization goals, energy security, and geopolitical tensions"
<p>This package contains folders and files with code and data used in the study described in the paper. Further information can be found on <a href="https://github.com/sebastianzwickl/lng-trade-europe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GitHub</a>.</p>
Supporting data for "Shallow convective heating in weak temperature gradient balance explains mesoscale vertical motions in the trades" (previously for ch. 5 of "Mesoscale Cloud Patterns in the Trade-Wind Boundary Layer")
<p>This contains both the data and scripts required to produce the figures in the preprint "Shallow convective heating in weak temperature gradient balance explains mesoscale vertical motions in the trades". The scripts labeled 1-5 produce the main figures; the other scripts produce supporting data or figures.</p> <p>Earlier versions of this dataset contained the scripts and data supporting Ch. 5 of the PhD thesis "Mesoscale Cloud Patterns in the Trade-Wind Boundary Layer". The scripts labeled 1-5 produce the main figures; the other scripts produce either the underlying data, or supporting figures (prefix S). </p>
Industrial application of Multi-Robot Partial Destructive Disassembly Line Balancing for Multi-Product Scenarios
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Movement-integrated habitat selection reveals wolves balance ease of travel with human avoidance in a risk-reward trade-off
<p>We captured and collared 46 wolves across 12 packs in eastern Manitoba between 2014-2019. Each wolf was fit with a GPS telemetry collar programmed to collect a GPS relocation every two hours across all seasons.</p> <p>To produce the dataset, GPS locations were used to generate steps (linear connection between consecutive locations) using the integrated Step Selection Function (iSSA) framework. For a given used step, we randomly generated ten steps based on observed distributions of individual-level movement behaviour. We then extracted habitat covariates for each start and end point of a step, including proportion of forest, distance to linear features, and time of day. </p>
raw data - Association between oxidative balance score and sarcopenia in the elderly: A cross-sectional study from NHANES
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Postural Stability and Functional Balance in Older Adults with Femoral Neck Fractures
<p><span>Hip Muscle Strength on Postural Stability and Functional Balance in Elderly Adults Post-Hip Fracture</span></p>
MosqVision-3K: A Balanced Multi-Source Dataset of 3,000 Annotated Images for Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes Mosquito Species Classification
<p><strong>Comprehensive Mosquito Species Image Dataset for Machine Learning</strong><br><strong>Description:</strong><br>This dataset is a meticulously curated collection of high-quality images featuring three major mosquito species: <strong>Culex</strong>, <strong>Anopheles</strong>, and <strong>Aedes</strong>. These species are significant vectors for transmitting vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika. The dataset has been compiled to support research and development in entomology, vector-borne disease control, and image recognition.<br>With <strong>3,000 images in total</strong>, the dataset is structured to ensure a balanced representation of the three species, each having <strong>1,000 images</strong>. Images were sourced from four reputable platforms, including <strong>MosquitoAlert.com</strong>, <strong>Mendeley Data</strong>, <strong>IEEE DataPort</strong>, and the <strong>Dryad Digital Repository</strong>. These sources ensure a comprehensive and diverse representation of mosquito appearances, including variations in morphology, lighting conditions, and orientations.</p> <h2>The dataset is organized into directories for each species, making it easy to integrate into machine learning workflows for tasks like species identification and classification. The collection also includes metadata and annotations to enhance usability.</h2> <p><strong>Key Features:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Species Represented:</strong> <ul> <li><em>Culex</em></li> <li><em>Anopheles</em></li> <li><em>Aedes</em></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Total Images:</strong> 3,000 (1,000 images per species)</li> <li><strong>Image Sources:</strong> <ul> <li><strong>MosquitoAlert.com</strong> (1,234 images)</li> <li><strong>Mendeley Data</strong> (876 images)</li> <li><strong>IEEE DataPort</strong> (748 images)</li> <li><strong>Dryad Digital Repository</strong> (600 images)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2>- <strong>Image Annotations:</strong> Metadata and species labels are included for enhanced usability.