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443 results for “Cephalopod”
Fig. 28 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 28. Color marks in Isorthoceras Flower, 1962, Boda Limestone. Longitudinal striae of varying width occur in several specimen of Isorthoceras; see text for discussion. A. Isorthoceras heroyense (Strand, 1934) comb. nov., PMU 26831, Kallholn. B. Isorthoceras suave (Angelin in Angelin & Lindström, 1880) comb. nov., PMU 26835, Osmundsberget. C. Isorthoceras wahlenbergi Niko, 2008, PMU 26862, Kallholn. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.
Fig. 31 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 31. Discoceratids of the Boda Limestone of Kallholn. A. Discoceras roemeri Strand, 1934, PMU 26903. B. Discoceras antiquissimum (Eichwald, 1842), NRM-PZ Mo 8745. Scale bar = 10 mm for both figures.
Fig. 24 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 24. Polished median section (left) and interpretation (right) of Pleurorthoceras osmundsbergense sp. nov., NRM-PZ Mo 190102c, Osmundsberget, Boda Limestone. Dark grey = episeptal and hyposeptal (primary?) deposits; light grey = mural (secondary?) deposits. Scale bar = 10 mm.
Fig. 23 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 23. Orthocerida of the Boda Limestone. A. Pleurorthoceras osmundsbergense sp. nov., NRM-PZ Mo 150126, holotype, Osmundsberget. B. Isorthoceras suave (Angelin in Angelin & Lindström, 1880) comb. nov.,PMU26835, Kallholn.C. Isorthocerasjunceum(Hall,1847),PMU26833, Kallholn.D-E. Isorthoceras cf. elongatocinctum (Portlock, 1843), Kallholn. D. PMU 26814, juvenile growth stage. E. PMU 26825, larger specimen with irregularly spaced transverse ornamentation. F. Isorthoceras curvilineatum sp. nov., PMU 26787, holotype, Osmundsberget. G. Isorthoceras angelini sp. nov., PMU 26774, holotype, Kallholn. H. Geisonoceras? sp., PMU 26758, Kallholn. I. Isorthoceras heroyense (Strand, 1934) comb. nov., PMU 26831, Kallholn. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B-I = 10 mm.
Fig. 10 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 10. Camera lucida drawings of cross sections of selected Boda Limestone cephalopods. A. Cyrtorizoceras thorslundi sp. nov., PMU 26657, Osmundsberget, mature body chamber. B. Tyrioceras cf. kjaerulfi Strand, 1934, PMU 26897, Kallholn. C. Nathorstoceras adnatum sp. nov., PMU 26733, holotype, Kallholn. D. Nathorstoceras kallholnense sp. nov., PMU 26729, holotype. E. Redpathoceras depressum sp. nov., PMU 26927, holotype, Kallholn, cross section of base of mature truncated conch. F. Schuchertoceras fryi sp. nov., PMU 24744, holotype, Kalllholn, cross section of mature aperture (dark grey) and body chamber (medium grey). G. Redpathoceras bullatum sp. nov., PMU 26923, holotype, Kallholn, cross section of base of mature truncated conch. Prosiphuncular side directed downward in all figures. Siphuncles shown as white circles. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.
Fig. 2 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 2. Polished median section of a fragment of a phragmocone of Geisonoceras wegelini (Angelin in Angelin & Lindström, 1880) comb. nov., PMU 26747, Unskarsheden. The chamber is filled with epiand hypsoseptal deposits (a), a layered wackestone with bird's eye structures (b), a concentration of ostracods (c) and a sparitic space (d). Picture on the right is detail of picture on the left. Left scale = 10 mm, right scale = 1 mm.
Fig. 16 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 16. Dawsonoceratidae and Proteoceratidae of the Boda Limestone. A-B. Dawsonoceras fenestratum (Eichwald, 1860), Kallholn. A. PMU 26702, nearly mature specimen with adorally decreasing angle of expansion. B. PMU 26712, juvenile specimen. C. Gorbyoceras sp. A, PMU 26772, Osmundsberget. D. Goryboceras sp. B, PMU 26773, Kallholn. E. Dawsonoceras stumburi sp. nov., PMU 26717, holotype, Kallholn. F. Gorbyoceras alternestriatum (Strand, 1934) comb. nov., PMU 26771, Unskarsheden. Scale bars: A-C, E = 10 mm; D = 10 mm; F = 10 mm.
