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903 results for “Domestication”
FIGURE 16 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 16. Morphological features of genus Ixodes, (A) dorsal female and male, (B) ventral female and male. Example is I. holocyclus (paralysis tick).
FIGURE 10 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 10. Morphological features of genera of the family Argasidae (A) Argas, (B) Ornithodoros and (C) Otobius. Examples are A. persicus (poultry tick), O. capensis (seabird soft tick) and O. megnini (spinose ear tick).
FIGURE 4 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 4. Biological characteristics of ticks. (A) Female ixodid tick, feeding position (dorsal surface of tick). (B) Feeding aggregation of ixodid ticks, Amblyomma variegatum (the tropical bont tick), on a heifer. (C) Ventral surface of ixodid tick, Amblyomma variegatum showing splayed palps in feeding position. (D) Ventral surface of ixodid tick, Hyalomma anatolicum (no common name) showing teeth on the hypostome. (E) Larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus (cattle tick) questing on grass. (F) Adult female Ixodes ricinus (castor bean tick) questing on grass. (G) Adult female H. anatolicum actively seeking a host. (H) Adults of A. variegatum actively seeking a host. (I) Adults of A. variegatum; fed male, engorged female, and exhausted female after laying the batch of approximately 20,000 eggs. [These species of ticks do not occur in Australia but are nonetheless instructive about the biology of the Australian ticks.].
FIGURE 9 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 9. Collections of ticks. (A) Collecting Ornithodoros and Hyalomma adult ticks from the ground and structures of a cattle pen. (B) A sweep net and a blanket drag for collecting ticks from vegetation. (C) Equipment for labelling and preserving ticks. (D) Collecting tubes for live ticks. (E) An engorged nymph of Amblyomma variegatum variegatum (the tropical bont tick) and an engorging female Rhipicephalus microplus (cattle tick) collected from the same cow at same scale; they can be distinguished by the relatively longer mouthparts of the Amblyomma. (F) Features on the ventral surface of ticks confusing for identification. [These species of ticks do not occur in Australia but are nonetheless instructive about the biology of the Australian ticks.]
FIGURE 7 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 7. Life-cycle of a multi-host argasid tick. Example is Ornithodoros gurneyi (kangaroo soft tick) feeding repeatedly at various instars on kangaroos, dogs and humans.
FIGURE 6 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 6. Life-cycle of a one-host tick. Example is Rhipicephalus australis (Australian cattle tick) feeding on a cow.
FIGURE 14 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 14. Morphological features of the genus Haemaphysalis, (A) dorsal female and male, (B) ventral female and male. Example is H. bancrofti (wallaby tick).
FIGURE 13 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 13. Morphological features of the genus Dermacentor, (A) dorsal female and male, (B) ventral female and male. Example is D. andersoni (rocky mountain wood tick).
Input files of various genomic analyses used to unravel the domestication history of Cannabis
<p>Cannabis sativa has long been an important source of fiber extracted from hemp and both medicinal and recreational drugs based on cannabinoid compounds. Here, we investigated its poorly known domestication history using whole-genome resequencing of 110 accessions from worldwide origins. We show that C. sativa was first domesticated in early Neolithic times in East Asia and that all current hemp and drug cultivars diverged from an ancestral gene pool currently represented by feral plants and landraces in China. We identified candidate genes associated with traits differentiating hemp and drug cultivars, including branching pattern and cellulose/ lignin biosynthesis. We also found evidence for loss of function of genes involved in the synthesis of the two major biochemically competing cannabinoids during selection for increased fiber production or psychoactive properties. Our results provide a unique global view of the domestication of C. sativa and offer valuable genomic resources for ongoing functional and molecular breeding research.</p>
The Evolutionary History of Wild, Domesticated, and Feral Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae)
<p>Understanding the evolutionary history of crops, including identifying wild relatives, helps to provide insight for conservation and crop breeding efforts. Cultivated <i>Brassica oleracea</i> has intrigued researchers for centuries due to its wide diversity in forms, which include cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, and Brussels sprouts. Yet, the evolutionary history of this species remains understudied. With such different vegetables produced from a single species, <i>B. oleracea </i>is a model organism for understanding the power of artificial selection. Persistent challenges in the study of <i>B. oleracea</i> include conflicting hypotheses regarding domestication and the identity of the closest living wild relative. Using newly generated RNA-seq data for a diversity panel of 224 accessions, which represents 14 different <i>B. oleracea</i> crop types and nine potential wild progenitor species, we integrate phylogenetic and population genetic techniques with ecological niche modeling, archaeological, and literary evidence to examine relationships among cultivars and wild relatives to clarify the origin of this horticulturally important species. Our analyses point to the Aegean endemic <i>B. cretica</i> as the closest living relative of cultivated <i>B. oleracea</i>, supporting an origin of cultivation in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Additionally, we identify several feral lineages, suggesting that cultivated plants of this species can revert to a wild-like state with relative ease. By expanding our understanding of the evolutionary history in <i>B. oleracea</i>, these results contribute to a growing body of knowledge on crop domestication that will facilitate continued breeding efforts including adaptation to changing environmental conditions.</p>
FIGURE 2 in SHORT NOTE A case of domestic goat parasitism by Neotrombicula heptneri (Acariformes:
FIGURE 2: Scutum of Neotrombicula heptneri from Turkey. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 1 in SHORT NOTE A case of domestic goat parasitism by Neotrombicula heptneri (Acariformes:
FIGURE 1: Neotrombicula heptneri attached around the eye of a goat.
