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1,048 results for “aging effects”
Data from: A multigenerational effect of parental age on offspring size but not fitness in common duckweed (Lemna minor)
Classic theories on the evolution of senescence make the simplifying assumption that all offspring are of equal quality, so that demographic senescence only manifests through declining rates of survival or fecundity. However, there is now evidence that, in addition to declining rates of survival and fecundity, many organisms are subject to age-related declines in the quality of offspring produced (i.e. parental age effects). Recent modelling approaches allow for the incorporation of parental age effects into classic demographic analyses, assuming that such effects are limited to a single generation. Does this 'single-generation' assumption hold? To find out, we conducted a laboratory study with the aquatic plant Lemna minor, a species for which parental age effects have been demonstrated previously. We compared the size and fitness of 423 lab-cultured plants (asexually-derived ramets) representing various birth orders, and ancestral 'birth-order genealogies'. We found that offspring size and fitness both declined with increasing 'immediate' birth order (i.e. birth order with respect to the immediate parent), but only offspring size was affected by ancestral birth order. Thus, the assumption that parental age effects on offspring fitness are limited to a single generation does in fact hold for L. minor. This result will guide theorists aiming to refine and generalise modelling approaches that incorporate parental age effects into evolutionary theory on senescence.
Data from: Offspring provisioning explains clone specific maternal age effects on life history and lifespan in the water flea, Daphnia pulex
Genetic inheritance underpins evolutionary theories of aging, but the role that nongenetic inheritance plays is unclear. Parental age reduces the life span of offspring in a diverse array of taxa but has not been explained from an evolutionary perspective. We quantified the effect that maternal age had on the growth and maturation decisions, life history, rates of senescence, and life span of offspring from three Daphnia pulex clones collected from different populations. We then used those data to test general hypotheses proposed to explain maternal age effects on offspring life span. Three generations of breeding from young or old mothers produced dramatic differences in the life histories of fourth-generation offspring, including significant reductions in life span. The magnitude of the effect differed between clones, which suggests that genetic and nongenetic factors ultimately underpin trait inheritance and shape patterns of aging. Older parents did not transmit a senescent state to their offspring. Instead, offspring from older ancestors had increased early-life reproductive effort, which resulted in an earlier onset of reproductive senescence, and an increased rate of actuarial senescence, which shortened their life span. Our results provide a clear example of the need to consider multiple inheritance mechanisms when studying trait evolution.
Data from: Sex differences in the effects of juvenile and adult diet on age-dependent reproductive effort
Sexual selection should cause sex differences in patterns of resource allocation. When current and future reproductive effort trade-off, variation in resource acquisition might further cause sex differences in age-dependent investment, or in sensitivity to changes in resource availability over time. However, the nature and prevalence of sex differences in age-dependent investment remain unclear. We manipulated resource acquisition at juvenile and adult stages in decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus, and assessed effects on sex-specific allocation to age-dependent reproductive effort (calling in males, fecundity in females) and longevity. We predicted that the resource and time demands of egg production would result in relatively consistent female strategies across treatments, while male investment should depend sharply on diet. Contrary to expectations, female age-dependent reproductive effort diverged substantially across treatments, with resource-limited females showing much lower and later investment in reproduction; the highest fecundity was associated with intermediate lifespans. In contrast, long-lived males always signalled more than short-lived males, and male age-dependent reproductive effort did not depend on diet. We found consistently positive covariance between male reproductive effort and lifespan, while diet altered this covariance in females, revealing sex differences in the benefits of allocation to longevity. Our results support sex-specific selection on allocation patterns, but also suggest a simpler alternative: males may use social feedback to make allocation decisions, and preferentially store resources as energetic reserves in its absence. Increased calling effort with age therefore could be caused by gradual resource accumulation, heightened mortality risk over time, and a lack of feedback from available mates.
Data from: Warming at the population level: effects on age structure, density, and generation cycles.
The impact of climate change on strongly age-structured populations is poorly understood, despite the central role of temperature in determining developmental rates in ectotherms. Here we examine the effect of warming and its interactions with resource availability on the population dynamics of the pyralid moth Plodia interpunctella, populations of which normally show generation cycles, a consequence of strong and asymmetric age-related competition. . Warming by 3°C above the standard culture temperature led to substantial changes in population density, age structure and population dynamics. Adult populations were some 50% larger in warmed populations, probably because the reduced fecundity associated with warming leads to reduced larval competition, allowing more larvae to develop to adulthood. Warming also interacted with resource availability to alter population dynamics, with the generation cycles typical of this species breaking down in the 30° populations when standard lab. diet was provided but not when a reduced nutrient poor diet was used. Warming by 6° led to either rapid extinction or the persistence of populations at low densities for the duration of the experiment. We conclude that even moderate warming can have considerable effects on population structure and dynamics, potentially leading to complete changes in dynamics in some cases. These results are particularly relevant given the large number of economically important species that exhibit generation cycling, in many cases arising from similar mechanisms to those operating in P. interpunctella.