Fig. 3 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 3. Variation in relative siphuncle size, position and angle of expansion in Cameroceras hasta (Eichwald, 1860) (grey points) and Cameroceras turrisoides sp. nov. SPR = the minimum distance of the connecting ring from the conch margin, divided by the corresponding conch height.
Fig. 7 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 7. Breviconic cephalopods of the Boda Limestone and details of an endocerid. A. Dalecarlioceras constrictum Frye, 1987, PMU 24777, holotype, Kallholn. B. Dalecarlioceras dalecarlicum (Frye, 1987) comb. nov., PMU 24774, holotype, Kallholn. C. Cyrtorizoceras thorslundi sp. nov., PMU 26658, Kallholn; note the morphological transition between D. constrictum and C. thorslundi sp. nov.; the adult size increases in Dalecarlioceras and the mature body chamber is gibbous. D. Cameroceras turrisoides sp. nov., PMU 26623, Osmundberget, lateral view of apical fragment with abrupt transition between embryonic and juvenile conch. E. Strandoceras sphinx (Schmidt, 1858), PMU 26629, Kallholn. Scale bars: A-C, E = 10 mm; D = 10 mm.
Fig. 18 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 18. Shell ornamentation of selected Cephalopoda of the Boda Formation. A. Order, gen. et sp. indet., PMU 26950, Kallholn, lateral view. B. Palaeodawsonocerina? nicolletoides sp. nov., PMU 26727, holotype, Kallholn. C. Palaeodawsonocerina senckenbergi (Teichert, 1930), PMU 26718, Kallholn. D. Geisonoceras wegelini (Angelin in Angelin & Lindström, 1880) comb. nov., PMU 26745, Unskarsheden. E. Pleurorthoceras osmundsbergense sp. nov., NRM-PZ Mo 150126, holotype, Osmundsberget. F. Warburgoceras longitudinale (Angelin in Angelin & Lindström, 1880) comb. nov., NRM-PZ Mo 154065, Unskarsheden. G. Redpathoceras depressum sp. nov., PMU 26931, Kallholn. Scale bar = 5 mm for all figures.
Fig. 21 in The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden
Fig. 21. Reconstruction of the details of the septal necks and connecting ring of Nathorstoceras sp. nov., Kallholn, Boda Limestone. A. Nathorstoceras kallholnense sp. nov., PMU 26729, holotype. B. Nathorstoceras adnatum sp. nov., PMU 26733, holotype.
Figure 2 in The role of female cephalopod researchers: past and present
Figure 2. Female cephalopod scientists. (A) Jeanne (Jeanette) Villepreux-Power (1794–1871). Detail from original photograph taken by A. E. E. Disdéri in 1861. (B) Julia Arsent'evna Filippova (1934- present). (C) Zulma Judith Ageitos de Castellanos (1922–2010). (D) Martina Compagno Roeleveld (1943–2006) (left) with María Edith Ré, currently of the National Patagonic Institute in Puerto Madryn, Argentina (right). Photo taken during the 1997 CIAC meeting in Capetown by Angel Guerra. (E) Nancy A. Voss (1929 – present). (F) Katharina Maria Mangold-Wirz (1922–2003). Photo by Eric Hochberg. (G) Joyce Wells (1930 – present). Photo by Angel Guerra, 1987. (H) Renata Boucher-Rodoni (1942 – present). (I) Eve Boucaud-Camou (1939-present). (J) Marion Nixon (1930 – present). Photo by Angel Guerra, 1992, Aberdeen.
Figure 5 in The contribution of molecular data to our understanding of cephalopod evolution and systematics: a review
Figure 5. Maximum likelihood phylogenies of Octopodidae sensu Strugnell et al. 2013 (= Octopodinae sensu Sweeney and Roper 1998) based on (A) amino acid sequences of two mitochondrial genes: cytochrome oxidase subunit III and cytochrome b apoenzyme, and the nuclear gene Elongation Factor-1α (Guzik et al. 2005); (B) 12S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (Takumiya et al. 2005); (C) a multigene approach (four to ten genes depending on sequence availability) (Lindgren et al. 2012); (D) three nuclear and three mitochondrial genes tested and treated for saturation (Strugnell et al. 2013). All trees redrawn from original sources using updated nomenclature for clarity.
