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2,015 results for “context”
Context-dependent effects of deer on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerative tree layer in temperate and boreal forests: a meta-analysis
<p>Herbivores, including deer (Cervidae), influence ecosystem functions and carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure and composition. Given the increase in deer populations in Europe and North America, there is growing interest in their impact on carbon dynamics in temperate and boreal forests. We investigated the effects of deer on carbon stored in the seedling and sapling layer through two mechanisms: (1) deer affecting the overall aboveground woody biomass in these strata and (2) deer changing the composition of tree species in these strata, because species differ in wood density and carbon content. We performed a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from 12 studies, assessing the effects of deer exclusion on aboveground carbon stocks within the seedling and sapling layer (≤3m) under two scenarios of carbon calculation, where we used either: (1) species-specific carbon content and wood density values (mean scenario) and (2) generic carbon content and wood density values (neutral scenario). Our results show that including species-specific wood density values in calculations had a minimal effect on the estimated impact of deer exclusion on carbon stocks compared to generic values, but that there was insufficient data on species-specific carbon content to determine its importance in calculating aboveground carbon stocks. Our results show that preventing deer herbivory did not have a consistent positive effect on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerating forest layer, except in sites dominated by conifer saplings and boreal sites. Instead, the among-case variability in effects suggests a complex interaction between the impact of deer browsing and forest carbon. Understanding these interactions is vital to assess wildlife-carbon relations and to develop appropriate forest conservation approaches in response to growing deer populations.</p>
Data for: Genetic and context-specific effects on individual inhibitory control performance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
<p>Among-individual variation in cognitive traits, widely assumed to have evolved under adaptive processes, is increasingly being demonstrated across animal taxa. As variation among individuals is required for natural selection, characterising individual differences and their heritability is important to understand how cognitive traits evolve. Here we use a quantitative genetic study of wild-type guppies repeatedly exposed to a 'detour task' to test for genetic variance in the cognitive trait of inhibitory control. We also test for genotype-by-environment interactions (GxE) by testing related fish under alternative experimental treatments (transparent vs. semi-transparent barrier in the detour-task). We find among-individual variation in detour task performance, consistent with differences in inhibitory control. However, analysis of GxE reveals that heritable factors only contribute to performance variation in one treatment. This suggests that the adaptive evolutionary potential of inhibitory control (and/or other latent variables contributing to task performance) may be highly sensitive to environmental conditions. The presence of GxE also implies that the plastic response of detour task performance to treatment environment is genetically variable. Our results are consistent with a scenario where variation in individual inhibitory control stems from complex interactions between heritable and plastic components.</p>
Multivocal Literature Review Protocol - Investigating the Barriers that Women face in Software Development Teams focusing on the context of Proprietary Software Ecosystems
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Abiotic and biotic contexts shape the effect of disturbance on non-native plant invasion
<p>Making predictions about when and where a given mechanism of invasion will be weak or strong is crucial for the effective management of non-native species. Despite the importance of disturbance on invasion, our understanding of how variation in abiotic and/or biotic conditions may modify the disturbance-invasion relationship is scarce. Here, we aimed to evaluate how abiotic (soil type) and biotic (tree and shrub cover) contexts affect the disturbance-invasion relationship in disturbed and nearby non-disturbed communities in the semi-arid open forest of central Argentina (ca. 36° S) using field sampling. We found that abiotic context modulated non-native species success in disturbed communities, whereas both abiotic and biotic context modulated success in nearby non-disturbed communities. These findings suggest that the plant invasion-disturbance relationship is context-dependent. Our results hint at the possibility that the significance of disturbance in predicting invasion might diminish as the importance of abiotic filters increases.</p>
Dataset from publication "Predicting context-sensitive urban green space quality to support urban green infrastructure planning"
