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FIG. 4. Didelphis virginiana TMM M-2517 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 4. Didelphis virginiana TMM M-2517 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult specimen, endocast reconstruction showing osteological features associated with pericarotid venous network and related vasculature (data source, table 2). In this and all other figures depicting endocasts, unless indicated otherwise red-colored structures are casts of carotid canal, and thus represent both internal carotid artery and internal carotid vein. Blue-colored structures mostly represent venous conduits. Isolated portions of certain trackways have been reconnected to restore continuity of ventral petrosal sinus, extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus, and sigmoid sinus. Views: A, ventral; B, same, with transverse basisphenoid sinus (in green) superimposed; C, oblique right lateral; D, oblique dorsal closeup of transverse canal junction (simple pattern); E, oblique caudoventral surface of intact caudal cranium. In D, note craniopharyngeal canal and interstitial canaliculi communicating with transverse canal along different planes. Canals actually open into transverse basisphenoid sinus, although this is not obvious because of color coding. Gap (asterisk) locates positions of cavernous sinus and pituitary. In E, extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus reconstructed and shown passing, suc-

FIG. 5. Didelphis virginiana TMM M-2517 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 5. Didelphis virginiana TMM M-2517 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal (A–H) and parasagittal (I–K) segments (data source, table 2). In A and B, note junction of rostral branches of transverse canals, communicating with but not enveloped by transverse basicranial sinus. Boundary between transverse basisphenoid sinus and regular diploe is gradational. In B–D, craniopharyngeal canal, of uncertain function, connects transverse canal junction with hypophyseal infundibular sulcus (see also I). In E, true caudal branches of transverse canals are absent; only short interstitial canaliculi represented. In J and K, pneumatized areas (possible additional sites of hematopoiesis) also seen in basioccipital and presphenoid). Key: AS, alisphenoid; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cpc, craniopharyngeal canal; cpf, craniopharyngeal foramen; crp, cribriform plate; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; el, ethmoid labyrinth; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; fm, foramen magnum; FR, frontal; his, hypophyseal infundibular sulcus; hpf, hypophyseal fossa; isc, interstitial canaliculus; junc, junction of transverse canals; junc + rtbs, combined junction and rostral transverse basisphenoid sinus; le, lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid

FIG. 25. Vombatus ursinus TMM M-2953 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 25. Vombatus ursinus TMM M-2953 (Vombatidae, Diprotodontia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A–C, large transverse canals meet in midline junction (cf. Phascolarctos, Aplin, 1990: 255). In D–G, note large right and left conduits for caudal branches of transverse canal, traceable bilaterally from caudal branch foramen in endocranial carotid groove to terminus in transverse canal trunk. Key: AS, alisphenoid; BS, basisphenoid; cbs, sulcus for caudal branch, leading into caudal branch foramen; cbtc, canal for caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; cpc, craniopharyngeal canal; cpf, craniopharyngeal foramen; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; hpf,

FIG. 29. Thylacinus cynocephalus AMNH M-144316 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 29. Thylacinus cynocephalus AMNH M-144316 (Thylacinidae, Dasyuromorphia), adult specimen, coronally hemisected skull. Views: A, ventral; B, oblique ventrolateral; C, oblique dorsocaudal; and D, coronal section through mesocranium, caudal aspect, closeup of endocranial carotid grooves. Asterisks mark union of carotid and transverse canals in base of carotid grooves (see fig. 31). In this version of hybrid configuration, interpretation is that enlarged caudal branch vein arising from cavernous sinus shares carotid groove with internal carotid neurovascular bundle before separating and departing through transverse canal to join trunk. For this reason,

FIG. 8. A, Caluromys derbianus AMNH M-18910 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 8. A, Caluromys derbianus AMNH M-18910 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult caudal cranium in oblique caudoventral view. B, Caluromys sp. AMNH M-184599 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult caudal cranium in endocranial view. Although transverse canal foramen is usually scored as completely absent in the short-tailed opossum group, in A a tiny dimple (single asterisk) lateral to exocranial opening of right carotid canal may represent vestige of vein's trackway, assuming it differentiated but did not persist. Equivalent opening is not seen on left side or in B. There is no swelling or eminence for transverse canals on endocranial floor, consistent with rostral branch tubes not being present. Endocranial carotid grooves contain only one aperture, for internal carotid neurovascular bundle, indicating caudal branch of transverse canal vein is also absent in this taxon. Note well marked foramina for craniopharyngeal (feature 1) and notochord (feature 2) canals.

