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2,194 results for “Diffusers”
Data from: Understanding the limits of binary diffusion for enhanced clay barrier design
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Data from: Sleep, inflammation, and cognitive behavior of aged wild-type mice subjected to diffuse brain injury and aged 3xTg-AD mice as a model of Alzheimer’s disease
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Estimates of surface layer net community production based on underway Lagrangian measurements of the dissolved O2/Ar ratio using Equilibrator Inlet Mass Spectrometry (EIMS), based on both steady-state and non-steady-state assumptions of the mixed-layer biological oxygen budget. Also included are estimates of the potential contribution of vertical fluxes: advection, eddy diffusion, and entrainment.
The ratio of dissolved oxygen to argon in surface seawater is frequently employed to estimate rates of net community production (NCP) in the oceanic mixed layer. The in situ O2/Ar-based method accounts for many physical factors that influence oxygen concentrations in the surface ocean, permitting isolation of the biological oxygen signal produced by the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. However, this technique traditionally relies upon several assumptions when calculating the mixed layer O2/Ar budget, most notably the absence of vertical fluxes of O2/Ar and the existence of a steady-state balance between net productivity and the air-sea gas exchange of biological oxygen. Employing a Lagrangian study design and leveraging data outputs from a regional physical oceanographic model, we conducted in situ measurements of O2/Ar in the California Current Ecosystem in spring 2016 and summer 2017 to evaluate these assumptions within a ‘worst-case’ field environment. Quantifying the magnitude of vertical fluxes and comparing NCP estimates obtained using steady-state versus non-steady-state assumptions, we find the importance of the non-steady-state term to be considerable, also observing significant potential effects from vertical flux terms, particularly advection. Additionally, we observe strong diel variability in O2/Ar and calculated NCP rates at multiple stations. Our results reemphasize the importance of accounting for vertical fluxes when interpreting O2/Ar-derived NCP data as well as the potentially large effect of non-steady-state conditions, including diel cycles in surface O2/Ar that can bias interpretation of NCP data based on local productivity and the time of day at which measurements were made.
Deformation Enhanced Diffusion in Aluminium Alloys - Supporting data
<p>Supporting data and manuscript for the paper "Deformation Enhanced Diffusion in Aluminium Alloys" published in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.</p>
Effect of space diffuser on flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump by computational fluid dynamic analysis
<p><span>Achieving an optimal configuration of the diffuser is indispensable for high pump performances. In this work, a numerical study on diffuser configuration is conducted for a high pump performance using a computational fluid dynamics code, and the effects of the wrap angle and the relative position of the diffuser vane to the impeller on pump performances are included. The results indicate that the modified diffuser with a suitable wrap angle may improve the pump hydraulic efficiency and the head by approximately 4% and 8%, respectively, while a suitable position of the diffuser vane can enhance the pump head by more than 4%. Meanwhile, the pressure recovery coefficient and the local Euler head of the diffuser are adopted to evaluate the diffuser performance. For a high pump performance, the local Euler head of the diffuser has a peak value at the leading edge with the change rate of zero along the meridian streamline, meaning that no blade loading at the leading edge of the diffuser guarantees a better match between the impeller and the diffuser.</span></p>
UV light-generated superhydrophilicity of a titanium surface enhances the transfer, diffusion, and adsorption of osteogenic factors from a collagen sponge
<p>Blood in the collagen sponge does not transfer to untreated implant. While, blood in the collagen sponge immediately and rapidly transfers to UV-treated implant. Blood spreads entire implant body in 10 seconds.</p>
Spatial-temporal growth, distribution, and diffusion of marine microplastic research and national plastic policies
<p>Plastic accounts for 80% of material waste in the ocean. The field of marine microplastic research is relatively new and is growing rapidly, in terms of published papers as well as institutions and countries conducting research. To combat plastic pollution, there is sufficient evidence that policies can lead to reduced plastic production and consumption both locally and globally. We aim to understand how marine plastics research and policies have grown and spread. Specifically, we used scientometric and spatial diffusion methods to best explain how ideas (in this case science and policy) clustered and spread geographically through time. We performed systematic literature searches to determine the spatial and temporal growth of marine microplastic publications and national plastic policies from 