<p><strong>Data Description:</strong></p><p>This dataset presents the spatial outcome of an analysis modelling perceived green space quality across the city of Espoo, Finland. The analysis relies on data gathered through the My Espoo on the Map survey (<i>Mun Espoo kartalla</i>) in the autumn of 2020 as part of the NordForsk-funded research project NORDGREEN. A comprehensive account of the analytical process and potential applications of the dataset is available in the associated publication, "<i>Predicting context-sensitive urban green space quality to support urban green infrastructure planning</i>" (open access: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104952">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104952</a>).</p><p><strong>Data Processing:</strong></p><p>This dataset results from an analysis that integrates both primary and secondary sources of geospatial data. The primary data were collected with an online public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey directed for the adult inhabitants of Espoo. The data collection took place in September-October 2020 and was executed in collaboration with Aalto University and the City of Espoo. For a detailed overview of the data collection process, please refer to the related publication.</p><p><strong>Data characteristics:</strong></p><p>Format: Shapefile (50m x 50m grid)</p><p>Geographical area: Espoo, Finland</p><p>Spatial reference: EUREF FIN TM35FIN</p><p>Note: Only grid cells intersecting with greenspace have been included in the dataset. For the employed definition of green areas, please consult the related publication.</p><p><strong>Data attributes and their descriptions:</strong></p><p><strong>"</strong><i>P_PROB"</i>: Probability (P), positive perceived quality</p><p><i>"N_PROB"</i>: Probability (P), negative perceived quality</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong></p><p>This research was funded by NordForsk, Sustainable Urban Development and Smart Cities Programme, Project Smart Planning for Healthy and Green and Nordic Cities – NORDGREEN, under Grant Number: 95322.</p>
Data for: Predation and biophysical context control long-term carcass nutrient inputs in an Andean ecosystem
<p>Animal carcass decomposition is an often-overlooked component of nutrient cycles. The importance of carcass decomposition for increasing nutrient availability has been demonstrated in several ecosystems, but impacts in arid lands are poorly understood. In a protected high desert landscape in Argentina, puma predation of vicuñas is a main driver of carcass distribution. Here, we sampled puma kill sites across three habitats (plains, canyons, and meadows) to evaluate the impacts of vicuña carcass and stomach decomposition on soil and plant nutrients up to 5 years after carcass deposition. Soil beneath both carcasses and stomachs had significantly higher soil nutrient content than adjacent reference sites in arid, nutrient-poor plains and canyons, but not in moist, nutrient-rich meadows. Stomachs had greater effects on soil nutrients than carcasses. However, we did detect higher plant N concentrations at kill sites. The biogeochemical effects of puma kills persisted for several years and increased over time, indicating that kills do not create ephemeral nutrient pulses, but can have lasting effects on the distribution of soil nutrients. Comparison to broader spatial patterns of predation risk reveals that puma predation of vicuñas is more likely in nutrient-rich sites, but carcasses have the greatest effects on soil nutrients in nutrient-poor environments, such that carcasses increase localized heterogeneity by generating nutrient hotspots in less productive environments. Predation and carcass decomposition may thus be important overlooked factors influencing ecosystem functioning in arid environments.</p>
Environmental context shapes the relationship between grass consumption and body size in African herbivore communities
<p>Though herbivore grass dependence has been shown to increase with body size across herbivore species, it is unclear whether this relationship holds at the community level. Here we evaluate whether grass consumption scales positively with body size within African large mammalian herbivore communities and how this relationship varies with environmental context. We used stable carbon isotope and community occurrence data to investigate how grass dependence scales with body size within 23 savanna herbivore communities throughout eastern and central Africa. We found that dietary grass fraction increased with body size for the majority of herbivore communities considered, especially when complete community data were available. However, the slope of this relationship varied, and rainfall seasonality and elephant presence were key drivers of the variation—grass dependence increased less strongly with body size where rainfall was more seasonal and where elephants were present. We found also that the dependence of the herbivore community as a whole on grass peaked at intermediate woody cover. Intraspecific diet variation contributed to these community-level patterns: common hippopotamus (<em>Hippopotamus amphibius</em>) and giraffe (<em>Giraffa camelopardalis</em>) ate less grass where rainfall was more seasonal, whereas Cape buffalo (<em>Syncerus caffer</em>) and savanna elephant (<em>Loxodonta africana</em>)<strong> </strong>grass consumption were parabolically related to woody cover. Our results indicate that general rules appear to govern herbivore community assembly, though some aspects of herbivore foraging behavior depend upon local environmental context.</p>
Context-dependent impact of changes in precipitation on the stability of grassland biomass