FIG. 23. Distoechurus pennatus AMNH M-105938 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 23. Distoechurus pennatus AMNH M-105938 (Acrobatidae, Diprotodontia), adult caudal cranium in A, ventral, and B, oblique caudoventral views. Two sulci, incompletely separated by a bridge (b) formed by a calcified ligament, converge on a single aperture identified as exocranial carotid foramen. As there is no separate transverse canal foramen, transverse canal vein is thought to share carotid canal with internal carotid neurovascular bundle (Aplin, 1990). Basijugular sulcus not prominent; jugular foramen and extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus are separate, but open into common external aperture. Key: b, bridge (calcified?sphenopetrosal ligament); BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal foramen; ccs, sulcus leading to carotid canal; cdf, condylar foramen additional to rchf and cchf; eam, external acoustic meatus; evpf, extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus; evpf + jf, common external aperture for jugular foramen and extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus (left side only); excf, exocranial carotid foramen; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; jf, jugular foramen; pf, piriform fenestra; pglf, postglenoid foramen; rchf, rostral condylohypoglossal foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; tcvs, sulcus for transverse canal vein.

FIG. 21. Trichosurus vulpecula TMM M-849 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals

FIG. 21. Trichosurus vulpecula TMM M-849 (Phalangeridae, Diprotodontia), adult specimen, endocast reconstruction showing osteological features associated with pericarotid venous network and related vasculature (data source, table 2; color key, fig. 4). Views: A, ventral; B, same, with transverse basisphenoid sinus superimposed; C, oblique right lateral; D, closeup of mesocranial osteological features in T. vulpecula AMNH 48055; and E, oblique caudoventral surface, intact caudal cranium. In B and C, endocast of caudal branch foramen projecting from carotid groove (cf. Dromiciops, fig. 15A, D). In A and D, in addition to caudal branch foramen, note foramina (single asterisk, box) perforating endocranial floor, linking hypophyseal fossa to transverse canals by means of hypophyseal canaliculi (cf. fig. 22C, D). Separate craniopharyngeal foramen not identifiable. In E, note foramen (double asterisks) medial to position of foramen ovale (see text). Key: atcf, accessory transverse canal foramen; atcl (?rbtc), accessory transverse canal (?rostral branch of transverse canal); cbf, caudal branch foramen; cc, carotid canal; cchc, caudal condylohypoglossal canal; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal canal; ccs, sulcus leading to carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid canal; encg, endocranial carotid groove; etbs, eminence of transverse basisphenoid sinus; evpf, extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus; fo, foramen ovale; jf, jugular foramen; le, lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid sinus; mdnc, canal for mandibular nerve; mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; onvs, sulcus for

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2019View details →

Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2019View details →

Operating diagram of DR1/DR2 double riffle; it consists of two independent sections (DR1 and DR2), each containing 630 litres of water and measuring 2.5 x 0.6 m. Each section contains a filtration system separate from the fish, a cooling unit and an ultraviolet sterilizer. An 80 W UQL lamp completes the lighting of the module lit during the day. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Operating diagram of DR1/DR2 double riffle; it consists of two independent sections (DR1 and DR2), each containing 630 litres of water and measuring 2.5 x 0.6 m. Each section contains a filtration system separate from the fish, a cooling unit and an ultraviolet sterilizer. An 80 W UQL lamp completes the lighting of the module lit during the day.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

The global 30-m human settlement dataset from 1985 to 2020

GHS30 is the first global fine human settlement extents derived from the global 30 m impervious-surface (ISA) dynamic dataset and the global residential population of GHS-POP. It utilizes a refined classification system containing 4 human settlement types and covers the time span from 1985 to 2020 with an update cycle of 5-year. In specific, the global human settlement patches were delineated from the ISA data using a developed model that consisted of kernel density estimation, initial boundaries delineation, and morphological processing. The classification schema oriented to the typologies of human settlement patches were defined by combining the size of population and the population density within each patch that calculated from GHS-POP. The GEE code used has been deposited in GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/oucong1004/globalHumanSettlement">https://github.com/oucong1004/globalHumanSettlement</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Mapping sugarcane globally at 10 m resolution using GEDI and Sentinel-2

