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BRAIN Journal-New Computer Assisted Diagnostic to Detect Alzheimer Disease-Figure 4. Training
<p> A. Segmentation It seeks to establish a model that describes the shape and typical fluctuations. This requires first the preparation of a learning base to reflect the possible variations in shape of the structure. The preparation of the training set Each shape will be modeled by a vector X, built by concatenating the coordinates of the characteristic points placed on its outline: X=(X1, X2,…...Xn) (1) The training set can be modeled by a set of vectors: {Xi} Where i = 1. . N {N number of sample images} and {Si} surface, {Vi} standard deviation of the Area. The principle of this step is be illustrated by the figure below. </p>
BRAIN Journal-New Computer Assisted Diagnostic to Detect Alzheimer Disease-Figure 3.Proposed Computer Assisted Diagnosis
<p>The figure below presents our proposed Computer Assisted Diagnosis. Our CAD includes 3 steps: Preprocessing, Segmentation and Classification. For the step of preprocessing, we used the NLMS (Non Local Means) to improve the quality of image. For the step of segmentation: we have a learning phase to extract the different shapes and to determine the average shape. Our proposed automatic method is based on the deformable model. For the step of classification, we present a new supervised method to distinguish between Normal, MCI and AD. The figure below presents our proposed system.</p>
BRAIN Journal-New Computer Assisted Diagnostic to Detect Alzheimer Disease-Figure 4. Training
<p>Each shape will be modeled by a vector X, built by concatenating the coordinates of the characteristic points placed on its outline: X=(X1, X2,…...Xn) (1) The training set can be modeled by a set of vectors: {Xi} Where i = 1. . N {N number of sample images} and {Si} surface, {Vi} standard deviation of the Area. The principle of this step is be illustrated by the figure below. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Man versus Computer: Difference of the Essences. The Problem of the Scientific Creation-Figure 1. Geometrical figure "right triangle" as a material system. Points are universal joints.
<p>However, the result of the creative activity can be easily tested (verified) by scientists. Example of the creative solution of the Euclid's V-th postulate is as follows (T.Z. Kalanov, 2011a). As is well known, the triangle is one of the most important figures in geometry and trigonometry. This figure as a material system can be constructed and studied as follows. 1. The triangle is constructed as is follows. If the sides of the angle are bound up with the rectilinear segment, then the synthesized system (the constructed geometrical figure) AOB is called triangle (Figure 1). </p>
BRAIN Journal-Personality Questionnaires as a Basis for Improvement of University Courses in Applied Computer Science and Informatics-Figure 5. Hierarchical clustering by scores across the EPQ–R scales for data about all the participants
<p>The clusters were generated using an implementation of a hierarchical clustering algorithm available in the R environment (R, n.d.). The top three clusters were extracted from a hierarchical cluster tree shown in Figure 5, while the color of data points in the visualization shown in figure 4 was determined based on cluster labels. Hierarchical clusters could be used when investigating which students in the analyzed sample share similar personality traits. This could be especially useful for smaller student groups as the teacher may manually inspect the cluster tree and its leaves, which designate individual students. For instance, there are three students in cluster 3, who are represented within the tree in Figure 5 by identifiers 14, 22, and 24. The students with identifiers 14 and 22 are more closely linked and more similar to each other than to the student with identifier 24. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Personality Questionnaires as a Basis for Improvement of University Courses in Applied Computer Science and Informatics-Figure 2. Comparison of mean scores on the EPQ–R scales
<p>The data for the workshop participants were loaded from the data warehouse, while the summary data from the original EPQ–R study were loaded from a CSV file. The bar chart featured in Figure 2 shows mean scores on the EPQ–R scales for the selected workshop participants (denoted by blue bars) and the selected participants of the original EPQ–R study (denoted by yellow bars). The mean scores on the P scale agree between the two samples, but the overall scores for the other scales vary. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Personality Questionnaires as a Basis for Improvement of University Courses in Applied Computer Science and Informatics-Figure 4. Radial visualization of scores across the EPQ–R scales for clustered data about all the participants