<p>Community stability plays a crucial role in ensuring the consistent provision of ecosystem services despite environmental changes, including alterations in precipitation patterns. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the responses of the stability of grassland plant communities and underlying mechanisms, defined as the ratio of the temporal mean biomass to the standard deviation. However, a crucial knowledge gap remains regarding whether the impacts of precipitation on the stability of grassland biomass are contingent upon specific contextual factors.</p> <p>Here, we examined the stability of above- and below-ground biomass in adjacent grass- and shrub-dominated communities through a 7-year manipulation experiment involving seven precipitation levels: 20%, 40%, and 60% decreases, as well as 20%, 40%, and 60% increases in natural rainfall, in addition to ambient precipitation.</p> <p>We found that the stability of community biomass was influenced by three contextual factors including the magnitude and directionality of precipitation, above- and below-ground biomass, and the type of vegetation. In particular, higher and more intense precipitation resulted in higher stability of above-ground biomass in both grass- and shrub-dominated communities. Conversely, higher precipitation intensity led to decreased below-ground biomass stability in grass-dominated communities but increased below-ground biomass stability in shrub-dominated communities. Species stability and species asynchrony consistently played a positive role in explaining the stability of above-ground biomass in both grass- and shrub-dominated communities. However, species asynchrony negatively influenced below-ground biomass stability in grass-dominated communities without a comparable effect in shrub-dominated communities. The preeminent contribution to the total community biomass was identified in the stability of below-ground biomass, evident in both grass-dominated and shrub-dominated communities.</p> <p><em>Synthesis.</em> This study highlights that while the specific effects of changes in precipitation may vary depending on the context, the fundamental processes governing biomass stability are consistent. These findings elucidate the desert steppe ecosystems' adaptive response to precipitation variations and emphasize their pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem functions under climatic perturbations.</p>
Data from: The maintenance and emergence of diversity promotes open-ended evolution in a prebiotic context
<p>This data was collected during the study entitled “The maintenance and emergence of diversity promotes open-ended evolution in a prebiotic context."<br> <br>We explored how selective contexts shape the evolution of innovation, using <em>in vitro </em>selection with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as an empirical model for pre-cellular evolution. During this selection regime, a diverse pool of 76-bp ssDNA (consisting of a random 40-nt region, flanked by 18-nt primer binding sites) was incubated with a target substrate, during which sequences were able to bind to the substrate. Following incubation, unbound sequences were discarded, while bound sequences were partitioned and amplified via PCR and used in subsequent rounds of selection. <br> <br>Our experimental design consisted of 8 cycles of selection with either streptavidin-coated magnetic beads or yeast cells (<em>Kluyveromyces lactis</em>) as the binding substrate. We also included two variable selection regimes, where four rounds of selection were completed with one substrate before switching to the other target for the remaining four rounds (3 replicate populations per treatment). All replicates from rounds 1, 4, 7, and 8 were purified and submitted for next-generation sequencing (Illumina NovaSeq S4 2x150-bp lane), along with the random starting library. Sequencing generated a mean of 29,741,261 pair-end reads per sample, which were assembled and normalized to ~100,000 reads per sample used for analysis, which are included here.<br> <br>The file names are organized in the following format: Selection Treatment_Round of Selection_Replicate #. For example, “Beads_R1_1” indicates a population that was selected with beads as the binding substrate following Round 1 of selection, replicate population 1 (out of 3 replicates). Scripts used to list contigs (<em>EditFastas.l</em>) and measure the frequencies of each sequence (<em>CountSeqs.l</em> ) are also included.</p>
Exploring relationships between time of day and pollinator activity in the context of pesticide use - data
<p>Pesticide exposure can be harmful to insect pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. As pesticide guidelines warn against applying such products when pollinators are active, it is important to determine how pollinator activity changes with the time of day and when the most appropriate time is to spray these chemicals. We walked transects from sunrise to sunset in oilseed rape (<em>Brassica napus</em> L.) fields in Ireland to capture the abundance of honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and hoverflies across daylight hours. We also recorded the activity of representative species from the three bee groups at their nests across similar time periods to compare with field observations. Peak pollinator abundance was in the mid-afternoon with fewer individuals in the early morning and late evening for all groups. At the nest, we observed patterns of activity that broadly reflected field abundance but indicated that bees are active earlier and later than those observed on the crop. However, there were differences between