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Figure 7 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 7. Combined DNA and morphological data (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1, 28S, and morphological data) Bayesian tree. Posterior probabilities of clades are expressed in percentages and given above branches. Clade support (> 50) from the resampling method (jack-knife, 1000 replications) based on parsimony analysis with implied weighting (K = 10) is given below the branches. Bremer support (> 4) is given to the right of the corresponding node. Abbreviations: AT, Austria; CH, Switzerland; DE, Germany; ES, Spain; FR, France; GR, Greece; IT, Italy; PT, Portugal; SE, Sweden; US, United States.

Figure 25 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 25. Collection sites of Tegenaria regispyrrhi s.l. Triangles, Tegenaria regispyrrhi Brignoli, 1976; square, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi (1); circle, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi (2); stars, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi (3). Digital map provided by http://histgeo.ac-aix-marseille.fr.

Figure 9 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 9. Eratigena agrestis (A–H) and Eratigena atrica (I–O). Male intraspecific morphological variation (I–O); the extremes correspond to the following taxa recognized by some authors: Eratigena atrica (J, M), Eratigena saeva (K, N) and Eratigena duellica (L, O). Left male palp in ventral (A, J–L) and retrolateral views (B, M–O); epigyne in ventral view (D, white arrow pointing to an epigynal tooth) and vulva in dorsal view (E); variation of epigyne in ventral (G) and vulva in dorsal views (H); sternum in ventral view (C); spinnerets in ventral view (F, I). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 24. A–D in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 24. A–D, Tegenaria regispyrrhi; E, F, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi 1; G, H, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi 2; I, J, Tegenaria aff. regispyrrhi 3; K-P, Tegenaria vankeerorum sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (C, K) and retrolateral views (D, L); retrolateral tibial apophysis of left male palp in dorsal view (M); female epigyne in ventral (A, E, G, I) and vulva in dorsal view (B, F, H, J); face in frontal view (N); sternum (O) and spinnerets (P) in ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 16. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 16. A, B, Tegenaria montiszasensis sp. nov.; C, D, L-N, Tegenaria ariadnae; E-K, Tegenaria annae sp. nov.; O-R, Tegenaria carensis; S-V, Tegenaria ramblae; and W, X, Tegenaria domestica. Left male palp in ventral (I, L, O, S, W) and retrolateral views (J, M, P, T, X); RTA in retrolateral view (K); epigyne in ventral (A, C, E, Q, U) and vulva in dorsal view (B, D, F, R, V); carapace (H) and abdomen (G) in dorsal view; face of male in frontal view (N). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 9. Stemonyphantine male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes abantensis Wunderlich, 1978, paratype (A-C), Pecado impudicus (Denis, 1945) (D-G). A, Palp, ectal. B, C, Palp, embolic division partially expanded (schematic). D, Palp, ectal. E, Meso ventral (schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region). F, Palp, dorsoectal, embolic division and suprategulum, schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region; the column and inter-sclerite membranes are not rendered and the radix has been displaced to right for clarity. Modified in part from Hormiga & Scharff (2005). Scale bars: A, D, G, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; LC = lamella characteristica; P = paracymbium; R = radix; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.

FIGURE 8 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 8. Stemonyphantes male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes lineatus Linnaeus, 1758 (A-E), S. agnatus Tanasevitch, 1990 (F). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, ventral (arrow points to median apophysis). C, Palp, mesoventral (embolic division removed; arrow up points to median apophysis, arrow down points to suprategular ring). D, Embolic division (arrow points to the membranous area connecting to the column). E, Palp, dorsoectal (schematic; the paracymbium is partially connected to the cymbium by a membrane). F, Palp, dorsoectal (schematic; the paracymbium is integral, an extension of the cymbium lacking a membranous attachment). Scale bars: A-D, 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor;; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; P = paracymbium; R1 = radix (proximal region); R2 = radix (distal region); SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.

FIGURE 11 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 11. Optimization of 38 male palpal characters (matrix M3) on the optimal tree resulting from the maximum likelihood analysis of the molecular dataset M1. Ambiguous character changes are resolved under "Farris optimization" (ACCTRAN or Fast Optimization). Closed circles represent non-homoplasious character changes. The tree is 125 steps long and the consistency and retention indices are 0.38 and 0.72, respectively.