<p>On the other hand, the division of data points by gender might not be the only useful strategy when visually inspecting the analyzed sample in a coordinate system. Numerous clustering algorithms may be used to determine which data points share similar scores across the EPQ–R scales, i.e., which data points belong to the same cluster of similar entities based on their corresponding EPQ–R scores. A radial visualization in which data points were organized into three clusters is given in Figure 4. Each cluster is marked by a different color: cluster 1 by red, cluster 2 by green, and cluster 3 by blue. </p>
BRAIN Journal-Personality Questionnaires as a Basis for Improvement of University Courses in Applied Computer Science and Informatics-Figure 3. Radial visualization of scores across the EPQ–R scales for the male and female participants
<p>The radial visualization in Figure 3 depicts each participating student as a dot whose color indicates the gender of the student, blue for male students (M) and red for female students (F). The position of a dot in the visualization is determined by the scores of the associated student on the four EPQ–R scales. The radial overview may provide a much clearer outline of clustering within the analyzed group. Although there are only five female students, they are concentrated in a relatively narrow area within the radial coordinate system</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-Figure 3. Intelligence of different living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 3.1. A painting elephant (http://www.wittyfacts.com/suda-the-painting-elephant/); 3.2. A common octopus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus). 3.3. An African grey parrot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_parrot)
<p>Many observations proved that octopus species have an impressive spatial learning capacity, advanced navigational abilities, and advanced predatory techniques. The dexterity is important for using and manipulating tools. Zullo, Sumbre, Agnisola, Flash, & Hochner, (2009) studied the successful dexterity of octopuses. They have highly sensitive suction cups and prehensile arms, squid, and cuttlefish. This allows them to hold and manipulate objects. The motor skills of octopuses (Figure 3.2) do not seem to depend upon mapping their body. Some species of parrots are able to mimic very well the human speech. There were performed many studies with parrots that shown that some individuals are able to associate words with their meanings. Another observed ability is to form simple sentences. It has been shown that some grey parrots perform at the cognitive level of a 3-year-old child in some tasks. Pepperberg (2006) proved that some parrots can count up to 6. Figure 3.3 presents a frequently studied species of parrots, called African grey parrot.</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-igure 2. Intelligence of different living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 2.1. A crow solving a complex task (https://www.disclose.tv/spooky-genius-crow-had-to-be-removed-from-scientific-experiment- 314886). 2.2. A group of dolphins with a social behaviour (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/04/teamwork-builds-big-brains); 2.3. An orangutan that use a spear to fish (https://primatology.net/2008/04/29/orangutan-photographed-using-tool-as-spear-to-fish)
<p>Some species of birds have been shown capable of using different tools. Many studies consider the crows as very intelligent. Smirnova, Lazareva, and Zorina (2000) suggested that crows have some kind of numerical ability. Figure 2.1 presents a crow that uses a tool, a small stone in order to catch a worm from a glass of water.The dolphins in many studies are considered intelligent at the individual level. An advanced ability of dolphins is the self-awareness. Marten and Psarakos (1995) presented an interesting study based on self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the Bottlenose dolphin. The most well-known abilities of dolphins are to teach, learn and cooperate. Dolphins have a complex communication and social behaviour. Figure 2.2 presents the image of a common group of dolphins. Some studies prove that primates are one of the most intelligent in the class of animals (Reader, Hager, & Laland, 2011). Orangutans are one of the most intelligent primates. The ability of orangutans to use different types of tools in order to perform tasks is well-known. Figure 2.3 presents an orangutan that uses a spear to catch fish. The orangutans can be considered intelligent at individual level.</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-Figure 1. Intelligence of different simple living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 1.1. A carnivorous plants catching an insect (https://phys.org/news/2016-05-colombia-peace-reveal-jungle-species.html); 1.2. A colony of ants solving a very complex task (https://mappingignorance.org/2016/05/27/rafting-ants); 1.3. The collective behaviour of a school of fish (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling)