pollinator groups. Overall, honeybee and solitary bee abundance and activity were found to peak in the middle of the day, while bumblebee abundance and activity were more consistent throughout daylight hours. Hoverflies were relatively abundant in the morning and increased in number towards the late afternoon and early evening. Our results confirm current recommendations that pesticide application should be avoided in the middle of the day when pollinators are most active. However, the diversity of responses within and between pollinator groups to time of day should be accounted for when shaping guidelines, and clearly defining optimal pesticide application timings for end users is difficult and needs further consideration as it will vary between regions and crops. Further research should also explore how time impacts pesticide efficacy and exposure of pollinators to residues post-application to allow full evaluation of how practical and beneficial timing of application may be when aiming to protect pollinators from pesticide exposure.</p>
Cross-context behavioral correlations and signals of aggression in females of a livebearing fish
<p>Behaviors may be adaptively correlated with each other and with other aspects of phenotype. We investigated behavior across foraging, mating, and risk contexts in females of the poeciliid fish, <em>Girardinus metallicus</em>. We quantified relationships between these behaviors and aggression signals, body size, and reproductive output. Behaviors describing aggression and boldness, some of which were repeatable, were correlated in females. Aggression was signaled by the darkening of a black spot on the extended dorsal fin or by fin flaring. Spot darkening occurred during intra- and intersexual interactions and was positively correlated with inter-female aggression and negatively correlated with time females spent following males, suggesting that it honestly indicates motivational state. In contrast, fin flaring was only directed at females and occurred more frequently in the foraging context. Larger females had fewer offspring and received fewer courtship displays, possibly because they were more aggressive to males. In contrast to studies of males, we found a negative relationship between rank order of boldness and aggression, consistent with either a tradeoff or with selection favoring the negative relationship. Our results highlight the importance of studying females in model systems to uncover novel patterns and potentially meaningful departures from what is typically seen in males.</p>
Abstractive News Captions with High- level cOntext Representation (ANCHOR) dataset
<p><span>The</span> <span>Abstractive News Captions with High-</span><span>level cOntext Representation</span> <span>(</span><span>ANCHOR</span><span>) dataset contains 70K+ samples </span><span>sourced from 5 different news media organizations. This dataset can be utilized for Vision & Language tasks such as Text-to-Image Generation, Image Caption Generation, etc.</span></p>
Data for "Book bans in political context: Evidence from U.S. schools"
<p>This repository contains the data for the paper "Book bans in political context: Evidence from U.S. schools". All authors contributed equally and are listed alphabetically.</p>
Landscape context affects patch habitat contributions to biodiversity in agroecosystems
<p>Effective conservation schemes are needed to advance dual objectives of biodiversity conservation and agronomic production in agricultural landscapes. Understanding how plant and arthropod taxa respond to both local habitat patch characteristics and landscape complexity is crucial for planning effective agri-environment schemes. This study investigated the relative effects of local (≤ 100 m from patch habitat center) and landscape (≤ 5 km from patch habitat center) variables on diversity of plants and arthropods within non-crop habitat patches (i) at different spatial extents ranging from 0.1 km to 5 km, while (ii) quantifying differential effects of local and landscape variables on unique components of diversity (i.e. species richness and abundance), and accounting for (iii) unique components of landscape extent (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 km radii) and complexity (i.e. landscape composition and configuration). Landscape variables were significantly correlated with local plant and arthropod species richness and abundance at all spatial extents. Biodiversity responses to landscape variables were largely scale-dependent, as pairwise comparisons were significantly different between all spatial extents except between 1-km and 2-km extents, and correlations were lowest at the 5-km extent. Partial R-squared values for predicting local biodiversity were highest when both local and landscape variables were included as predictors of species richness and abundance, underscoring the importance of considering both local and landscape effects on local diversity. Landscape configuration variables accounted for more variation in plant and arthropod species richness than composition variables. However, models performed best when composition and configuration were considered together rather than alone, suggesting that both components of landscape complexity should be considered for identifying and managing conservation areas in crop fields. Conservation schemes that incentivize farmers to create or conserve small patch habitat within crop fields may be more effective when combined with landscape-scale designs that enhance landscape complexity across the Northern Great Plains. Local conservation efforts should be coordinated with landscape-level efforts to ultimately enhance biodiversity and desired ecosystem service outcomes across agricultural landscapes.</p>
