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759 results for “Plant–plant interactions”
Fig. 2 in Flowering phenology of co-occurring Asteraceae: a matter of climate, ecological interactions, plant attributes or of evolutionary relationships among species?
Fig. 2 Number of Asteraceae species growing in Chaco Serrano forests of La Serranita-Los Aromos that bear flowers during each month of the year; for calculation, see text in Material and methods Section
Fig. 1 in Flowering phenology of co-occurring Asteraceae: a matter of climate, ecological interactions, plant attributes or of evolutionary relationships among species?
Fig. 1 Diagram of phylogenetic relationships between Asteraceae taxa studied in this work (adapted from Panero and Crozier 2008; Panero and Funk 2008)
Fig. 4 in Flowering phenology of co-occurring Asteraceae: a matter of climate, ecological interactions, plant attributes or of evolutionary relationships among species?
Fig. 4 Plot of PCA scores for 43 co-occurring Asteraceae species in Chaco Serrano forests of La Serranita-Los Aromos, showing first two principal component axes from analysis of flowering phenology considering plant traits and taxonomic membership. Vectors corre-
Figure 1 in Interaction between Tephritidae (Insecta, Diptera) and plants of the family Asteraceae: new host and distribution records for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Figure 1. Localities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the fauna of Tephritidae (Dip* tera) from capitula of Asteraceae was sampled.
Data from: Foraging modality and plasticity in foraging traits determine the strength of competitive interactions among carnivorous plants, spiders, and toads
1. Foraging modalities (e.g., passive, sit-and-wait, active) and traits are plastic in some species, but the extent to which this plasticity affects interspecific competition remains unclear. 2. Using a long-term laboratory mesocosm experiment, we quantified competition strength and the plasticity of foraging traits in a guild of generalist predators of arthropods with a range of foraging modalities. 3. Each mesocosm contained eight passively foraging pink sundews, and we employed an experimental design where treatments were the presence or absence of a sit-and-wait foraging spider and actively foraging toad crossed with five levels of prey abundance. We hypothesized that actively foraging toads would outcompete the other species at low prey abundance, but that spiders and sundews would exhibit plasticity in foraging traits to compensate for strong competition when prey were limited. 4. Results generally supported our hypotheses. Toads had a greater effect on sundews at low prey abundances, and toad presence caused spiders to locate webs higher above the ground. Additionally, the closer large spider webs were to the ground, the greater the trichome densities produced by sundews. Also, spider webs were larger with than without toads and as sundew numbers increased, and these effects were more prominent as resources became limited. Finally, spiders negatively affected toad growth only at low prey abundance. 5. These findings highlight the long-term importance of foraging modality and plasticity of foraging traits in determining the strength of competition within and across taxonomic kingdoms. Future research should assess whether plasticity in foraging traits helps to maintain coexistence within this guild and whether foraging modality can be used as a trait to reliably predict the strength of competitive interactions.
Data from: Independent and interactive effects of plant genotype and environment on plant traits and insect herbivore performance: a meta-analysis with Salicaceae
1. Ecological research has increasingly highlighted the importance of intraspecific variation in shaping the structure and function of communities and ecosystems. Indeed, the effects of intraspecific variation can match or exceed those of interspecific variation. Previous reviews of intraspecific variation in plant traits across heterogeneous environments have focused primarily on mean phenotypic effects. We propose that a richer and fuller understanding of the ecological causes and consequences of intraspecific variation would be provided by partitioning trait variance into its subcomponents (genetic, environment, genotype by environment interaction). 2. We used a meta-analysis of 352 sets of genetic, environment, and genotype by environment (GxE) variation estimates from 72 studies of Salicaceae to compare these sources of variation across plant traits (growth, foliar nitrogen, defense compounds), insect herbivore performance metrics (e.g., survival, growth, fecundity), and environmental conditions (e.g., soil nutrients, water, defoliation). 3. Our findings revealed that variation in levels of defense compounds (both condensed tannins and salicinoids) and insect herbivore performance were primarily genetically determined, while variation in plant growth and foliar nitrogen were more environmentally determined. 4. Plasticity in plant growth, foliar nitrogen levels, and insect herbivore performance varied substantially across different sites (year x location), and nutrient, water, and carbon dioxide environments. Plasticity was lowest for chemical defense traits and all traits in contrasting ozone and defoliation environments. 5. Our quantitative review also revealed several gaps in the literature, including a need for surveying more mature plants (>2 years-old), a wider variety of insect herbivore species (e.g., leaf-modifiers, specialist insects), and underrepresented environmental treatments (e.g., competition, defoliation, disease, light, water). This work will help to assess how the patterns within this meta-analysis may or may not be confined within particular parameters (e.g., plant maturity). 6. Findings from this analysis further highlight the importance of and patterns within intraspecific variation in shaping the evolvability and plasticity of traits and in governing plant-insect interactions.