<p>The biological intelligence of different life forms, ranging from very simple (such as plants) to very complex (such as humans) is the subject of many studies and a large amount of research. Frequent studies related to different kind of biological intelligence include: the intelligence of horses (Krueger, & Heinze, 2008; Krueger, Farmer, & Heinze, 2014; Schuetz, Farmer, & Krueger, 2016), intelligence of pigs (Broom, Sena, & Moynihan, 2009), intelligence of dogs (Coren, 1995), intelligence of primates (Reader, Hager, & Laland, 2011) and so one. Figures 1, 2, and 3 present some biological life forms that are frequently considered intelligent. Trewavas (2002; 2005) considered that plants intelligence should be based on principles such as their ability to adjust their morphology, and phenotype accordingly to ensure self- preservation and reproduction. Figure 1.1 presents an intelligent plant (carnivorous) that uses a strategy for catching very fast flying insects. In order to eat the insect, it makes a movement. Figure 1.1 presents the catching of an insect by a carnivorous plant. The intelligence of colonies of ants, termites and other insects that live in large colonies is considered at the colony level (Brady, Fisher, Schultz, & Ward, 2014; Johnson, Borowiec, Chiu, Lee, Atallah, & Ward, 2013). Figure 1.2 presents the coherent intelligent surviving behaviour of a colony of a species of ants. The ants make a structural reorganization in order to move on the surface of the water. Figure 1.3 presents a very large school of fish with an intelligent coherent collective feeding and self-protecting behaviour. Each individual fish has a very simple behavior. Based on this it cannot be considered intelligent. The intelligence in large schools of fish emerges at the collective level (Shaw, 1978; Parrish, Viscedo, & Grunbaum, 2002).</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-Figure 4. Intelligent robots (accessed 01.11.2017). 4.1. Erica, a humanoid robot (https://www.tech-review.com/erica-is-the-latest-japanese-robot-with-human-appearance.html). 4.2. Atlas, a bipedal humanoid robot developed by Boston Dynamics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(robot))
<p>One of the most highly quoted and interesting definitions of machine intelligence was presented by Alan Turing (1950). Turing considered a computing system intelligent if a human assessor could not decide the nature of the system (being human or artificial) based on questions asked from a room hidden from a human assessor. Until recently there were performed different discussions and comments on the Turing test. Hernández-Orallo (2000) presents an interesting study related to the Turing Test. Dowe and Hajek, (1998) propose a computational extension of the Turing Test. The design and development of intelligent systems are historically very recent. But, even if the advance of hardware and software is very fast, it will take a longer time until the artificial computing systems will attain a similar intelligence with the humans. Based on this fact, we consider that is not appropriate to formulate the problem of the direct comparison at a general level of human intelligence with the machine intelligence. Different definitions were proposed for the intelligence of the agents (Russell, & Norvig, 2003; Iantovics, & Zamfirescu, 2013). Many authors (Russell, & Norvig, 2003; Iantovics, 2005) argue that the intelligence of the agents cannot be defined universally. The impossibility to give a universal definition to the human intelligence is based mostly on the enormous complexity of the human brain and complexity of the human thinking and decision making. Similarly, we may consider the impossibility of universal definition of intelligence of the agents based on the very large variety (by type and complexity) of intelligent agents. The machine intelligence frequently is defined based on different abilities such as (Iantovics, 2005; Sharkey, 2006): autonomous learning, self-adaptation, and evolution. These principles of considering the intelligence are inspired by biological life forms able to learn autonomously during their life cycle, to adapt to the environment and to evolve during more generations. We would like to outline that not all the designed agents are intelligent. There is not a required property of an agent to be intelligent.</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-Figure 5. What machine intelligence is (accessed 01.11.2017) http://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/measuring-artificial-intelligence-quotient)