Offering and showing gestures in 12- to 15-month-old infants in natural contexts: A corpus-based study
<p>Supplementary material for an original article titled "Offering and showing gestures in 12- to 15-month-old infants in natural contexts: A corpus-based study", submitted to the European Journal of Developmental Psychology.</p>
Impact on energy and air quality of connected and autonomous vehicles in an urban context
<p>Despite numerous studies related to autonomous vehicles and connected vehicles (CAVs) and their impact on the economy or on traffic performance (eg, flow management, accidents), there are not many studies that relate these benefits to the environmental component. In this context, the objective of this work consisted in the integrated assessment of the impacts of CAVs on traffic performance, atmospheric emissions CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x, </sub>and air quality.</p> <p>To this end, a roundabout in the city of Aveiro was selected as a case study, and different scenarios were created: base scenario, considering the current typology of vehicles (conventional); scenario 2, considering defensive behavior CAVs; scenario 3, considering assertive behavior CAVs; and scenario 1, considering all types of vehicles mentioned above. To ensure a comprehensive analysis, all scenarios were evaluated for a period of 24 hours, corresponding to the period of the experimental campaign carried out, and a cascade of models was applied.</p> <p>First, the PTV VISSIM model was applied which allowed, configuring, calibrating and validating the network under study for an evaluation of the traffic performance. Second, the VSP model was applied to estimate atmospheric emissions, Finally, the CFD VADIS model was applied to air quality assessment.</p> <p>The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the introduction of CAVs, promotes longer travel times, especially during times of higher traffic, and an increase in emissions, mainly by the CAVs with defensive behavior. In terms of air quality, there were large differences in terms of NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, with the CAVs promoting a degradation of air quality, especially during peak traffic hours.</p>
Designing industry 4.0 implementation from the initial background and context of companies
<p>Industry 4.0 is a promising concept that allows industries to meet customers' demands with flexible and resilient processes, and highly personalised products. This concept is made up of different dimensions. For a long time, innovative digital technology has been thought of as the only dimension to succeed in digital transformation projects. Next, other dimensions have been identified such as organisation, strategy, and human resources as being key while rolling out digital technology in factories. From these findings, researchers have designed industry 4.0 theoretical models and then, built readiness models that allow for analysing the gap between the company initial situation and the theoretical model. Nevertheless, this purely deductive approach does not take into consideration a company's background and context, and eventually favours one single digital transformation model. This article aims at analysing four actual digital transformation projects and demonstrating that the digital transformation's success or failure depends on the combination of two variables related to a company's background and context. This research is based on a double approach: deductive and inductive. First, a literature review has been carried out to define industry 4.0 concept and its main dimensions and digital transformation success factors, as well as barriers, have been investigated. Second, a qualitative survey has been designed to study in-depth four actual industry digital transformation projects, their genesis as well as their execution, to analyse the key variables in succeeding or failing. 46 semi-structured interviews were carried out with projects' members. The interviews have been analysed with thematic content analysis. Then, each digital transformation project has been modelled regarding the key variables and analysed with regards to succeeding or failing. Investigated projects have consolidated the models of digital transformation. Finally, nine digital transformation models have been identified. Industry practitioners could design their digital transformation project organisation and strategy according to the right model.</p>
FIG. 4 in Sacrifice du cochon ou mise en relation? Du sang, des signes et des sons dans trois contextes rituels chez les Alangan, les Blaan et les Ibaloy des Philippines
FIG. 4. — Artus (un aîné) nettoie le cochon avec un bambou. Crédit photo: Frédéric Laugrand, 2012.
FIG. 8 in Sacrifice du cochon ou mise en relation? Du sang, des signes et des sons dans trois contextes rituels chez les Alangan, les Blaan et les Ibaloy des Philippines
FIG. 8. — La confrontation lors du datah sdè. Bolo-Bolo. Crédit photo: Antoine Laugrand, 2016.
FIG. 9 in Sacrifice du cochon ou mise en relation? Du sang, des signes et des sons dans trois contextes rituels chez les Alangan, les Blaan et les Ibaloy des Philippines
FIG. 9. — Les lieux du rituel du datah sdè. Bolo-Bolo. Crédit photo: Antoine Laugrand, 2016.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.