Data from: Influence of plant-pollinator interactions on the assembly of plant and hummingbird communities
Understanding how ecological processes structure species assemblages is a central issue in community ecology. While the influence of plant–pollinator interactions on each other's evolution is well recognized, their role in the assembly of interdependent communities of plants and pollinators is still unclear. Using data from seven communities of hummingbirds and plants that they pollinate from two tropical rain forest types (lowland and montane), we evaluated phylogenetic relationships and signal of functional traits, over space and time, to test predictions on the main processes (environmental filtering, facilitation or competition) that are driving these hummingbird–plant assemblages. Our findings suggest that the main processes driving these assemblages varied between hummingbirds and plants and between habitats, and even among communities at the same habitat. The non-conserved floral trait and the phylogenetic patterns (even or random) give support to the hypothesis of facilitation or competition as processes regulating the composition of plant assemblages. Moreover, the positive relationship between fitness and flowering synchrony suggests facilitation as the most important mechanism for montane plant communities. Distinctively, for lowland plant communities, the combination of non-conserved traits and clustered phylogenetic patterns may be a result of either adaptive radiation or biotic filtering driven by a particular pollinator species that plays a main role as plant community organizer. Lastly, evidence of trait conservatism, together with clustered or even phylogenetic patterns, suggests that facilitation or competition may drive the assembly of montane hummingbird communities, despite the predominance of random phylogenetic patterns. Synthesis. Overall, we present a pathway to identify central ecological processes that may drive the assembly of plant–pollinator communities. We show that different processes related with pollination that vary in space and time may contribute to the assembly of the interdependent tropical communities of plants and pollinators. These findings highlight the importance of considering ecological interactions when evaluating community assembly processes.
The role of biotic interactions in determining metal hyperaccumulation in plants
<p>• Heavy metal hyperaccumulation (MH) is a rare trait found in plant species that inhabit metal contaminated soils. Two main hypotheses proposed to explain the selective advantage of MH are the elemental defense hypothesis and elemental allelopathy hypothesis. The elemental defence hypothesis suggests that MH functions as defence against herbivores while the elemental allelopathy hypothesis suggests that MH acts to inhibit the growth of neighbours. Nevertheless, these hypotheses are not likely to be mutually exclusive. Here, we present the first study to test both hypotheses simultaneously. We examined these hypotheses with the Cd hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri, which inhabits both metalliferous and non-metalliferous soils, thus providing an opportunity to test the hypotheses both habitats.</p> <p>• A. halleri plants originating from several populations in both metalliferous and non-metalliferous soils were grown in a greenhouse in soils with or without cadmium (Cd), Their leaves were used in a feeding experiment with a specialist herbivore and in a set of leaf-leachate experiments that tested their effect on seed germination and seedling establishment of species co-occurring with A. halleri. Finally, a field survey in several A. halleri populations was conducted to compare herbivore load between A. halleri and neighbours from metalliferous vs. non-metalliferous soils.</p> <p>• Results of the feeding experiment and field-survey suggest that Cd accumulation in A. halleri leaves could provide it with defence against herbivores. Results of the leaf-leachate experiments reveal that Cd accumulation has no effect on seed germination of neighbouring species but inhibits seedling establishment, particularly of plant species originating from non-metalliferous soils.</p> <p>• Our results suggest that both herbivores and competing neighbours may jointly select for MH in plants. Moreover, MH could provide a selective advantage particularly in non-metalliferous soils, where neighbouring plants lack metal tolerance. These results highlight the importance of including different origins and populations of both the target species and its neighbouring plant species when studying the ecological role of metal hyperaccumulation.</p>
Data from: Changing light conditions in pine rockland habitats affect the intensity and outcome of ant–plant interactions
Extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates food-for-protection mutualisms between plants and ants. Such mutualisms exist within a complex web of biotic interactions, and in a framework provided by the abiotic environment. Both biotic and abiotic factors, therefore, affect the outcome of ant–plant interactions. We conducted an experiment to determine the effects of ant activity, and light intensity, on herbivory rates, growth, and reproductive fitness in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii, a perennial legume native to pine rockland habitats of south Florida. Forty plants were divided among four treatments in a factorial experimental design with two independent variables: ant activity and light intensity. Plants were divided equally between sunny and shady habitats, and ants were excluded from half of the plants in each habitat type. The presence of ants significantly reduced herbivory rates in S. chapmanii. In shaded habitats, the presence of ants had no effect on plant reproductive fitness, however, in sunny habitats plants with ants produced significantly more seeds over the duration of the 1-yr study. Ants represent an important biotic defense against herbivores in S. chapmanii; however, their effects on plant fitness are dependent on light conditions. Pine rockland habitats in south Florida have been widely destroyed or mismanaged. In fragments that remain, suppression of fire has led to increased canopy closure and shading of the understory. These changes will likely negatively impact plants that rely on ants for defense. We highlight the importance of conservation efforts to preserve the pine rocklands and the fire regimes on which they rely.
Data from: Predator-rodent-plant interactions along a coast-inland gradient in Fennoscandian tundra
Spatial variation in the strength of trophic cascades in arctic tundra has been related to flows of subsidies across ecosystem boundaries. Here, we ask whether the input of marine subsidies in tundra systems would cause spatial variation in the strength of rodent-plant interactions between coastal areas, where predators have access to marine-derived resources, and non-subsidized inland areas of northern Fennoscandia. We present a detailed evaluation of predator-rodent-vegetation interactions along a coast-inland gradient, during the 2011 rodent outbreak and the two following decline years, by using direct assessments of rodent impacts and tracing of marine-derived nutrients in the food web. Our results revealed that the main rodent predator during summer, the long-tailed jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus, did not benefit from marine resources while breeding (relative dietary proportion in chicks' diet = 0-3%). Contrary to this pattern, parasitic jaegers S. parasiticus, bred exclusively near the coast and preyed effectively on both marine resources (41% of chicks' diet) and rodents (12%). Mammalian predators also showed a higher activity during winter near the coast. Despite overall higher predator numbers, no evidence was found for lower rodent population growth rates during the three monitoring summers and for weaker rodent grazing impacts in the coastal area. Instead, we documented pronounced damages caused by lemmings and voles on bryophytes and vascular plants, especially dwarf shrubs (e.g., Vaccinum myrtillus) all along the coast-inland gradient. Taken together, our results did not support the hypothesis that marine subsidies would trigger a trophic cascade in coastal tundra areas of northern Fennoscandia during a major rodent outbreak, probably due to a low diversity of marine-subsidized predators in the region. Comparative observational and experimental studies at large spatial scales in various arctic regions are absolutely necessary for a better understanding of factors causing regional variations in the functioning of arctic food webs.
Data from: Interactions among herbivory, climate, topography, and plant age shape riparian willow dynamics in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
Understanding how the environmental context modifies the strength of trophic interactions within food webs forms a central challenge in community ecology. Here, we demonstrate the necessity of considering the influence of climate, landscape heterogeneity and demographics for understanding trophic interactions in a well-studied food web in Yellowstone National Park, USA. We studied riparian willow (Salix spp.) establishment and stem growth reconstructed from tree rings on the northern range of Yellowstone over a 30-year period that included the reintroduction of a top-predator, the gray wolf (Canis lupus). We used climate variables (annual precipitation, stream flow, and growing season length), herbivore abundance, and landscape descriptors (elevation and topographic wetness index) to predict establishment and growth processes through time before and after the introduction of wolves. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models to establishment data and time series of individual stem heights from 1980 to 2008. Explaining variability in establishment required models with stream flow, annual precipitation, and elk abundance. Climate, trophic, and landscape covariates interacted with stem age to determine stem height and growth rate through time. Growth rates of most stems ages (2+) declined after the reintroduction of wolves. However, stem growth rates naturally declined with age, and the decline we observed was coincident with faster growth rates for the youngest stems. Mean stem heights at age have remained relatively stable through time for most age classes. Estimated effects of landscape topography had approximately the same magnitude of effect on stem growth rate at age as elk abundance. Synthesis: We show that the effects of modification of a food web cannot be predicted by studying trophic dynamics in isolation. No single driver explained patterns of willow establishment and growth over the past three decades in Yellowstone. Instead, interactions among trophic forces, interannual climate variability and landscape topography together shaped how the ecosystem responded to perturbations. Top-down effects of ungulates on riparian woody vegetation must be considered in the context of plant age, and climate and landscape heterogeneity.
