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2,863 results for “Challenge”
Opportunities and challenges in achieving co-management in marine protected areas in East Africa: a comparative case study
<p>As marine ecosystems decline globally, scientists recommend increasing the coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs), but many are not effectively managed to deliver benefits. Community integration into MPA decision-making can increase management effectiveness by supporting behaviour change, but this poses implementation challenges. We examine differences in adaptive capacity, community engagement, and perceived MPA benefits using interviews and focal group meetings with two fishing communities from MPAs with different management strategies and geographic settings: a centrally managed MPA in Kenya and a co-managed MPA in Tanzania. We hypothesized that perceptions of MPA benefits and MPA support would be higher among fishers and fish vendors in the more collaboratively designed system in Tanzania, and supported by greater adaptive capacity. Indeed, far fewer Kenyan participants (37%) felt they benefited from the MPA compared to Tanzanian participants (95%). However, agency and trust were largely similar and challenges existed in both systems that reduced collaborative action including low interaction/communication between staff and community, internal leadership challenges, and social conflict. We identified pathways towards improved co-management that transcend systems: institutional prioritization of community integration, investment in community leadership, mapping social networks during MPA establishment, and adequate staffing and operational budgets.</p>
Sustainability challenges and collaboration in the global clothing industry
<p>This dataset contains a social network of collaborative relationships among organizations working to address sustainability challenges in the global clothing industry. The dataset consists of a square matrix containing 1,455 undirected ties among 455 organizations, and a list of organizational attributes. Attribute information includes: 1) the type of organization – keystone actor, clothing company, retailer, manufacturer, trade association, multi-stakeholder platform, NGO, scientific research organization, government institution, and other; and 2) the sustainability challenges addressed by each organization – hazardous chemicals, waste reduction, energy consumption, air emissions, land use, recycling, wastewater, water conservation, and socioeconomic wellbeing. The data were gathered from corporate sustainability reports and related information found on the organizations’ websites.</p>
Challenges identified during inDemand in the pilot regions
<p>inDemand is a new co-creation model where Healthcare organizations (Challengers) and companies (Solvers) co-develop Digital Health solutions, with the economic support of public regional funds managed by Regional funding organisations (Funders). inDemand targets to solve Challenges identified by the Healthcare organizations.</p> <p>The first phase focuses on the need identification by the Challenger (Healthcare organisation), who launches an internal call for challenges (i.e.needs) among the professionals in the organisation.</p> <p>During the inDemand project challenges were identified in three pilot regions (Murcia, Oulu and Paris) in two different iterations:</p> <ul> <li>Paris 1<sup>st</sup> call: 05/01/2018 to 31/01/2018</li> <li>Oulu 1<sup>st</sup> call: 09/01/2018 to 28/01/2018</li> <li>Murcia 1<sup>st</sup> call: 06/11/2017 to 20/11/2017</li> <li>Paris 2<sup>nd</sup> call: 15/11/2018 to 31/12/2018</li> <li>Oulu 2<sup>nd</sup> call: 20/09/2018 to 06/10/2018</li> <li>Murcia 2<sup>nd</sup> call: 15/10/2018 to 09/11/2018</li> </ul> <p>In prevision of the Call for Challenges, a questionnaire (common for the 3 pilot regions) was created to collect the most important information necessary to assess and select the challenges in each region:</p> <ul> <li>Responsible of the challenge (name, position, department, email, etc.): anonymised for publication in Zenodo.</li> <li>Title and acronym of the challenge</li> <li>Definition of the challenge (description of the problem, overview of the current way or working, etc.)</li> <li>Potential scalability of the challenge to other areas/hospitals</li> <li>Expected functional requirements of an ICT solution that could tackle the need</li> <li>Feasibility to implement ICT solutions to address the challenge</li> <li>The commitment of the team to be involved in the inDemand model</li> </ul> <p>The data collected was of a qualitative nature. It was received via electronic tool and downloaded into .docx and .pdf formats. </p>
2019 EMDataResource Model Metrics Challenge Dataset
<p>This is the full dataset of the 2019 Cryo-EM Map-based Model Metrics Challenge sponsored by EMDataResource (<a href="http://www.emdataresource.org">www.emdataresource.org</a>, <a href="http://challenges.emdataresource.org">challenges.emdataresource.org</a>, <a href="http://model-compare.emdataresource.org">model-compare.emdataresource.org</a>). The goals of this challenge were (1) to assess the quality of models that can be produced using current modeling software, (2) to check the reproducibility of modeling results from different software developers and users, and (3) compare the performance of current metrics used for evaluation of models. The focus was on near-atomic resolution maps with an innovative twist: three of four target maps formed a resolution series (1.8 to 3.1 Å) from the same specimen and imaging experiment. Tools developed in previous challenges were expanded for managing, visualizing and analyzing the 63 submitted coordinate models, and several new metrics were introduced.