Dataset Abstract: Sugarcane is an important source of food, biofuel, and farmer income in many countries. At the same time, sugarcane is implicated in many social and environmental challenges, including water scarcity and nutrient pollution. Currently, few of the top sugar-producing countries generate reliable maps of where sugarcane is cultivated. To fill this gap, we introduce a dataset of detailed sugarcane maps for the top 13 producing countries in the world, comprising nearly 90% of global production. Maps were generated for the 2019-2022 period by combining data from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) and Sentinel-2 (S2). GEDI data were used to provide training data on where tall and short crops were growing each month, while S2 features were used to map tall crops for all cropland pixels each month. Sugarcane was then identified by leveraging the fact that sugar is typically the only tall crop growing for a substantial fraction of time during the study period. Comparisons with field data, pre-existing maps, and official government statistics all indicated high precision and recall of our maps. Agreement with field data at the pixel level exceeded 80% in most countries, and sub-national sugarcane areas from our maps were consistent with government statistics. Exceptions appeared mainly due to problems in underlying cropland masks, or to under-reporting of sugarcane area by governments.  The final maps should be useful in studying the various impacts of sugarcane cultivation and producing maps of related outcomes such as sugarcane yields. USAGE: Users must mask the provided sugarcane map with the most appropriate crop mask from the ones provided. If none of the provided crop masks are suitable, users can use an external crop mask instead. Validation results for the sugarcane maps are detailed in Section 4.3 of the paper. For Indonesia and Guatemala, no field-level data or raster datasets were available for validation of our sugarcane maps. Dataset:  5 bands b1: Number of tall months b2: Sugarcane Map: 0 = non-sugarcane, 1 = sugarcane b3: ESA crop mask: 0 = non-cropland, 1 = cropland b4: ESRI crop mask: 0 = non-cropland, 1 = cropland b5: GLAD crop mask: 0 = non-cropland, 1 = cropland   The dataset can be accessed on Google Earth Engine (GEE) at  <a href="https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=projects/lobell-lab/gedi_sugarcane/maps/imgColl_10m_ESAESRIGLAD">https://code.earthengine.google.com/?asset=projects/lobell-lab/gedi_sugarcane/maps/imgColl_10m_ESAESRIGLAD</a> Example GEE script for visualizing and masking the sugarcane maps by country available at: <a href="https://code.earthengine.google.com/545a87ce9bc29f2b5ad180955d974f8c?asset=projects%2Flobell-lab%2Fgedi_sugarcane%2Fmaps%2FimgColl_10m_ESAESRIGLAD">https://code.earthengine.google.com/545a87ce9bc29f2b5ad180955d974f8c?asset=projects%2fl Bell-lab%2Fgedi_sugarcane%2 Maps%2FimgColl_10m_ESAESRIGLAD</a>

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use for USA48 2000 to 2019 (gridded maps at 250-m resolution)

Estimated low and high pescticide uses based on census data for USA48, provided for the cropland mask at 250-m spatial resolution. The original <a href="https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/">USGS maps</a> are only available as PNGs, so we have prepared here a code to rasterize the values and produce GeoTIFFs. For cropland mask we use the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/national-land-cover-database">National Land Cover Database (NLCD)</a>. All processing is fully documented in: <a href="https://github.com/Envirometrix/pesticide-use-USA48">https://github.com/Envirometrix/pesticide-use-USA48</a>. All maps are projected in the <a href="https://epsg.io/5070-1252">EPSG:5070</a>. Description of the layers: <ul> <li><code>croplands_20**_250m.tif</code> = cropland mask (0–100%) estimated based on NLCD.</li> <li><code>GLYPHOSATE_EPEST.HIGH.KG.KM2_20**_250m.tif</code> = estimated pesticide use per county (high estimate) expressed in kg/km-square.</li> <li><code>diff.GLYPHOSATE_EPEST.HIGH.KG.KM2_250m.tif</code> = annual difference in pesticide use from 2000 to 2019;</li> </ul> Disclaimer: this code is under construction and USGS makes is clearly available that there are some limitations to this data: <ul> <li>These estimates are made by using projected county crop acres from the previous Census of Agriculture and are expected to be revised upon availability of updated crop acreages in the following Census of Agriculture.</li> <li>The files do not include pesticide use estimates for California. Data for California are obtained from the online Department of Pesticide Regulation-Pesticide Use Reporting (DPR-PUR) database and are typically not available at the time the preliminary pesticide use estimates are generated for the rest of the U.S.</li> </ul> Pease have in mind these limitations when using these maps for further modeling.