</h2> <p><strong>Applications:</strong><br>This dataset is ideal for a variety of applications, including:</p> <ul> <li>Training machine learning models for mosquito species identification.</li> <li>Developing computer vision algorithms for pest control and public health.</li> </ul> <h2>- Enhancing vector control strategies to mitigate disease spread.</h2> <p><strong>Data Structure:</strong><br>The dataset is organized as follows:</p> <pre><code>Mosquito_Dataset/ ├── Anopheles/ │ ├── img_001<span>.jpg</span> │ ├── img_002<span>.jpg</span> │ └── ... ├── Aedes/ │ ├── img_001<span>.jpg</span> │ ├── img_002<span>.jpg</span> │ └── ... └── Culex/ ├── img_001<span>.jpg</span> ├── img_002<span>.jpg</span> └── ... </code></pre> <h2> </h2> <h2><strong>Acknowledgments:</strong><br>We acknowledge the following data sources for their contributions:</h2> <blockquote> <ul> <li>MosquitoAlert.com</li> <li>Mendeley Data</li> <li>IEEE DataPort</li> <li> Dryad Digital Repository</li> </ul> </blockquote>
Geodetic mass balance of glaciers in the Manaslu region of Nepal 1970 - 2013
<p>Dataset of the geodetic mass balance and surface elevation changes for the period 1970-2013 for glaciers in the Manaslu area of the Nepal Himalaya. Mean geodetic mass balances are computed from a 1970 DEM generated from CoronaKH4 imagery and 2013 HMA DEM elevations. Analysis was done at 8m spatial resolution.</p> <p>Data formats:</p> <p>Data are provided in two formats:</p> <p>1) shapefile format showing the 1970 glacier outlines for 136 glaciers with valid coverage with a GLIMS ID and mean geodetic mass balance attributes, structured as follows:</p> <p>[POINT_X]: Longitude of the glacier polygon centroid</p> <p>[POINT_Y]: Latitude of the glacier polygon centroid</p> <p>[GLIMSID]: ID of each polygon, generated from the lat long coordinates as per GLIMS standard guidelines</p> <p>[src_image]: image source</p> <p>[src_date]: date of the imagery</p> <p>dh_ma-1: surface elevation change [meters per year]</p> <p>bn_m_weq: geodetic mass balance [ m water equivalent per year]</p> <p>err_dh_ma-1: error term for surface elevation change [meters per year]</p> <p>err_bn : error term for the geodetic mass balance [meters water equivalent per year]</p> <p>area_m2: area of each glacier polygon in m2</p> <p>area_km2: area of each polygon in km2</p> <p>line_type: types of glacier (clean/debris covered)</p> <p>analysis_yr: year of analysis</p> <p> </p> <p>2) excel file containing glacier GLIMS ID, mean elevation change and mean mass balance</p> <p>Coordinate system: UTM datum WGS84 zone 45N</p>
Predators balance consequences of climate-change induced habitat shifts for range-shifting and resident species
<p>While many species distributions are shifting poleward or up in elevation in response to a changing climate, others are shifting their habitats along localized gradients in environmental conditions as abiotic conditions become more stressful. Whether species are moving across regional or local environmental gradients in response to climate change, range-shifting species become embedded in established communities of competitors and predators. The consequences of these shifts for both resident and shifting species are often unknown, as it can be difficult to isolate the effects of multiple species interactions.</p> <p>Using a model system of insects in high-elevation ponds in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, we sought to disentangle the effects of predation and intraguild interactions on the survival and development of a semi-permanent pond resident caddisfly <em>Limnephilus externus</em> and the habitat-shifting caddis <em>Asynarchus nigriculus</em> that is being forced into semi-permanent ponds as temporary ponds dry too quickly to complete development.</p> <p>We conducted a manipulative in-situ pond cage experiment in which <em>L. externus</em> and <em>A. nigriculus</em> caddisfly larvae in single-species treatments and together were exposed to the presence/absence of predatory Dytiscus diving beetle larvae. This approach allowed us to isolate the effects of intraguild interactions and predation on the survival and development of both the resident and habitat-shifting species.