</p> <p>File Descriptions:</p> <ul> <li>2019-EMDataResource-Challenge-web.pdf: Archive of News, Goals, Timeline, Targets, Modelling Instructions, Process, FAQ, Submission Instructions, Submission Summary Statistics source from the <a href="https://challenges.emdataresource.org">EMDR Challenges</a> website</li> <li>correlation-images.tar.gz: Pairwise correlation tables for selected metric scores from the <a href="https://model-compare.emdataresource.org">EMDR Model Compare</a> website</li> <li>maps.tar.gz: The maps used for Fit-to-Map analyses in the Challenge</li> <li>models.tar.gz: The 63 models submitted by the modelling teams</li> <li>results.tar.gz: The output logs for all of the analysis methods</li> <li>Scores.xlsx: Scores for each model and analysis method, compiled into spreadsheet format</li> <li>targets.tar.gz: The reference models used in the analysis</li> </ul> <p>Post submission correction to the web archive PDF document: The full list of EMDataResource members on the model committee is as follows: Cathy Lawson, Andriy Kryshtafovych, Greg Pintilie, Mike Schmid, Helen Berman, Wah Chiu.</p>
Predicting amphibian intraspecific diversity with machine learning: Challenges and prospects for integrating traits, geography, and genetic data
<p>The growing availability of genetic datasets, in combination with machine learning frameworks, offer great potential to answer long-standing questions in ecology and evolution. One such question has intrigued population geneticists, biogeographers, and conservation biologists: What factors determine intraspecific genetic diversity? This question is challenging to answer because many factors may influence genetic variation, including life history traits, historical influences, and geography, and the relative importance of these factors varies across taxonomic and geographic scales. Furthermore, interpreting the influence of numerous, potentially correlated variables is difficult with traditional statistical approaches. To address these challenges, we analyzed repurposed data using machine learning and investigated predictors of genetic diversity, focusing on Nearctic amphibians as a case study. We aggregated species traits, range characteristics, and >42,000 genetic sequences for 299 species using open-access scripts and various databases. After identifying important predictors of nucleotide diversity with random forest regression, we conducted follow-up analyses to examine the roles of phylogenetic history, geography, and demographic processes on intraspecific diversity. Although life history traits were not important predictors for this dataset, we found significant phylogenetic signal in genetic diversity within amphibians. We also found that salamander species at northern latitudes contain lower genetic diversity. Data repurposing and machine learning provide valuable tools for detecting patterns with relevance for conservation, but concerted efforts are needed to compile meaningful datasets with greater utility for understanding global biodiversity.</p>
SKA data challenge 1
<p>This contains the data associated with the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) science data challenge 1. This data is also available via the SKA website: https://astronomers.skatelescope.org/ska-science-data-challenge-1/</p> <p>There is a non-peer reviewed paper outlining the data challenge and describing the data on the arxiv website: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.10454</p> <p>There is a peer reviewed paper summarising the results of all the teams that participated in the challenge on the arxiv website: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.13346</p> <p> </p> <p>This data set consists of:</p> <p>Simulated 1000 hour images at 560 MHz (B1), 1400 MHz (B2), and 9200 MHz (B5): SKAMid_*.fits</p> <p>Primary beam images: PrimaryBeam_*.fits</p> <p>Synthesized beam images: SynthesBeam_*.fits</p> <p>Training catalogues per frequency revealing source parameters for a small area of sky: TrainingSet_*.txt</p> <p>Truth catalogues for the whole sky: True_*.txt</p> <p> </p> <p>This Zenodo entry was created by Alex Clarke.</p>
Uncovering the Benefits and Challenges of Continuous Integration Practices - Reproduction Package
<p>This is a reproduction package for our paper on continuous practices in software organizations.</p>
Data from: Male rock lizards may compensate reproductive costs of an immune challenge affecting sexual signals
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Sexual signals can be evolutionarily stable if they are condition dependent or costly to the signaler. One of these costs may be the trade-off between maintaining the immune system and the elaboration of ornaments. Experimental immune challenges in captivity show a reduction in the expression of sexual signals, but it is not clear whether these detrimental effects are important in nature and, more importantly, whether they have reproductive consequences. We designed a field experiment to challenge the immune system of wild male Carpetan rock lizards, Iberolacerta cyreni, with a bacterial antigen (LPS). The immune challenge decreased relative reflectance of UV structural and melanin-dependent sexual coloration in the throat and the lateral ocelli, whereas the carotenoid-dependent dorsal green coloration was not affected. Immune activation also decreased proportions of ergosterol and cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol in femoral secretions. These results support a trade-off between the immune system and both visual and chemical sexual ornaments. Moreover, reproductive success of males, estimated with DNA microsatellites, depended on the expression of some color and chemical traits. However, the immune challenge did not cause overall differences in reproductive success, although it increased with body size/age in control but not in challenged males. This suggests the use of alternative reproductive strategies (e.g. forced matings) in challenged males, particularly in smaller ones. These males might consider that their survival probabilities are low and increase reproductive effort as a form of terminal investment in spite of their "low-quality" sexual signals and potential survival costs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Overcoming the challenge of small effective sample sizes in home-range estimation