1900-2019. We found that more countries adopted national plastic policies than those that have conducted marine plastic research. Doubling times of each temporal growth rate analyzed (research paper, institution, country, and national policy) ranged from 1.1 – 4.05 years. Further, each temporal growth rate had a break point where doubling time changed significantly. Marine microplastic research has grown exponentially since 2006, and the topics of inquiry have increased steadily. Marine microplastic publication spread at the institution level is best explained by a hybrid of expansion and relocation diffusion while national plastic policy spread is best explained by expansion diffusion. Marine microplastic research activity was not a good indicator of a country's resources or motivation toward national plastic policies.</p>
MicroCT data to 'Maximum CO2 diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size'
<p>This dataset is presented in the following publication. Please cite this publication if you use the dataset.</p> <p><em>Théroux-Rancourt Guillaume, Roddy Adam B., Earles J. Mason, Gilbert Matthew E., Zwieniecki Maciej A., Boyce C. Kevin, Tholen Danny, McElrone Andrew J., Simonin Kevin A. and Brodersen Craig R. 2021. <strong>Maximum CO<sub>2</sub> diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size.</strong> Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 288: 20203145. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.3145">10.1098/rspb.2020.3145</a></em></p> <p>We collected leaf samples from botanical gardens, greenhouses, and field sites, which were then transported to one of three synchrotron-based microCT beamlines for imaging. To- and three-dimensional data were then extracted from the microCT images to characterize the structural anatomy of the different study species. Those data were then analyzed and correlated with genome size data available from the Kew Plant DNA C-values database (https://cvalues.science.kew.org) or newly collected by us.</p> <p>From the botanical garden collections we selected representative species from across the vascular plant phylogeny, aiming to capture as much variation in anatomical/physiological/ecological traits as possible while also sampling species that represented important divergences in the phylogeny. Within clades, we also sampled species that spanned ecological breadth (e.g. xerophytic ferns). We focused solely on C3 terrestrial vascular plants, meaning that we did not sample C4 or CAM species, which have different photosynthetic biochemistry and associated anatomy.</p> <p>In most cases, single microCT scans were used per species. This constraint was primarily due to the extremely limited amount of time available at the microCT facility, as well as the labor intensive process of producing the final volume renderings and data analysis.</p> <p>MicroCT scans were collected by GTR, JME, ABR, CRB, AJM, CKB, MJZ, and DT at one of the three microCT beamlines from fresh leaf material. Leaves were cut at the base of the petiole or short stem segment, the cut end was wrapped in wet paper towels, and the entire shoot immediately put in a plastic bag before being transported to the synchrotron and scanned within 36 h of excision. Samples were prepared before each scan (less than 30 min) by excising a small sample that was then enclosed between two pieces of Kapton (polyimide) tape to prevent desiccation while allowing high X-ray transmittance.</p> <p>All microCT data were collected at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) tomography beamline 8.3.2, the Swiss Light Source (SLS) TOMCAT Tomography beamline of the Paul Scherrer Institute, or the Advanced Photon Source tomography beamline 2-BM-A,B of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). MicroCT datasets were reconstructed from the raw projection images obtained using TomoPy, an open-source Python-based framework for reconstructing tomographic data (LBNL), or using the in-house reconstruction platform of the beamline (SLS, ANL). LBNL and SLS data can be reconstruction using TomoPy, and this software is available at the following link: <a href="http://microct.lbl.gov/software">http://microct.lbl.gov/software</a></p> <p>Image stacks were segmented using the open-source software ImageJ either manually or using an automated machine learning algorithm (Théroux-Rancourt et al., 2020: doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11380">10.1002/aps3.11380</a>). Traits were extracted from the segmented image stacks using ImageJ, the BoneJ plugin of ImageJ, or with an open-source Python-program available at: <a href="https://github.com/plant-microct-tools/leaf-traits-microct">https://github.com/plant-microct-tools/leaf-traits-microct</a>. Because of the multiple synchrotron and multiple sessions involved in acquiring this dataset, and because the analysis process lasted several years and was carried out by several persons, the size of each image stack and the details in each stack vary. What is present in each stack is the airspace and the whole mesophyll (i.e. the leaf without the epidermis), and in the majority of the cases, the vasculature is also segmented.</p>
Diffusion segregation and the disproportionate incidence of COVID-19 in African American communities