</p> <p>We found that intraguild interactions had strong negative effects on the resident and habitat-shifting species. Intraguild interactions reduced the survival of the resident <em>L. externus</em> and increased the variation in survival of the shifting <em>A. nigriculus</em>. However, Dytiscus predators reduced these negative effects, stabilizing the community by increasing <em>L. externus</em> survival and reducing variation in <em>A. nigriculus</em> survival. We also found that intraguild interactions reduced <em>L. externus</em> biomass but resulted in increased <em>A. nigriculus</em> development. <em>A. nigriculus</em> development was also increased by predation.</p> <p>Our results show that strong intraguild interactions between resident and shifting species are likely to have negative consequences for both species. However, the presence of predators reduces these negative consequences of the habitat shift on both the resident and the shifting.</p>
Figure 1 in The balanced life: evolution of ventral shell weighting in gastropods
Figure 1. Examples of Recent gastropods with a ventral callus. All specimens are in the Vermeij collection. A, Monetarla caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cypraeidae), reef off Nchesar, Babeldaob, Palau, collected 5 September 1975; cypraeiform callus. B, Cypraecassis testiculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cassidae), grassbeds, Isla Galeta, Atlantic Panama, collected 12 April 1975; cassiform callus. C, Vasum rhinoceros Gmelin, 1791 (Vasidae), in grassbeds, Klkambala, Kenya, collected June 1972; modified cassiform callus. D, Gutturnium muriclnum Roding, 1798 (Cymatlidae), at depth of 4 m lying on its dorsal side, northeast coast of Urukthape1, Palau, collected 19 June 1984 by Roy K. Kropp; modified cassiform callus. E, Polinices mammilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Naticidae), Cocotiers beach, Nosy-Be, Madagascar, collected 29 June 1972; pseudoliviform callus. F, Phrontis luteostoma Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 (Nassariidae), Playa Venado, Pacific Panama, collected 28 August 1969; cassiform callus. G, Ministrombus variabilis Swainson, 1820 (Strombldae), depth of 12 m, Malakal, Palau, collected 9 July 1984 by Roy K. Kropp; modified cassiform callus. H, Nassarius pullus Linnaeus, 1758 (Nassariidae), grassbed, Taneti Island, Maluku, Indonesia, collected 12 July 1979; cassiform callus. I, Linnerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 (Neritidae), Tagachan Point, Guam, collected 26 May 1981; modified cassiform callus. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Data from: Balancing food acquisition and predation risk drives demographic changes in snowshoe hare population cycles
<p>Snowshoe hare cycles are one of the most prominent phenomena in ecology. Experimental studies point to predation as the dominant driving factor, but previous experiments combining food supplementation and predator removal produced unexplained multiplicative effects on density. We examined the potential interactive effects of food limitation and predation in causing hare cycles using an individual based food-supplementation experiment over-winter across three cycle phases that naturally varied in predation risk. Supplementation doubled over-winter survival with the largest effects occurring in the late increase phase. Although the proximate cause of mortality was predation, supplemented hares significantly decreased foraging time and selected for conifer habitat, potentially reducing their predation risk. Supplemented hares also lost less body mass which resulted in the production of larger leverets. Our results establish a mechanistic link between how foraging time, mass loss, and predation risk affect survival and reproduction, potentially driving demographic changes associated with hare cycles.</p>
Derived products from "Beyond glacier wide mass balances: parsing seasonal elevation change into spatially-resolved patterns of accumulation and ablation at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska"
<p>Distributed mass balances, emergence velocities, firn compaction rates, and co-registered 10 m resolution DEMs from "Beyond glacier wide mass balances: parsing seasonal elevation change into spatially-resolved patterns of accumulation and ablation at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska" (in review) (Zeller et al., 2022).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.