Genotyping-by-Sequencing data of weedy and domesticated Brassica rapa L.
<p>The study of domestication contributes to our knowledge of evolution and crop genetic resources. Human selection has shaped wild <em>Brassica rapa</em> into diverse turnip, leafy, and oilseed crops. Despite its worldwide economic importance and potential as a model for understanding diversification under domestication, insights into the number of domestication events and initial crop(s) domesticated in <em>B. rapa</em> have been limited due to a lack of clarity about the wild or feral status of conspecific non-crop relatives. To address this gap and reconstruct the domestication history of <em>B. rapa</em>, we analyzed 68,468 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived SNPs for 416 samples in the largest diversity panel of domesticated and weedy <em>B. rapa</em> to date. To further understand the center of origin, we modeled the potential range of wild <em>B. rapa</em> during the mid-Holocene. Our analyses of genetic diversity across <em>B. rapa</em> morphotypes suggest that non-crop samples from the Caucasus, Siberia, and Italy may be truly wild, while those occurring in the Americas and much of Europe are feral. Clustering, tree-based analyses, and parameterized demographic inference further indicate that turnips were likely the first crop type domesticated, from which leafy types in East Asia and Europe were selected from distinct lineages. These findings clarify the domestication history and nature of wild crop genetic resources for <em>B. rapa</em>, which provides the first step toward investigating cases of possible parallel selection, the domestication and feralization syndrome, and novel germplasm for <em>Brassica</em> crop improvement.</p>
Growth, stress and acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures in field and domesticated populations of Manduca sexta
<p>Diurnal fluctuations in temperature are ubiquitous in terrestrial environments, and insects and other ectotherms have evolved to tolerate or acclimate to such fluctuations. Few studies have examined whether ectotherms acclimate to diurnal temperature fluctuations, or how natural and domesticated populations differ in their responses to diurnal fluctuations. We examine how diurnally fluctuating temperatures during development affect growth, acclimation and stress responses for two populations of Manduca sexta: a field population that typically experiences wide variation in mean and fluctuations in temperature, and a laboratory population that has been domesticated in nearly constant temperatures for more than 300 generations. Laboratory experiments showed that diurnal fluctuations throughout larval development reduced pupal mass for the lab but not the field population. The differing effects of diurnal fluctuations were greatest at higher mean temperature (30 °C): here diurnal fluctuations reduced pupal mass and increased pupal development time for the lab population, but had little effect for the field population. We also evaluated how mean and fluctuations in temperature during early larval development affected growth rate during the final larval instar as a function of test temperature. At an intermediate (25 °C) mean temperature, both the lab and field population showed a positive acclimation response to diurnal fluctuations, in which subsequent growth rate was significantly higher at most test temperatures. In contrast at higher mean temperature (30 °C), diurnal fluctuations significantly reduced subsequent growth rate at most test temperatures for the lab population, but not for the field population. These results suggest that during domestication in constant temperatures, the lab population has lost the capacity to tolerate or acclimate to high and fluctuating temperatures. Population differences in acclimation capacity in response to temperature fluctuations has not been previously demonstrated, but they may be important for understanding the evolution of reaction norms and performance curves. </p>
Prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in reproductive and non-reproductive tissue samples from free-roaming domestic cats in the South Atlantic USA