Technological advances have steadily increased the detail of animal tracking datasets, yet fundamental data limitations exist for many species that cause substantial biases in home‐range estimation. Specifically, the effective sample size of a range estimate is proportional to the number of observed range crossings, not the number of sampled locations. Currently, the most accurate home‐range estimators condition on an autocorrelation model, for which the standard estimation frame‐works are based on likelihood functions, even though these methods are known to underestimate variance—and therefore ranging area—when effective sample sizes are small. Residual maximum likelihood (REML) is a widely used method for reducing bias in maximum‐likelihood (ML) variance estimation at small sample sizes. Unfortunately, we find that REML is too unstable for practical application to continuous‐time movement models. When the effective sample size N is decreased to N ≤ urn:x-wiley:2041210X:media:mee313270:mee313270-math-0001(10), which is common in tracking applications, REML undergoes a sudden divergence in variance estimation. To avoid this issue, while retaining REML's first‐order bias correction, we derive a family of estimators that leverage REML to make a perturbative correction to ML. We also derive AIC values for REML and our estimators, including cases where model structures differ, which is not generally understood to be possible. Using both simulated data and GPS data from lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), we show how our perturbative estimators are more accurate than traditional ML and REML methods. Specifically, when urn:x-wiley:2041210X:media:mee313270:mee313270-math-0002(5) home‐range crossings are observed, REML is unreliable by orders of magnitude, ML home ranges are ~30% underestimated, and our perturbative estimators yield home ranges that are only ~10% underestimated. A parametric bootstrap can then reduce the ML and perturbative home‐range underestimation to ~10% and ~3%, respectively. Home‐range estimation is one of the primary reasons for collecting animal tracking data, and small effective sample sizes are a more common problem than is currently realized. The methods introduced here allow for more accurate movement‐model and home‐range estimation at small effective sample sizes, and thus fill an important role for animal movement analysis. Given REML's widespread use, our methods may also be useful in other contexts where effective sample sizes are small.
Data from: Feasibility of nuclear ribosomal region ITS1 over ITS2 in barcoding taxonomically challenging genera of subtribe Cassiinae (Fabaceae)
Premise of the Study The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is situated between 18S and 26S in a polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript. It had been proved to be the most commonly sequenced region across plant species to resolve phylogenetic relationships ranging from shallow to deep taxonomic levels. Despite several taxonomical revisions in Cassiinae, a stable phylogeny remains elusive at the molecular level, particularly concerning the delineation of species in the genera Cassia, Senna and Chamaecrista. This study addresses the comparative potential of ITS datasets (ITS1, ITS2 and concatenated) in resolving the underlying morphological disparity in the highly complex genera, to assess their discriminatory power as potential barcode candidates in Cassiinae. Methodology A combination of experimental data and an in-silico approach based on threshold genetic distances, sequence similarity based and hierarchical tree-based methods was performed to decipher the discriminating power of ITS datasets on 18 different species of Cassiinae complex. Lab-generated sequences were compared against those available in the GenBank using BLAST and were aligned through MUSCLE 3.8.31 and analysed in PAUP 4.0 and BEAST1.8 using parsimony ratchet, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference (BI) methods of gene and species tree reconciliation with bootstrapping. DNA barcoding gap was realized based on the Kimura two-parameter distance model (K2P) in TaxonDNA and MEGA. Principal Findings Based on the K2P distance, significant divergences between the inter- and intra-specific genetic distances were observed, while the presence of a DNA barcoding gap was obvious. The ITS1 region efficiently identified 81.63% and 90% of species using TaxonDNA and BI methods, respectively. The PWG-distance method based on simple pairwise matching indicated the significance of ITS1 whereby highest number of variable (210) and informative sites (206) were obtained. The BI tree-based methods outperformed the similarity-based methods producing well-resolved phylogenetic trees with many nodes well supported by bootstrap analyses. Conclusion The reticulated phylogenetic hypothesis using the ITS1 region mainly supported the relationship between the species of Cassiinae established by traditional morphological methods. The ITS1 region showed a higher discrimination power and desirable characteristics as compared to ITS2 and ITS1 + 2, thereby concluding to be the locus of choice. Considering the complexity of the group and the underlying biological ambiguities, the results presented here are encouraging for developing DNA barcoding as a useful tool for resolving taxonomical challenges in corroboration with morphological framework.
