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Figures 23–31 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 23–31. Adult Copestylum, male genitalia; right and left figures scale line = 0.50 mm, for middle column figures, left-hand scale line = 0.85 mm. Abbreviations: a, aedeagus; c, cercus; e, epandrium; h, hypandrium; s, surstylus; sl, superior lobes. 23–25. Copestylum galantei sp. nov., male holotype: 23. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 24, hypandrium, ventral view; 25. surstylus, ventral view. 26–28. Copestylum gelenita sp. nov., male holotype: 26. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 27, hypandrium, ventral view; 28. surstylus, ventral view. 29–31. Copestylum oscillans sp. nov., male holotype: 29. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 30. hypandrium, ventral view; 31. surstylus, ventral view.

Figures 93–98 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 93–98. Third stage larvae of Copestylum, head skeletons, lateral view, anterior end to the right, scale line = 1 mm. 93. Copestylum joei; 94. Copestylum otongaensis; 95. Copestylum mamorum; 96. Copestylum galantei; 97. Copestylum conabioi; 98. Copestylum albertoi.

Figures 86–92 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 86–92. Third stage larvae of Copestylum. 86. Copestylum lousiae, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 14 mm. 87. Copestylum tapia, whole larva, head to the right, dorsal view, length = 11 mm. 88. Copestylum barbara, crenate papillae from the dorsal surface of the anal segment. 89. Copestylum xalapensis, dentate spicules from the anterior fold of the prothorax. 90. Copestylum mamorum, vestiture of stout setae from the dorsal surface of the second abdominal segment. 91. Copestylum louisae, vestiture of long, fine setae from the dorsal surface of the second abdominal segment. 92. Copestylum puyarum, tapering spicules from the anterior fold of the prothorax.

Figures 53–55 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 53–55. Adult Copestylum unamas sp. nov., male holotype, male genitalia; right-hand scale line = 0.50 mm, for left and right column figures; left-hand scale line = 0.85 mm, for middle figure. 53. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 54. hypandrium, ventral view; 55. surstylus, ventral view.

Figures 75–81 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 75–81. Third stage larvae of Copestylum. 75. Copestylum oscillans, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 11 mm. 76. Copestylum carlosii, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 10 mm. 77. Copestylum elizabethae, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 11 mm. 78. Copestylum carlosii, sucker from 4th abdominal segment, anterior end to the right, ventral view, width = 1 mm. 79. Copestylum oscillans, marginal lobe from 3rd abdominal segment, dorsal view, width = 0.35 mm. 80. Copestylum carlosii, marginal lobe from 3rd abdominal segment, dorsal view, width = 0.35 mm. 81. Copestylum elizabethae, marginal lobe from 3rd abdominal segment, dorsal view, width = 0.35 mm.

Figures 65–74 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 65–74. Adult Copestylum, male genitalia; right- and left-hand figures scale line = 0.50 mm, for middle column figures, left-hand scale line = 0.85 mm. 65–68. Copestylum albertoi sp. nov., male holotype: 65. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 66. hypandrium, ventral view; 67. surstylus, ventral view, 68. postanal plate, ventral view. 69–71. Copestylum conabioi sp. nov., male holotype: 69. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 70. hypandrium, ventral view; 71. surstylus, ventral view. 72–74. Copestylum tapia sp. nov., male holotype: 72. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 73. hypandrium, ventral view; 74. surstylus, ventral view.

Figures 47–52 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species

Figures 47–52. Adult Copestylum, male genitalia; right- and left-hand figures scale line = 0. 50 mm, for middle column figures, left-hand scale line = 0.85 mm. 47–49. Copestylum boqueronense sp. nov., male holotype: 47. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 48. hypandrium, ventral view; 49. surstylus, ventral view. 50– 52. Copestylum triunfense sp. nov., male holotype; 50. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 51. hypandrium, ventral view; 52. surstylus, ventral view.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 5. Left eye size (diameter, in mm) versus total length (in mm) in the seven specimens (respectively a to g) of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus of the Passa Três 2004 offspring.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 2. Size (total length, in mm) versus age (in days) in four specimens of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave born in laboratory in March 2003.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 4. Size (total length, in mm) versus age (in days) of two wild caught specimens of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Angélica Cave kept in laboratory.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 1. (a) Reproductive adults of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave kept in laboratory: two females (to the left) and male (to the right, dorso-posterior region of the head red-colored); arrow indicates the entrance of the shelter occupied by the male. Photograph taken on April 2004. (b) Cluster of eggs adhered to the ceiling of the shelter, average diameter = 4.0 mm. (c) Area around the shelter entrance (within the white circle) defended by the male (close to the center of the circle). (d) Clockwise from the top left: embrio (eyes visible), newly hatched larva (10.4 mm TL), more advanced larva (12.5 mm TL), with yolk-sac almost completely absorbed. (e) Top: 53 mm long juvenile from Passa Três Cave, with regressed eyes; arrow indicates the orbit reduced to a small depression covered with skin. Bottom: 53 mm long juvenile from Angélica Cave, probable the same age as the former, showing non-regressed eyes. (f) Detail of the head of the juvenile from Passa Três; arrows indicate the first primordia of tentacles.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