Figure 4 in The contribution of molecular data to our understanding of cephalopod evolution and systematics: a review
Figure 4. Consensus tree depicting phylogenetic relationships supported by all analyses conducted by Strugnell et al. (2013).
Data from: Genomic signatures of GPCR expansions reveal functional transitions in the evolution of cephalopod signal transduction
Coleoid cephalopods show unique morphological and neural novelties, such as arms with tactile and chemosensory suckers and a large complex nervous system. The evolution of such cephalopod novelties has been attributed at a genomic level to independent gene family expansions, yet the exact association and the evolutionary timing remain unclear. In the octopus genome, one such expansion occurred in the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) repertoire, a superfamily of proteins that mediate signal transduction. Here we assessed the evolutionary history of this expansion and its relationship with cephalopod novelties. Using phylogenetic analyses, two cephalopod- and two octopus-specific GPCR expansions were identified. Signatures of positive selection were analysed within the four groups, and the locations of these sequences in the Octopus bimaculoides genome were inspected. Additionally, the expression profiles of octopus GPCRs across various tissues were extracted from available transcriptomic data. Our results reveal the evolutionary history of cephalopod GPCRs. Unexpanded cephalopod GPCRs shared with other bilaterians were found to be mainly nervous tissue-specific. In contrast, duplications that are shared between octopus and the bobtail squid or specific to the octopus' lineage generated copies with divergent expression patterns devoted to tissues outside of the brain. The acquisition of novel expression domains was accompanied by gene order rearrangement either through translocation or duplication and gene loss. Lastly, expansions showed signs of positive selection and some were found to form tandem clusters with shared conserved expression profiles in cephalopod innovations such as the axial nerve cord. Altogether, our results contribute to the understanding of the molecular and evolutionary history of signal transduction and provide insights into the role of this expansion during the emergence of cephalopod novelties and/or adaptations.
Data from: A new approach using high-resolution computed tomography to test the buoyant properties of chambered cephalopod shells
The chambered shell of modern cephalopods functions as a buoyancy apparatus, allowing the animal to enter the water column without expending a large amount of energy to overcome its own weight. Indeed, the chambered shell is largely considered a key adaptation that allowed the earliest cephalopods to leave the ocean floor and enter the water column. It has been argued by some, however, that the iconic chambered shell of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ammonoids did not provide a sufficiently buoyant force to compensate for the weight of the entire animal, thus restricting ammonoids to a largely benthic lifestyle reminiscent of some octopods. Here we develop a technique using high-resolution computed tomography to quantify the buoyant properties of chambered shells without reducing the shell to ideal spirals or eliminating inherent biological variability by using mathematical models that characterize past work in this area. This technique has been tested on Nautilus pompilius and is now extended to the extant deep-sea squid Spirula spirula and the Jurassic ammonite Cadoceras sp. hatchling. Cadoceras is found to have possessed near-neutral to positive buoyancy if hatched when the shell possessed between three and five chambers. However, we show that the animal could also overcome degrees of negative buoyancy through swimming, similar to the paralarvae of modern squids. These calculations challenge past inferences of benthic life habits based solely on calculations of negative buoyancy. The calculated buoyancy of Cadoceras supports the possibility of planktonic dispersal of ammonite hatchlings. This information is essential to understanding ammonoid ecology as well as biotic interactions and has implications for the interpretation of geochemical data gained from the isotopic analysis of the shell.