<p>Each network corresponds to a metropolitan area, where nodes represent census tracts. For each tract we report information about the number of people belonging to each of the seven high-level ethnic groups defined in the US Census. Physical adjacency networks are undirected and unweighted, and an edge between two tracts A and B indicates that A and B are bordering each other. Commuting flow graphs are undirected and weighted, and the weight of an the edge between A and B corresponds to average of the total number of work commuting trips from A to B and from B to A.</p>
Supplementary Materials for 'Colexification patterns in Europe: A study of persistence and diffusibility in the lexicon, based on the Database of Crosslinguistic Colexifications (CLICS3)' (Linguistic Typology)
<p>The folder contains the data and scripts used for the article on 'Colexification patterns in Europe: A study of persistence and diffusibility in the lexicon, based on the Database of Crosslinguistic Colexifications (CLICS3)'</p>
The Formation of Isolated Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in Romulus25
<p>Ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) are a subset of the low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy population characterized by dwarf-like luminosities but light profiles that can extend as far as those of Milky-Way-mass galaxies. Although thousands of these objects have been discovered in cluster and group environments, fewer than 200 have thus far been confirmed in the field. We use the Romulus25 cosmological simulation to study the methods by which isolated UDGs form and evolve. Beyond their low central surface brightnesses and large effective radii, these galaxies have fairly typical global properties for their masses and environments. However, their central star formation rates are systematically low, leading to lower central stellar densities and older, fainter central stellar populations. We find that isolated UDGs are the products of early major mergers that produce a temporary boost in spin and cause star-forming gas to migrate from the centers of the galaxies to larger radii. Although our simulated UDGs are consistent with the few existent observations of isolated UDGs, we predict that many isolated UDGs have been missed by current surveys. The Nancy Grace Roman Telescope’s ability to provide deep, wide-field photometry will make it an ideal instrument for future discovery and study of these extreme LSB galaxies.</p>
Data from: A facilitated diffusion mechanism establishes the Drosophila Dorsal gradient
The transcription factor NF-κB plays an important role in the immune system, apoptosis and inflammation. Dorsal, a Drosophila homolog of NF-κB, patterns the dorsal-ventral axis in the blastoderm embryo. During this stage, Dorsal is sequestered outside the nucleus by the IκB homolog Cactus. Toll signaling on the ventral side breaks the Dorsal/Cactus complex, allowing Dorsal to enter the nucleus to regulate target genes. Fluorescent data show that Dorsal accumulates on the ventral side of the syncytial blastoderm. Here, we use modeling and experimental studies to show that this accumulation is caused by facilitated diffusion, or shuttling, of the Dorsal/Cactus complex. We also show that active Toll receptors are limiting in wild-type embryos, which is a key factor in explaining global Dorsal gradient formation. Our results suggest that shuttling is necessary for viability of embryos from mothers with compromised dorsal levels. Therefore, Cactus not only has the primary role of regulating Dorsal nuclear import, but also has a secondary role in shuttling. Given that this mechanism has been found in other, independent, systems, we suggest that it might be more prevalent than previously thought.
Data from: Evolution of resistance to a multiple-herbavore community: genetic correlations, diffuse coevolution, and constraints on the plant's response to selection
Although plants are generally attacked by a community of several species of herbivores, relatively little is known about the strength of natural selection for resistance in multiple-herbivore communities—particularly how the strength of selection differs among herbivores that feed on different plant organs or how strongly genetic correlations in resistance affect the evolutionary responses of the plant. Here, we report on a field study measuring natural selection for resistance in a diverse community of herbivores of Solanum carolinense. Using linear phenotypic-selection analyses, we found that directional selection acted to increase resistance to seven species. Selection was strongest to increase resistance to fruit feeders, followed by flower feeders, then leaf feeders. Selection favored a decrease in resistance to a stem borer. Bootstrapping analyses showed that the plant population contained significant genetic variation for each of 14 measured resistance traits and significant covariances in one-third of the pairwise combinations of resistance traits. These genetic covariances reduced the plant's overall predicted evolutionary response for resistance against the herbivore community by about 60%. Diffuse (co)evolution was widespread in this community, and the diffuse interactions had an overwhelmingly constraining (rather than facilitative) effect on the plant's evolution of resistance.