Data from: The effect of deleterious mutations and age on recombination in Drosophila melanogaster
At the population level, recombination mediates the efficiency with which selection can eliminate deleterious mutations. At the individual level, deleterious alleles may influence recombination, which would change the rate at which linkage disequilibrium is eroded and thereby alter the efficiency with which deleterious alleles are purged. Here we test whether the presence of a deleterious allele on one autosome affects recombination on another autosome. We find that deleterious alleles not only alter the rate but also the pattern of recombination. However, there is little support that different deleterious alleles affect recombination in a consistent manner. Because we have detailed information on individual females across their life times, we are able to examine how recombination patterns change with age and find that these patterns are also affected by the presence of deleterious alleles. The differences among genotypes or among age classes is large enough to add substantial noise to genetic mapping experiments that do not consider these sources of variation.
Data from: Adult dietary protein has age- and context-dependent effects on male post-copulatory performance
The highly-conserved effect of dietary protein restriction on life-span and ageing is observed in both sexes and across a vast range of taxa. This extension of life-span is frequently accompanied by a reduction in female fecundity and it has been hypothesised that individuals may reallocate resources away from reproduction and into somatic maintenance. However, effects of dietary protein restriction on male reproduction are less consistent, suggesting that these effects may depend on other environmental parameters. Using the neriid fly, Telostylinus angusticollis, we examined age-specific effects of adult dietary protein restriction on male post-copulatory reproductive performance (fecundity and offspring viability). To explore the context-dependence of these effects, we simultaneously manipulated male larval diet and adult mating history. We found that protein-restricted males sired less viable offspring at young ages, but offspring viability increased with paternal age and eventually exceeded that of fully-fed males. The number of eggs laid by females was not affected by male dietary protein, whereas egg hatching success was subject to a complex interaction of male adult diet, age, larval diet, and mating history. These findings suggest that effects of protein restriction on male reproduction are highly context-dependent, and cannot be explained by a simple reallocation of resources from reproduction to somatic maintenance. Rather, these effects appear to involve changes in the scheduling of male reproductive investment with age.
Effects of aging on eye movements in the real world
<p>The effects of aging on eye movements are well studied in the laboratory. Increased saccade latencies or decreased smooth-pursuit gain are well established findings. The question remains whether these findings are influenced by the rather untypical environment of a laboratory; that is, whether or not they transfer to the real world. We measured 34 healthy participants between the age of 25 and 85 during two everyday tasks in the real world: (I) walking down a hallway with free gaze, (II) visual tracking of an earth-fixed object while walking straight-ahead. Eye movements were recorded with a mobile light-weight eye tracker, the EyeSeeCam (ESC). We find that age significantly influences saccade parameters. With increasing age, saccade frequency, amplitude, peak velocity, and mean velocity are reduced and the velocity/amplitude distribution as well as the velocity profile become less skewed. In contrast to laboratory results on smooth pursuit, we did not find a significant effect of age on tracking eye-movements in the real world. Taken together, age-related eye-movement changes as measured in the laboratory only partly resemble those in the real world. It is well-conceivable that in the real world additional sensory cues, such as head-movement or vestibular signals, may partially compensate for age-related effects, which, according to this view, would be specific to early motion processing. In any case, our results highlight the importance of validity for natural situations when studying the impact of aging on real-life performance.</p>
Data from: Effects of age and disease duration on excess mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis from a French nationwide cohort
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the effects of current age and disease duration on excess mortality in multiple sclerosis, we described the dynamics of excess deaths rates over these two time scales and studied the impact of age at multiple sclerosis clinical onset on these dynamics, separately in each initial phenotype.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from 18 French multiple sclerosis expert centers participating in the Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques. Patients with multiple sclerosis living in metropolitan France and having a clinical onset between 1960 and 2014 were included. Vital status was updated on January 1st, 2016. For each multiple sclerosis phenotype separately (relapsing onset (R-MS) or primary progressive (PPMS)), we used an innovative statistical method to model the logarithm of excess death rates by a multidimensional penalized spline of age and disease duration.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 37524 patients (71% women, mean age at multiple sclerosis onset ± standard deviation 33.0 ± 10.6 years), 2883 (7.7%) deaths were observed and 7.8% of patients were lost-to-follow-up. For R-MS patients, there was no excess mortality during the first 10 years after disease onset; afterwards, whatever age at onset, excess death rates increased with current age. From current age 70, the excess death rates values converged and became identical whatever the age at disease onset, which means that disease duration had no more impact. Excess death rates were higher in men with an excess hazard ratio of 1.46 (95% confidence interval 1.25-1.70). In contrast, in PPMS patients, excess death rates rapidly increased from disease onset, and were associated with age at onset, but not with sex.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In R-MS, current age has a stronger impact on multiple sclerosis mortality than disease duration while their respective effects are not so clear in PPMS. </p>
Exogenous oxidative stressors elicit differing age and sex effects
<p>Data and scripts for the manuscript entitled "Exogenous oxidative stressors elicit differing age and sex effects" submitted to <em>Experimental Gerontology. </em></p>
Data and code for: Evidence of maternal and paternal age effects on speed in thoroughbred racehorses
<p>Anonymised data set on thoroughbred racehorse performance in UK and Ireland that was used for analysis of parental age effects. File also contains code used for statistical analyses presented in Sharman et al 2022 manuscript entitled 'Evidence of maternal and paternal age effects on speed in thoroughbred racehorses'. Code is for analyses using ASReml (stand-alone not R version).</p>
Fig. 2 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 2. Depolarization (mean ± SEM) of virgin male antennae in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) by male age. Bars headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 6, P <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Pre-courtship behavior and the effect of age on its duration in Diatraea magnifactella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Fig. 2. Position of the female at the beginning of pre-courtship (a). Flexing of the abdomen and exposure of the sex gland of Diatraea magnifactella (b).