Figs 53–59. Sabaha spp., female genitalia. 53–56 – S in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 53–59. Sabaha spp., female genitalia. 53–56 – S. cheemai sp. n., paratype: 53 – 8th sternite, antrum and proximal part of ductus bursae; 54 – ductus and corpus bursae; 55 – signum; 56 – peeled back fold of 8th sternite. 57–59 – S. gemella sp. n., paratype: 57 – ventral view; 58 – anterior part of 8th sternite and antrum; 59 – signum. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

Figs 27–31. Sabaha spp., male genitalia. 27–29 – S in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 27–31. Sabaha spp., male genitalia. 27–29 – S. parda sp. n: 27 – ventral view, paratype; 28 – aedeagus, lateral view, holotype; 29 – uncus, gnathos and culcitula, lateral view, holotype. 30, 31 – S. cheemai sp. n., holotype: 30 – ventral view; 31 – aedeagus, lateral view. Scale bar 0.5 mm. 13

Figs 1–10 in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 1–10. Sabaha spp., adults, morphostructures. 1–8 – S. spathulata, male, holotype: 1 – adult, view from above; 2 – ditto, bottom view; 3 – semi-transparent area on forewing; 4 – hair-like scales on hindwing; 5 – metathorax with bundles of long hair-like scales; 6 – bundle of hair-like scales, shown by arrow; 7 – position of bundle of hair-like scales relative to hindwing; 8 – head. 9, 10 – S. gemella sp. n.: 9 – metascutum with thecae of hair-like scales, shown by arrow; 10 – venation. Abbreviations: fr – frenulum, h-l.sc – hair-like scales on hindwing, msct – metascutum; pdc – pedicellus; s-tr.a – semi-transparent area; scp – scapus. Scale bar on holotype photos 1 mm. 8

Figs 36–43 in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 36–43. Sabaha spp., male genitalia, basal abdominal segments. 36–39 – S. semiatrata sp. n., holotype: 36 – ventral view; 37 – aedeagus, lateral view; 38 – sacculi, lateral view; 39 – uncus, gnathos and culcitula, lateral view. 40–43 – S. maculosa sp. n., holotype: 40 – ventral view; 41 – aedeagus, lateral view; 42 – uncus, gnathos and culcitula, lateral view; 43 – 1st and 2nd tergites and 2nd sternite. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

Figs 20–23. Sabaha spp., adults. 20, 21 – S in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 20–23. Sabaha spp., adults. 20, 21 – S. pilosa sp. n.: 20 – male, holotype; 21 – fragment of forewing. 22, 23 – S. maculosa sp. n.: 22 – male, holotype; 23 – female, paratype. Scale bar on holotype photos 1 mm.

Figs 44–52 in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 44–52. Sabaha spp., female genitalia, 7th abdominal segment. 44–46 – S. parda sp. n., paratype: 44 – ventral view; 45 – 8th sternite; 46 – signum. 47–49 – S. insolita sp. n., holotype: 47 – ventral view; 48 – fragment of inner side of bulla seminalis with small spines; 49 – 7th sternite. 50–52 – S. maculosa sp. n., paratype: 50 – anterior part of 8th sternite, antrum and proximal part of ductus bursae; 51 – corpus bursae; 52 – signum. Scale bar 0.5 mm. 19

Figs 24–26. Sabaha spp., genitalia. 24, 25 – S in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 24–26. Sabaha spp., genitalia. 24, 25 – S. spathulata, holotype: 24 – male genitalia without aedeagus, tergal part in lateral view, sternal part in ventral view; 25 – aedeagus, lateral view. 26 – S. insolita sp. n., female, holotype, 8th sternite with peeled back fold, antrum and proximal part of ductus bursae. Abbreviations: ant – antrum, cl – cucullus, cul – culcitula, d.sem – ductus seminalis, duct – ductus bursae, f.s – fultura superior, hc.sc – honeycomb-like sculpture, l.jux – lobes of juxta, m.gn – median sclerite of gnathos, sacc – saccus, s-scl.f – semi-sclerotized fold, scl – sacculus, teg – tegumen, tr.a – area with trichae, unc – uncus, v.sin – vaginal sinus, vnc – vinculum, 8-st – 8th sternite. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

Figs 11–19. Sabaha spp., adults. 11, 12 – S in New species of gelechiid moths of the genus Sabaha M. Omelko et N. Omelko, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from Borneo Island

Figs 11–19. Sabaha spp., adults. 11, 12 – S. parda sp. n.: 11 – male, holotype; 12 – female, paratype. 13 – S. insolita sp. n., female, holotype. 14–16 – S. cheemai sp. n.: 14 – male, holotype; 15 – female, paratype; 16 – male, paratype. 17, 18 – S. gemella sp. n.: 17 – male, holotype; 18 – male, paratype. 19 – S. semiatrata sp. n., male, holotype. Scale bar on holotype photos 1 mm.