Data from: On the Biogeography of Centipeda: A Species Tree Diffusion Approach
The deserts of Australia together constitute one of the world's largest continuous arid zones, where precipitation is low and access to water limited and/or sometimes restricted to temporal and unpredictable flooding. In this environment, a wide variety of plants and animals have evolved, many of which are morphologically adapted to ephemeral water and fire regimes. Reconstructing the biogeographic history of groups present in such landscapes is challenging, due to the difficulties in defining discrete areas for analyses, and even more so when species largely overlap both in terms of geography and habitat preference. In this study, we use a novel approach to estimate ancestral areas for the small plant genus Centipeda. Our analysis applies continuous diffusion of geography by a relaxed random walk, where each species is sampled from its extant distribution on an empirical distribution of time calibrated species trees. Using a distribution of previously published substitution rates of ITS for the Asteraceae, we show how the evolution of Centipeda correlates with the temporal increase of aridity in the arid zone since the Pliocene. Geographic estimates of ancestral species show a consistent pattern of speciation of early lineages in the Lake Eyre region, with a division in more northerly and southerly groups since approximately 840 ka. Summarising the geographic slices of species trees at timing of latest speciation event (~20 ka), indicates no presence of the genus in Australia west of the combined desert belt of the Nullabor Plain, the Great Victoria Desert, the Gibson Desert, and the Great Sandy Desert, or beyond the main continental shelf of Australia. The result indicates all western occurrences of the genus to be a result of recent dispersal, rather than ancient vicariance. This study contributes to our understanding of the spatiotemporal processes shaping the flora of the arid zone, and offers a significant improvement in inference of ancestral areas for any organismal group distributed where it remains difficult to describe geography in terms of discrete areas.
Data from: Diffuse symbioses: roles of plant–plant, plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions in structuring the soil microbiome
A conceptual model emphasizing direct host–microbe interactions has dominated work on host-associated microbiomes. To understand plant–microbiome associations, however, broader influences on microbiome composition and functioning must be incorporated, such as those arising from plant–plant and microbe–microbe interactions. We sampled soil microbiomes associated with target plant species (Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Lespedeza capitata, Lupinus perennis) grown in communities varying in plant richness (1-, 4-, 8- or 16-species). We assessed Streptomyces antagonistic activity and analysed bacterial and Streptomyces populations via 454 pyrosequencing. Host plant species and plant richness treatments altered networks of coassociation among bacterial taxa, suggesting the potential for host plant effects on the soil microbiome to include changes in microbial interaction dynamics and, consequently, co-evolution. Taxa that were coassociated in the rhizosphere of a given host plant species often showed consistent correlations between operational taxonomic unit (OTU) relative abundance and Streptomyces antagonistic activity, in the rhizosphere of that host. However, in the rhizosphere of a different host plant species, the same OTUs showed no consistency, or a different pattern of responsiveness to such biotic habitat characteristics. The diversity and richness of bacterial and Streptomyces communities exhibited distinct relationships with biotic and abiotic soil characteristics. The rhizosphere soil microbiome is influenced by a complex and nested array of factors at varying spatial scales, including plant community, plant host, soil edaphics and microbial taxon and community characteristics.
Data from: Phylogenomics of an extra-Antarctic notothenioid radiation reveals a previously unrecognized lineage and diffuse species boundaries
Background: The impressive adaptive radiation of notothenioid fishes in Antarctic waters is generally thought to have been facilitated by an evolutionary key innovation, antifreeze glycoproteins, permitting the rapid evolution of more than 120 species subsequent to the Antarctic glaciation. By way of contrast, the second-most species-rich notothenioid genus, Patagonotothen, which is nested within the Antarctic clade of Notothenioidei, is almost exclusively found in the non-Antarctic waters of Patagonia. While the drivers of the diversification of Patagonotothen are currently unknown, they are unlikely to be related to antifreeze glycoproteins, given that water temperatures in Patagonia are well above freezing point. Here we performed a phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) in a total of twelve Patagonotothen species. Results: We present a well-supported, time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis including closely and distantly related outgroups, confirming the monophyly of the genus Patagonotothen with an origin approximately 3 million year ago and the paraphyly of both the sister genus Lepidonotothen and the family Notothenidae. Our phylogenomic and population genetic analyses highlight a previously unrecognized linage and provide evidence for shared genetic variation between some closely related species. We also provide a mitochondrial phylogeny showing mitonuclear discordance. Conclusions: Based on a combination of phylogenomic and population genomic approaches, we provide evidence for the existence of a new, potentially cryptic, Patagonotothen species, and demonstrate that genetic boundaries between some closely related species are diffuse, likely due to recent introgression and/or incomplete linage sorting. The detected mitonuclear discordance highlights the limitations of relying on a single locus for species barcoding. In addition, our time calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis shows that the early burst of diversification roughly coincides with the onset of the intensification of Quaternary glacial cycles and that the rate of species accumulation may have been stepwise rather than constant. Our phylogenetic framework not only advances our understanding of the origin of a high-latitude marine radiation, but also provides the basis for the study of the ecology and life history of the genus Patagonotothen, as well as for their conservation and commercial management.