<p>There are many developed cooperative systems composed of very simple agents that at the system’s level are considered intelligent. Yang, Galis, Guo, and Liu (2003) presented an intelligent cooperative mobile multiagent system composed of simple reactive agents. The mobile agents are specialized in a computer network administration. They are endowed with knowledge retained as a set of rules which describe network administration tasks. The multiagent system could be considered intelligent based on the fact that it simulates the behavior of a human network administrator. In some cooperative systems, the member agents can organize themselves into cooperative coalitions/groups. Each coalition being able to solve cooperatively problems. Iantovics and Zamfirescu (2013) presented such an adaptive cooperative multiagent system, able to reorganize autonomously the coalitions in order to solve more intelligently problems. The biological and artificial intelligence are by a completely different type (Figure 5). Recently, the biological intelligence is the source of inspiration for the development of many intelligent artificial systems and different problem-solving algorithms.</p>
Survey and Interview Data from Mixed-Method Survey of Serverless Computing and Function-as-a-Service Software Development in Industrial Practice
<p>This dataset contains the almost-raw data resulting from two out of the three methods chosen by the researchers for their namesake study «A Mixed-Method Empirical Study of Function-as-a-Service Software Development in Industrial Practice». Among the files are web survey questions, anonymised survey results, and interview guidelines. We encourage other researchers to perform open coding and other analysis techniques on the data to verify our claims and to generate new insights.</p>
Data, plotting scripts, and figures for "Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures"
<p>This bundle of files contains all the data and plotting scripts for "Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures", as well as the figures themselves.</p> <p>These results are part of the paper:</p> <p>Tejas Chandrashekhar Mulky and Kyle E. Niemeyer. "Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures," 2018. Accepted for publication in <em>Proceedings of the Combustion Institute</em>, available via <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08396">https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08396</a></p>
Randomly sampled coefficients for synchrotron radiative transfer in the Stokes basis, power law model, computed by rimphony, for consumption by neurosynchro
<p>This directory contains a training set of 22 million randomly-sampled radiative transfer coefficients generated by <a href="https://github.com/pkgw/rimphony/">rimphony</a>, suitable for use with the <a href="https://github.com/pkgw/neurosynchro/">neurosynchro</a> package. These coefficients can be used for numerical radiative transfer of synchrotron emission in the Stokes basis with a package such as <a href="https://github.com/jadexter/grtrans/">grtrans</a>.</p> <p>In this particular dataset, coefficients were computed using a model of a power law electron distribution isotropic in pitch angle. The input parameters, which were sampled randomly in a three-dimensional space, are:</p> <ul> <li><em>s</em>, the harmonic number, dimensionless, sampled logarithmically between 5 and 50,000,000.</li> <li><em>theta</em>, the angle between the ray path and the local magnetic field, measured in radians, sampled linearly between 0.001 and π/2 (namely, 1.5707963267948966).</li> <li><em>p</em>, the power-law index of the energetic electrons, dimensionless, sampled linearly between 1.5 and 7.</li> </ul> <p>The coefficients were computed on Harvard’s Odyssey cluster using Git commit <a href="https://github.com/pkgw/rimphony/commit/772161ebda0217b8c1ccb8ce3801ad9dc3701a4f">772161</a> of rimphony. A total of about 5,000 CPU hours were used, with 500 processes running for about 10 hours each. There are 2,748,835 data rows in total. The data are provided in their original format, split among 500 files, so that smaller subsamples of the data may be loaded easily. A README.md file provides more detailed information.</p>
Trained neural network data for synchrotron radiative transfer in the Stokes basis, power law model, computed by rimphony, for consumption by neurosynchro
<p>This archive contains data representing a trained-up neural network suitable for use with the <a href="https://github.com/pkgw/neurosynchro/">neurosynchro</a> package. The network generates coefficients that can be used for numerical radiative transfer of synchrotron emission in the Stokes basis with a package such as <a href="https://github.com/jadexter/grtrans/">grtrans</a>.</p> <p>In this particular dataset, networks were trained on a training set of coefficients generated by <a href="https://github.com/pkgw/rimphony/">rimphony</a> that is available as <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1341154">DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1341154</a>. The data were generated using a model of a power law electron distribution isotropic in pitch angle. The input parameters, which were sampled randomly in a three-dimensional space, were:</p> <ul> <li><em>s</em>, the harmonic number, dimensionless, sampled logarithmically between 5 and 50,000,000.</li> <li><em>theta</em>, the angle between the ray path and the local magnetic field, measured in radians, sampled linearly between 0.001 and π/2 (namely, 1.5707963267948966).