Data from: Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates
Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signalers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and nontarget. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals overlap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of nontarget receivers. We investigate how signal synchronization is shaped by the tradeoff between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs (<i>Smilisca sila</i>), in which males produce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs (<i>Engystomops pustulosus</i>), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the tradeoff imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory playback experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signalers to reduce their exposure to eavesdroppers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding the origin of mating signals and displays.
Data from: Within-species patterns challenge our understanding of the Leaf Economics Spectrum
The utility of plant functional traits for predictive ecology relies on our ability to interpret trait variation across multiple taxonomic and ecological scales. Using extensive datasets of trait variation within species, across species, and across communities, we analyzed whether and at what scales 'leaf economics spectrum' (LES) traits show predicted trait-trait covariation. We found that most variation in LES traits is often, but not universally, at high taxonomic levels (between families, between genera in a family). However, we found that trait covariation shows distinct taxonomic scale-dependence, with some trait correlations showing opposite signs within versus across species. LES traits responded independently to environmental gradients within species, with few shared environmental responses across traits or across scales. We conclude that, at small taxonomic scales, plasticity may obscure or reverse the broad evolutionary linkages between leaf traits, meaning that variation in LES traits cannot always be interpreted as differences in resource use strategy.
Data from: Agricultural pastures challenge the attractiveness of natural saltmarsh for a migratory goose
1. Broad-scale land conversions and fertilizer use have dramatically altered the available staging area for herbivorous long-distance migrants. Instead of natural land, these birds rely increasingly on pastures for migratory fuelling and stopover, often conflicting with farming practices. To be able to predict and manage birds' future habitat use, the relative advantages and disadvantages of natural (e.g. saltmarsh, intertidal) versus anthropogenic staging sites for foraging need to be understood. 2. We compared the migratory staging of brent geese on saltmarsh and pasture sites in spring. Food quality (nitrogen and fibre content), intra-specific antagonistic behaviour, and body weight were quantified at nearby sites in simultaneous seasons. Individuals were tracked with high-resolution GPS and accelerometers to compare timing of migration and time-budgets during fuelling. 3. On pastures, birds rested more and experienced higher ingestion rates, similar or superior food quality and reduced antagonistic interactions than on saltmarsh. 4. Brent geese using fertilized grasslands advanced their fuelling and migration schedules compared to those using saltmarsh. Pasture birds reached heavy weights earlier, departed sooner, and arrived in the Arctic earlier. 5. Intertidal mudflats were frequently visited by saltmarsh birds during the day, and available food there (algae, some seagrass) was of higher quality than terrestrial resources. Availability of intertidal resources was an important factor balancing the otherwise more favourable conditions on pastures relative to saltmarsh. 6. Policy implications: Disadvantages of longer foraging effort, more antagonistic interactions and delayed fuelling schedules on traditional saltmarshes may cause a trend of geese exchanging this traditional niche in favour of pastures, especially in a warming climate that requires advancement of migratory schedules. However, the high quality of intertidal forage allows it to complement terrestrial foraging, potentially removing the incentive for habitat switches to pastures. The relatively high quality of green algae and seagrass, and birds' remarkable preference for these resources when available, provides a key for managers to create landscapes that can sustain this specialist's intertidal lifestyle. To keep natural habitats attractive to staging geese with the purpose to prevent conflicts with farming practices, management actions should focus on conservation and restoration of saltmarsh and especially intertidal habitat.