Data from: Early treatment response in non-small cell lung cancer patients using diffusion-weighted imaging and functional diffusion maps - a feasibility study
Objective: The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility of monitoring treatment response to chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma using functional diffusion maps (fDMs). Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the Cantonal Research Ethics Committee and informed written consent was obtained from all patients. Nine patients (mean age = 66 years; range = 53–76 years, 5 females, 4 males) with overall 13 lesions were included. Imaging was performed within two weeks before initiation of chemotherapy and at one, two, and six weeks after initiation of chemotherapy. Imaging included a respiratory-triggered diffusion-weighted sequence including three b-factors (100, 600, and 800 s/mm2). Treatment response was defined by change in tumor diameter on computed tomography (CT) after two cycles of chemotherapy. Changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) on a per-lesion basis and the percentages of voxel with significantly increased or decreased ADCs on fDMs were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Changes in tumor size were used as covariate to examine the ability of ADCs and fDM parameters to predict treatment response. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the percentage of voxels with increased ADCs on fDMs (p = 0.002) as well as the mean ADC increase (p = 0.011) were significantly higher in good responders with a large reduction in tumor size on CT. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the percentage of voxels with significantly increased ADCs on fDMs seems to be a promising biomarker for early prediction of treatment response in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Contrary to averaged values, this approach allows the spatial heterogeneity of treatment response to be resolved.
Dataset for paper "Investigation of convective transport in the so-called 'gas diffusion layer' used in polymer electrolyte fuel cell"
<p>Dataset containing all data for figures and supplemental material for the paper:<br /> Investigation of convective transport in the porous media of a fuel cell-like system</p> <p>O. Beruski, T. Lopes, A. R. Kucernak and J. Perez.</p>
Involvement of the optic nerve in mutated CSF1R-induced hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids
<p>Figure legends</p> <p>Figure 1: Family pedigree. The arrow indicates the proband (present patient). Her mother developed a motor disorder at 40 years of age and died at 60 years of age. Her grandparents, father, brothers, sisters, and daughters were not affected.</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 2: Brain MRI, DWI, DTI, and MRS images. T2/Flair showed multifocal periventricular white matter lesions (A, B, and C), without enhancement (D). DWI shows high-signal intensities in periventricular white matters and corpus callosum (E, F). DTI shows decreased numbers of corpus callosum fibers, while subcortical arcuate fibers are spared (G). MRS shows increased Cho levels, while NAA levels are decreased in the white matter lesions (H, I).</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 3: Optic nerves on MRI, showing that bilateral optic nerves are injured (red arrows).</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 4: OCT shows that the right peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) is atrophic in the temporal quadrant, and the left pRNFL is thinning in the temporal superior quadrants. Green represents pRNFL thickness, which is within normal limits; yellow represents pRNFL thickness, which is below borderline; red represents pRNFL thickness, which is below normal limits.</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 5: VEP shows reduced bilateral P100 amplitudes, although P100 latencies are normal in both eyes.</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 6: Visual fields in the right eye are partially missing in the upper right, lower right, and lower left quadrants, especially in the lower right quadrant. Visual fields in the left eye are partially missing in the four quadrants, especially in the upper left and lower right quadrants.</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 7: Gene analysis of CSF1R. The sequencing result from exon 18 of CSF1R (NM_005211.3) indicates a heterozygous c.2345 G>A (p.782Arg>His) substitution in the patient.</p>
Observation of 22Na+ - Diffusion in Opalinus Clay using Positron Emission Tomography (GeoPET)
<p>Clay rocks are one potential host material for nuclear waste deposits, because of their extremely small particle sizes cause low permeablility and high adsorption capacity. Molecular diffusion is the dominating transport process and therefore relevant for safety assessment.</p> <p>We applied positron emission tomography (PET) for investigating diffusion of <sup>22</sup>Na<sup>+</sup> in Opalinus clay rock. This enables to derive diffusion parameters on the macroscopic scale of drill cores (diameter 100 mm), and thus to consider effects of anisotropy and heterogeneities. This method is complementary to laboratory measurements with common diffusion cells, which can hardly elucidate such macroscopical spatial effects.<br> Here, we present the measuring data as motion picture. The underlying PET-data are 20 scans over a period of 143 days after injection of synthetic Opalinus pore water, labelled with Na-22, into an axial blind hole.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.