Fig. 6. Eye size (diameter, in mm) versus age (in days) in three selected specimens (from left to right) of Ancistrus cryptophthalmus from Passa Três Cave; right eye on the top, left eye on the bottom.

Figures 68–73 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 68–73. Puparia of Copestylum, scanning electron photomicrographs, scales as indicated on images. 68, 70, Copestylum macrocephalum; 68, posterior breathing tube (prp), dorsal view width of TR = 1.3 mm; 70, prp, apical; 71, Copestylum posticum; pupal spiracles, dorsal view length = 0.93 mm; 69, 72–73, Copestylum isabellina; 69, prp, dorsal view width at TR = 1.1 mm, 72, pupal spiracles, ventrolateral view length 0.82 mm; 73, spiracular openings, apical and lateral views.

Figures 44–47 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 44–47. Puparia of Copestylum, scanning electron photomicrographs. 44, Copestylum florida, posterior breathing tube (prp), dorsal view width at TR = 0.3 mm; 45–47, Copestylum vittatum, 45, prp, apical view width 0.2 mm; 46, prp, dorsal view width at TR = 0.5mm; 47, pupal spiracles, whole view from above scale as indicated on images.

Figures 58–61 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 58–61. Puparia of Copestylum, scanning electron photomicrographs, scales as indicated on images, 58, 59, Copestylum spinigera; 58, posterior breathing tube (prp), dorsal view width at TR = 0.87 mm; 59, prp, apical view width = 0.8 mm; 60, Copestylum cockerelli, prp dorsal view width at TR = 1.5 mm; 61, Copestylum hambletoni, prp, dorsal view width at TR = 1.45 mm.

Figures 35–40 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 35–40. Third stage larval Copestylum, head skeleton, apex to the left, scale bar = 1.4 mm. 35, Copestylum hambletoni; 36, Copestylum vittatum; 37, Copestylum fraudulentum; 38, Copestylum marginatum; 39, Copestylum haagii, 39A, whole head skeleton; 39B, grinding mill, ventral view; 40, Copestylum hoya.

Figures 28–34 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 28–34. Third stage larval Copestylum, body vestiture, black areas represent extent of sclerotization; scale bar = 1 mm. 28, 31, and 34, Copestylum quadratum, 28, long fine setae from the dorsum of the metathorax; 31, crochets from proleg on first abdominal segment, larger crochet = primary; smaller crochet = secondary; 34, branched setae from base of lateral lips; 29–30, Copestylum isabellina, 29, short, broad setae from the dorsum of the metathorax, 30, spicules from the anterior fold of the prothorax; 32, Copestylum hambletoni, broad based setae from dorsum of mesothorax; 33, Copestylum multipunctatum sp. nov., triangular shaped setae from dorsum of the anal segment.

Figures 23–24 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 23–24. Third stage larval Copestylum, whole larva, head to the right; scale bar = 6 mm. 23, Copestylum haagii; 24, Copestylum hoya.

Figures 41–43 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 41–43. Third stage larval Copestylum, head skeleton, apex to the left, scale bar = 1.4 mm. 41, Copestylum dispar; 42, Copestylum apiciferum; 43, Copestylum latum.

Figures 54–57 in Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species

Figures 54–57. Puparia of Copestylum, scanning electron photomicrographs, scales as indicated on images, 54, Copestylum pictum, dorsum of prothoracic shield length 3.5 mm; 55, Copestylum spinigera, pupal spiracles, ventral view length 1.12 mm; 56, 57, Copestylum hambletoni, pupal spiracle length 1.3 mm; 56, ventral view; 57, dorsal view. af, apex of anterior fold with spicules; as, anterior spiracle; lf, longitudinal fold; s, spicule groups on anterodorsal margins of mesothorax and metathorax; P, prothorax; Ms, mesothorax; Mt, metathorax.