Data from: Fertilizer legacies meet saltwater incursion: challenges and constraints for coastal plain wetland restoration
Coastal wetland restoration is an important tool for climate change adaptation and excess nutrient runoff mitigation. However, the capacity of restored coastal wetlands to provide multiple ecosystem services is limited by stressors, such as excess nutrients from upstream agricultural fields, high nutrient legacies on-site, and rising salinities downstream. The effects of these stressors are exacerbated by an accelerating hydrologic cycle, expected to cause longer droughts punctuated by more severe storms. We used seven years of surface water and six years of soil solution water chemistry from a large (440 ha) restored wetland to examine how fertilizer legacy, changes in hydrology, and drought-induced salinization affect dissolved nutrient and carbon concentrations. To better understand the recovery trajectory of the restored wetland, we also sampled an active agricultural field and two mature forested wetlands. Our results show that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in soil solution were 2–10 times higher in the restored wetland compared to two mature forested wetlands, presumably due to legacy fertilizer mobilized by reflooding. Despite elevated nutrient concentrations relative to reference wetlands, the restored wetland consistently attenuated N and P pulses delivered from an upstream farm. Even with continued loading, N and P concentrations in surface water throughout the restored wetland have decreased since the initial flooding. Our results suggest that high nutrient concentrations and export from wetlands restored on agricultural lands may be a severe but temporary problem. If field to wetland conversion is to become a more widespread method for ameliorating nutrient runoff and adapting coastal plain ecosystems to climate change, we should adopt new methods for minimizing the initial export phase of wetland restoration efforts.
Spitfire Texturing Challenge 2017
French Spitfire 1945 Based on "[Aircraft Painting Contest – Base](https://sketchfab.com/models/e1b4d01dbd7c42bb95c5a0f922747ac2)" by [Renafox](https://sketchfab.com/kryik1023), licensed under CC Attribution-ShareAlike. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Treasure Chest Challenge Skectfab
#treasure_chest made with #blender 2.91 by Kalule Enoch for the #treasure_chest_challenge on #sketchfab its a #fancy and #magical treasure chest thats always been kept in a #magical #palace where only people with the right hearts can reach the chest therefore remains new and never runs out of treasures Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tower of Elahbel (November Challenge!)
The #NEWPALMYRA November Challenge is to make visual renderings or models of the Palmyra Funerary Towers. We are starting out the effort by releasing the Tower of Elahbel. The Tower of Elahbel was built in 103 AD; it can be regarded as the finest example of this type of building; its niche shows the importance of funerary banquets in the cult of the dead at Palmyra. This model was constructed by [Marin Pette](http://marinpette.com/), under a CC-BY license. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Sketchfab Texturing Challenge: Spitfire
Sir James M. Robb's personal SL721 Spitfire (1947)  Based on "[Aircraft Painting Contest – Base](https://sketchfab.com/models/e1b4d01dbd7c42bb95c5a0f922747ac2)" by [Renafox](https://sketchfab.com/kryik1023), licensed under CC Attribution-ShareAlike. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
tdwg-challenge-rdf: v1.0
<p>First release</p>
2010 ISMRM Recon Challenge - Need for Speed
<p><strong><em>Need for Speed</em></strong>. Data were simulated using collected projection X-ray of an arterial bolus injection in a patient with an AVM. X-ray data were collected 3 frames per second, for a total of 10 seconds (31 collected frames) which span wash-in to wash-out. These were linearly interpolated in time between frames to create a total of 200 temporal images, each with 512x512 resolution. B1-maps (provided with data) derived from an axial slice through a water phantom using an 8-channel head coil were superimposed on the image to create 8 “coil” images. Independent noise was added to each channel. The data were synthesized over 200 trajectories, each with 2000 points. Data for each trajectory are synthesized from one temporal frame of the time series.<em> </em><br /> <br /> <strong>Click here</strong> to get descriptions of trajectories (the pdf files), read/write code for C and Matlab, and B<sub>1 </sub>maps. <br /> <strong>Click here</strong> for the NFS truth data set, which has no header, is floating point (4 byte) real data, and arranged as a 3D array of 512x512x37.</p> <p>You may then choose from any of the following sets:</p> <p>A. <strong>Click here</strong> to get a <strong>Spiral</strong> trajectory coordinates and data. (trajectory designed by Nick Zwart, <br /> Barrow Neurological Institute)</p> <p>B. <strong>Click here</strong> to get a <strong>PR</strong> trajectory coordinates and data. (trajectory designed by Alexey Samsonov, <br /> University of Wisconsin)</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.