Assessment of CNT-doping and hot-wet storage aging effects on Mode I, II and I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of a UD Graphite/Epoxy material system
<p>Research data presented in the paper entitled "Assessment of CNT-doping and hot-wet storage aging effects on Mode I, II and I/II interlaminar fracture toughness of a UD Graphite/Epoxy material system", published in Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Research data include: load-displacement and fracture toughness-crack length data derived from fracture tests in Mode I, II and I/II.</p>
Fig. 4 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 4. Mean intensity and mean abundance of Lateriporus sp. (A, C) and Profilicollis sp. (C, D) for common eiders. Abbreviations: bor, CD = S. m. borealis, Cape Dorset; bor, GRLD = S. m. borealis, Greenland; bor, NFLD = S. m. borealis, Newfoundland; dre, NFLD = S. m. dresseri, Newfoundland; sed, BI = S. m. sedentaria [data published in Tourangeau et al. (2018)]. n-m = non-migratory, po-m = post-migratory, pr-m = pre-migratory. Letters describe significant differences between groups: if two groups share a letter, there is no significant difference between their means.
Supplementary Tables for the manuscript be Kuligina et al. "Germline variants in the immune response-related genes: possible modifying effect on age-dependent BRCA1 penetrance in breast cancer patients"
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Effect of lutein on blood lipids and AGEs
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Data of The Effect of Game-Based Intervention on Locomotor Skills of Female Students Aged 9 To 11 Years with Flat Foot Research
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Long-term development of lens fluorescence in a twin cohort: Heritability and effects of age and lifestyle
<p><b>Background</b>: The blue-green autofluorescence of the ocular lens increases with age, glycemia and smoking, as the irreplaceable structural proteins of the lens slowly accumulate damage from the encounter with reactive molecular species. We have conducted a prospective study of lens autofluorescence over two decades in a twin cohort.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: The study included 131 phakic, non-diabetic adult twins (median age at follow-up 58 years, range 41-66 years) who were examined twice at an interval of 21 years. Change in anterior lens peak autofluorescence was analyzed in relation to age, current and baseline glycemia, cumulative smoking and heritability.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The level of lens autofluorescence in the study population increased as a function of age and smoking (p ≤.002), but not as a function of glycemia (p ≥.069). Lens autofluorescence remained a highly heritable trait (90.6 % at baseline and 93.3 % at follow-up), but whereas the combined effect of age and cumulative smoking explained 57.2 % of the variance in lens autofluorescence at baseline in mid-life, it only accounted for 31.6 % at follow-up 21 years later.</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b>: From mid to late adulthood, the level of blue-green fluoescence remained overwhelmingly heritable, but became less predictable from age, smoking habits and glycemic status. Presumably, as the lens ages, its intrinsic characteristics come to dominate over environmental and systemic factors, perhaps in a prelude to the development of cataract.</p>
age-period-cohort effects on the temporal trend mortality from male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019
<p>The available files represent the records of deaths by suicide in men in Brazil and its major regions in the period from 1980 to 2019, in addition to the number of deaths after the correction process for the quality and coverage of deaths, for total suicides and suicides by weapon. of fire. The database for total and firearm suicides, represents the number of corrected deaths presented in age groups and periods grouped into five-year periods, which were used to carry out the analyzes of the effect of age, period and cohort, for total suicides and by weapon. of fire for Brazil and its great regions.</p> <p>.</p>
Effect of Aflibercept on Human Corneal Endothelial Cells in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03313401. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 3.
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