</li> <li><em>p</em>, the power-law index of the energetic electrons, dimensionless, sampled linearly between 1.5 and 7.</li> </ul> <p>The training set was computed on Harvard’s Odyssey cluster using Git commit <a href="https://github.com/pkgw/rimphony/commit/772161ebda0217b8c1ccb8ce3801ad9dc3701a4f">772161</a> of rimphony. A total of about 5,000 CPU hours were used, with 500 processes running for about 10 hours each, yielding about 22 million numbers. Training the networks took about 3 hours on an 8-core laptop.</p> <p>For the purposes of <em>neurosynchro</em>, the formats of the files in this package should be regarded as internal implementation details. The <a href="https://pypi.org/project/neurosynchro/">neurosynchro</a> Python package will load up the files in this archive and use them to predict synchrotron coefficients. For specifics, see <a href="https://neurosynchro.readthedocs.io/en/stable/">the neurosynchro documentation</a>.</p>
"Extrema-1-prorotype" - Hybrid Computer
<p>Электронная гибридная вычислительная машина "Экстрема -1" (прототип)</p> <p>Создана в Институте проблем моделирования в энергетике АН Украинской ССР</p>
Data support for: "CCPi-Regularisation Toolkit for computed tomographic image reconstruction with proximal splitting algorithms"
<p>Provided tomographic projection data supports the publication in SoftwareX journal "<strong>CCPi-Regularisation Toolkit for computed tomographic image reconstruction with proximal splitting algorithms</strong>" published in 2019.</p> <ul> <li><em>TomoSim_data1550671417.h5</em> - is a simulated 3D tomographic projection data with noise and artifacts. The simulation is implemented using <a href="https://github.com/dkazanc/TomoPhantom">TomoPhantom</a> software.</li> <li><em>DendrData_3D.h5 - </em>is a real dataset obtained at I13 branchline of Diamond Light Source. It features a selected time frame out of dynamically collected tomographic data. Data shows a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645418302994?via%3Dihub">dendritic grain growth in Mg alloys</a>.</li> </ul> <p>The scripts to replicate the results shown in the paper are available at the Github page of the project: <a href="https://github.com/vais-ral/CCPi-Regularisation-Toolkit">CCPi-Regularisation-Toolkit</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Dataset of an EEG-based BCI experiment in Virtual Reality and on a Personal Computer
<p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains electroencephalographic recordings on 21 subjects doing a visual P300 experiment on PC (personal computer) and VR (virtual reality). The visual P300 is an event-related potential elicited by a visual stimulation, peaking 240-600 ms after stimulus onset. The experiment was designed in order to compare the use of a P300-based brain-computer interface on a PC and with a virtual reality headset, concerning the physiological, subjective and performance aspects. The brain-computer interface is based on electroencephalography (EEG). EEG data were recorded thanks to 16 electrodes. The virtual reality headset consisted of a passive head-mounted display, that is, a head-mounted display which does not include any electronics with the exception of a smartphone. A full description of the experiment is available at <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02078533">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02078533</a>. This experiment was carried out at GIPSA-lab (University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP) in 2018, and promoted by the IHMTEK Company (Interaction Homme-Machine Technologie). The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Grenoble Alpes (Comité d’Ethique pour la Recherche Non-Interventionnelle). Python code for manipulating the data is available at <a href="https://github.com/plcrodrigues/py.VR.EEG.2018-GIPSA">https://github.com/plcrodrigues/py.VR.EEG.2018-GIPSA</a>. The ID of this dataset is <em>VR.EEG.2018-GIPSA.</em></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Full description of the experiment and dataset:</strong> <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02078533">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02078533</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>An analysis of the experiment: </strong><a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02464023">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02464023</a></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>Principal Investigator</em>:</strong> Eng. Grégoire Cattan</p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>Technical Supervisors</em>:</strong> Eng. Anton Andreev, Eng. Pedro L. C. Rodrigues</p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>Scientific Supervisor:</em></strong> Dr. Marco Congedo</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>ID of the dataset: </strong><em>VR.EEG.2018-GIPSA</em></p> <p> </p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.