Data from: Buoyancy mechanisms limit preservation of coleoid cephalopod soft tissues in Mesozoic Lagerstätten
Coleoid cephalopods are characterized by internalization of their shell, and are divided into the ten-armed Decabrachia (squids and cuttlefish) and the eight-armed Vampyropoda (octopuses and vampire squid). They have a rich fossil record predominantly of the limited biomineralized skeletal elements they possess: arm hooks, statoliths, mouthparts (the buccal mass) and internal shell (gladius or pen), although exquisitely preserved soft tissue coleoids are known from several Lagerstätten worldwide. Recent studies have shown that although morphological similarities between extant decabrachian gladii and fossil examples exist, no known examples of fossil decabrachians are currently known. However, molecular clock data and phylogenetic bracketing suggest that they should be present in Lagerstätten that are rich in vampyropod soft tissue fossils (i.e. Hâkel and Hâdjoula Lagerstätten, Cretaceous, Lebanon). We propose that a hitherto unknown taphonomic bias pertaining to the differing methods of buoyancy control within coleoid groups limits preservation potential. Both negatively and neutrally buoyant decabrachians use chemical buoyancy control (ammonia) whereas vampyropods do not. In the event of rapid burial in an environment conducive to exceptional preservation, ammonia dramatically decreases the ability of the decabrachian carcass to generate the required pH for authigenic calcium phosphate replacement, limiting its preservation potential. Moreover, the greater surface area and comparatively fragile dermis further decrease the potential for fossilization. This taphonomic bias may have contributed to the lack of preserved labile soft-tissues in other cephalopods groups such as the ammonoids.
Fig. 32 in Cephalopods From The Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Interval On The Atlantic Coastal Plain, With A Description Of The Highest Ammonite Zones In North America. Part 2. Northeastern Monmouth County, New Jersey
Fig. 32. Eubaculites latecarinatus (Brunnschweiler, 1966). Uppermost New Egypt Formation and basal Hornerstown Formation, AMNH loc. 3345, northwest of Eatontown, Monmouth County, New Jersey. A–E. AMNH 47408. A, Right lateral; B, dorsal; C, ventral; D, left lateral; E, whorl cross section at adoral end. F–J. MAPS A2053c5. F, Right lateral; G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, left lateral; J, whorl cross section at adoral end. K–N. AMNH 47405. K, Right lateral; L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, left lateral. O– S. AMNH 47407. O, Right lateral; P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, left lateral; S, whorl cross section at adoral end. T–X. AMNH 47419. T, Right lateral; U, dorsal; V, ventral; W, left lateral; X, whorl cross section at adoral end. Y. AMNH 47404, partly in nodule. Z. AMNH 50544, partly in nodule. All figures
Fig. 12 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities
Fig. 12 (previous page). Apical parts of orthoconic cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, near Hinlopenstretet, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Cyptendoceras sp. B., FMNH-P30472 from Profilbekken river basin, locality PR-phosphatic. Lateral view with siphuncle toward the left. B. Svalbardoceras sterna gen. et sp. nov, FMNH-P30169, from PO 7.5. Lateral view with siphuncle toward left. C, F–G. Eosomichelinoceras borealis sp. nov. C. Specimen FMNH-P30171, from bed PO 123.3. Lateral view with prosiphuncular side toward the right. D. Bactroceras fluvii sp. nov., FMNH-P30168, from Profilbekken river basin, locality PR-phosphatic, showing the ventral side with ventral sutural lobe. E, H, J. Bactroceras boliviensis Aubrechtová, 2015 from bed PO 131. E. Specimen FMNH-P30165, nearly dorsal view, showing the transition of the extreme apical part toward the juvenile part of the conch. F. Specimen FMNH-P30182, lateral view with siphuncle toward the right. G. Specimen FMNH-P30184, lateral view with siphuncle toward the left. H. Specimen FMNH-P30183, apical view, showing the smooth apical surface of the protoconch. I. Ethanoceras solitudines gen. et sp. nov., FMNH-P30173, from bed PO 123.3, note the fine transverse striation. J. FMNH-P30160, showing details of fine transverse ornamentation. Scale bar = 2 mm for all figures.
Fig. 49 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities
Fig. 49. Median sections of phragmocones of cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Order, gen. et sp. indet. B, FMNH-P30424, from bed 4.8, see also Fig. 11A for interpretation. B–C. Nyfrieslandoceras bassleroceroides gen. et sp. nov., FMNH-P30353, holotype, from bed PO 131. B. Detail with septa and siphuncle preserved, septa are crushed and taphonomically distorted. C. Detail of septal necks and connecting ring, see Fig. 8D for interpretation. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm.
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