<p>Reservoir to multiple species of zoonotic pathogens, free-roaming cats (FRCs) interact with domestic and wild animals, vectors, and humans. To assess the potential for feline vector-borne pathogens to be vertically transmitted, this study surveyed eartip and reproductive tissues of FRCs from two locations in the South Atlantic United States for Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species. We collected ovary (n = 72), uterus (n = 54), testicle (n = 74), and eartip (n = 73) tissue from 73 cats, and fetal (n = 20) and placental (n = 19) tissue from 11 queens. Pathogen DNA was amplified utilizing qPCR, confirmed by sequencing. Cats were more frequently Bartonella henselae positive on reproductive tissues (19%, 14/73) than ear tip (5%, 4/73; p = 0.02). B. henselae was amplified from fetus (20%, 4/20) and placenta samples (11%, 2/19). Bartonella spp. infection was more common in cats from North Carolina (76%, 26/34) than Virginia (13%, 5/39; p &lt; 0.0001). Fourteen percent (10/73) of both ear tip and reproductive tissues were positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. DNA was not amplified from any cat/tissue. These findings suggest that B. henselae preferentially infected cats' reproductive tissue and reinforces the importance of investigating the potential for B. henselae vertical transmission or induction of reproductive failure.</p>
FIGURE 2 in An annotated checklist of sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) from domestic and wild mammals in Malaysia, with lists of hosts and pathogens
FIGURE 2. Map of Malaysian Borneo showing the geographical distribution of sucking lice. Some species are excluded from the map due to the lack of locality information. Abbreviations of louse species names: ca, callosciuri; co, cognatus; ds, dissicula; ga, galeopitheci; ki, kinabalensis; ku, kumadai; lu, ludwigi; na, nasuta; pe, pectinata; pn, pansus; si, sicata; sp, spinulosa; tu, tuberculatus. Malaysian map data obtained from the website https://gadm.org.
FIGURE 1 in An annotated checklist of sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) from domestic and wild mammals in Malaysia, with lists of hosts and pathogens
FIGURE 1. Map of Peninsular Malaysia showing the geographical distribution of sucking lice. Some species are excluded from the map due to the lack of locality information. Abbreviations of louse species names: af, africanus; an, ancoratus; ca, callosciuri; cp, capitaneus; dp, diaphora; ds, dissicula; el, elbeli; em, emersoni; er, erismata; eu, eurysternus; in, insulsa; kt, kitti; ku, kumadai; ma, malaysiana; na, nasuta; pa, pacifica; pe, pectinata; pl, pallidus; qu, quadripertusus; re, reclinata; ro, robustus; se, serrata; sp, spinulosa; tu, tuberculatus. Malaysian map data obtained from the website https://gadm.org.
Data from: Genomic signatures of artificial selection during early domestication of a wood crop
<p>To determine how a century of artificial selection has changed the genome of <i>E. grandis</i>, we generated SNP genotypes for 1080 individuals from three advanced South African breeding programmes using the EUChip60K chip, and investigated population structure and genome-wide differentiation patterns relative to wild progenitors.</p>
Twenty-five metagenome assembled genomes recovered from the gut microbiome of the domestic ferret, Mustela putorius
<p>This is metadata provided in a single excel file for 25 unique metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from the gut microbiome of three domestic ferrets (<em>Mustela putorius</em>). Details on both MAG and host ferret metadata, as well as information on sample collection, DNA sequencing, and bioinformatic processing can be found here, in association with the American Society for Microbiology Resource Announcement by Amundson et al. (in prep). </p>
Data for: Plant host domestication and soil nutrient availability determine positive plant microbial response across the Solanum genus
<p>Domestication of crops has changed how crops shape their associated microbial communities compared to their progenitors. However, studies testing how crop domestication-driven differences in rhizosphere microbial communities affect plant health are limited mostly to specific symbiont pairings. By conducting a soil manipulation greenhouse study, we examined plant growth and yield in response to differences in microbial communities and nutrient availability across a variety of wild, landrace, and cultivated potatoes. Coupled with this, we conducted 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing to examine plant host and soil treatment-driven differences in microbial community composition on potato plant roots. Our results found the plant response to microbes (PRM) is context-dependent. In low nutrient conditions, landraces responded positively to the presence of live soil microbial inocula. Conversely, modern potato varieties positively responded in high nutrient conditions. Amplicon sequencing found differences in bacterial communities due to environmental and temporal factors. However, potato clade (e.g. Andigenum, Chiletanum, <em>S. berthaulti</em>, and Modern) alone did not lead to differences in microbial communities that accounted for PRM differences. Differences in PRM between landraces and modern potatoes, and the correlation of PRM to microbial diversity, suggest that domestication has altered the <em>S. tuberosum</em> response to rhizosphere microbiomes.</p>
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