Data from: Transcriptomics of host-specific interactions in natural populations of the parasitic plant purple witchweed (Striga hermonthica)
Host-specific interactions can maintain genetic and phenotypic diversity in parasites that attack multiple host species. Host diversity, in turn, may promote parasite diversity by selection for genetic divergence or plastic responses to host type. The parasitic weed purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.] causes devastating crop losses in sub-Saharan Africa and is capable of infesting a wide range of grass hosts. Despite some evidence for host adaptation and host-by-Striga genotype interactions, little is known about intraspecific Striga genomic diversity. Here we present a study of transcriptomic diversity in populations of S. hermonthica growing on different hosts (maize [Zea mays L.] vs. grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]). We examined gene expression variation and differences in allelic frequency in expressed genes of aboveground tissues from populations in western Nigeria parasitizing each host. Despite low levels of host-based genome-wide differentiation, we identified a set of parasite transcripts specifically associated with each host. Parasite genes in several different functional categories implicated as important in host–parasite interactions differed in expression level and allele on different hosts, including genes involved in nutrient transport, defense and pathogenesis, and plant hormone response. Overall, we provide a set of candidate transcripts that demonstrate host-specific interactions in vegetative tissues of the emerged parasite S. hermonthica. Our study shows how signals of host-specific processes can be detected aboveground, expanding the focus of host–parasite interactions beyond the haustorial connection.
Figure 14. A in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 14. A relationship between fore wing length and tongue length of the observed bees and syrphid flies.
Figure 13. A in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 13. A scatter chart of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of flower-visitor assemblages (stress value = 0.22). Pearson and Kendall correlations of 13 guilds with ordination axes are shown in red arrows.
Figure 17 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 17. Comparison of pollination systems among different habits of the plants observed in the montane forests in Laos.
Figure 9 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 9. Flowers visited by dipterans. (a) Curculigo crassifolia visited by a syrphid fly; (b) Lindera tonkinensis visited by a muscid fly; (c) Flueggea virosa visited by a mosquito; (d) Breynia retusa visited by a cecidomyiid midge; (e) Isodon coetsa visited by a syrphid fly; (f) Arisaema balansae visited by a mycetophilid midge (spathe dissected); (g, h) Alocasia odora visited by a drosophilid fly; (i) Maesa sp. visited by a sciarid midge.
Figure 7 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 7. Flowers visited by long-tongued bees and flies. (a) Derris scandens visited by Bombus sp.; (b) Amalocalyx microlobus visited by Bombus trifasciatus; (c) Zingiber zerumbet visited by B. trifasciatus; (d, e) Myrioneuron faberi visited by Elaphropoda; (f) Alpinia kwangsiensis visited by Xylocopa caerulea; (g) Phlogacanthus sp. visited by long-tongued syrphid fly.
Figure 5 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 5. Seasonal changes in numbers of bees observed on flowers: (a) honeybees of subgenera Megapis and Apis; (b) honeybees of subgenus Micrapis and stingless bees; (c) bumblebees; (d) Anthophorini; (e) Xylocopini, Ctenoplectini and Megachilidae; (f) Halictidae, Colletidae and Melittidae.
Figure 4 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 4. Seasonal changes in the number of observed flowering plant species at the study sites in Laos. The letter 'n' in the graph denotes a lack of data.
Figure 12 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 12. Flowers visited by thrips and bugs. (a, b) Chloranthus nervosus visited by thrips; (c) Mytilaria laosensis visited by thrips; (d, e) Dioscorea bulbifera visited by thrips; (f) Maesa sp., visited by a mecopteran; (g) Elatostema involucratum visited by a mirid bug; (h) Elatostema balansae visited by a mirid bug.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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