FIGURE 10 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 10. Graphic representation of some of the hypotheses of homology of the male palpal sclerites (indicated by circles) in pimoids (Pimoa, Nanoa) and stemonyphantines (Weintrauboa, Putaoa, Pecado, Stemonyphantes); homologous structures are connected by lines of the same color and blurred connecting lines denote that alternative primary hypotheses of homology are considered in the discussion. A, Embolic process (EP, in blue) homologous across all taxa (absent in S. lineatus); radix (R, red) present only in Pecado and Stemonyphantes. The cymbial process with cuspules (CDP, green) and the pimoid cymbial sclerite (PCS, purple) are unique to pimoids although a homologous cymbial process (without cuspules) is found in stemonyphantines and other linyphiids. B, Embolic process (EP, in blue) homologous across all taxa, including S. lineatus (the distal area of the embolic division, while the proximal is a homolog of the radix, in red). The Embolic process of S. abantensis (SEP, orange) is autapomorphic. See text for details.

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FIGURE 2 in Identification and molecular phylogeny of agriculturally important spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Tetranychus

FIGURE 2. Scatter plot for the number of transitions (s) and transversions (v) versus TN distance of ITS1 and ITS2 in pairwise comparisons between spider mites.

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FIGURE 1 in Identification and molecular phylogeny of agriculturally important spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Tetranychus

FIGURE 1. Scatter plot for the number of transitions (s) and transversions (v) versus TN distance of COI gene in pairwise comparisons between spider mites, (a) all codon positions; (b) third codon position.

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FIGURE 5 in Identification and molecular phylogeny of agriculturally important spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Tetranychus

FIGURE 5. ML tree based on ITS2 sequences. Sequence data for the ITS2 was aligned from a total of 23 individuals from nine species. Demodex folliculorum and D. canis (GenBank nos. AM904564 and GU299785, respectively) were selected as the outgroups of ITS2 tree. Numbers on the branches indicate the percentage bootstrap values (>50) based on NJ bootstrapping with ML settings (1,000 replicates).

Figure 147 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 147. Webs of Mysmenidae: A, Mysmena tasmaniae, B, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, female with egg sac; C, Mysmenidae from Chiapas, Mexico, detail of centre of web, external threads removed to expose the hub; D, Maymena sp. from Misiones, Argentina; E, same, detail of centre of web.

Figure 133 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.

Figure 141 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm.

Figure 146 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 146. Composite images of other symphytognathoid species. A, B, Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae); A, female, lateral view; B, male, lateral view. C, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), male, dorsal view. D, E, Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), female paralectotype; D, lateral view; E, dorsal view. F, Synaphris saphrynis (Synaphridae), male holotype, lateral view. G, Patu-SYP-001-DR (Symphytognathidae), female, lateral view. H, I, Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), male prosoma; H, frontal view; I, ventral view. J, SYMP-006-AUST (Symphytognathidae), female, lateral view. K, L, SYMP- 007-AUST (Symphytognathidae), female; K, lateral view; L, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 132 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.

Figure 78 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 78. Comaroma simoni (Anapidae), female abdomen: A, pedicel area, ventral–posterior view; B, spinning field, colulus, and posterior spiracle, ventral–posterior view; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret (PMS); E, left PMS; F, right posterior lateral spinneret (PLS), lateral view; G, same, posterior view; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.

Figure 116. SYMP-002 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 116. SYMP-002-MAD (Symphytognathidae), from Mahajanga, Madagascar, left legs. A, C, E, female; B, D, F, male. A, femur, patella and tibia I, prolateral view; B, patella and tibia II, retrolateral view; C, femur, patella and tibia I, retrolateral view; D, detail of tibia II clasping spine, from panel B; E, leg I, tarsal organ; F, patella and tibia IV, retrolateral view.

Figure 123 in Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Figure 123. Theridiosoma gemmosum (Theridiosomatidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of anterior respiratory system and vulva; B, mouthparts, ventral–frontal view; C, same, detail of cheliceral fang and teeth; D, labium, ventral view; E, posterior median spinnerets; F, right posterior lateral spinneret; G, left leg I, claws, prolateral view; H, left leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.