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Fig. 23 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 23. Daspletosaurus sp. (TMP 94.143.1). Left jugal in lateral (A), medial (B), and ventral (C) views.

Fig. 17 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 17. Graph comparing the logarithms of the length of the dentary tooth row (X−axis) versus the minimum height of the dentary, which is close to the middle of the tooth row (Y−axis). Minimum height was used rather than maximum height because it is less susceptible to distortion during the fossilization process as this is normally the thickest part of the dentary. The Albertosaurus clade includes Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus, whereas the Tyrannosaurus clade includes Daspletosaurus, Shanshanosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. The trendlines for both clades virtually coincide, showing that increased jaw depth is not characteristic of just Tyrannosaurus.

Fig. 8 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 8. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 81.10.1). Left postorbital in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 5 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 5. Comparison of maxillary tooth counts to size in tyrannosaurids. The X−axis is the length of the maxillary tooth row, and the Y−axis represents the number of maxillary teeth. Gorgosaurus (triangles) and Tarbosaurus (solid squares) show a slight tendency to increase the number of teeth with size, whereas Tyrannosaurus (diamonds) shows a slight tendency to decrease the number. Known specimens of Daspletosaurus show an even stronger tendency to increase maxillary tooth counts with increased size, but the genus is not included here because it is highly probable that the sample includes more than one species. None of these figures are significant enough to attribute any real meaning to them, but they falsify the hypothesis that there is a tendency for tooth reduction in tyrannosaurids (Carr 1999). Nanotyrannus (X) is well outside the range for known specimens of Tyrannosaurus.

Fig. 1 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of an immature Gorgosaurus libratus, based TMP 91.36.500, a complete skeleton (5.1 m long) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada.

Fig. 10 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 10. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 81.10.1). Left quadrate in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 3 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 3. Tyrannosaurid maxillae demonstrating the positions and sizes of the maxillary fenestrae. Contours show right maxillae in lateral view. Lengths of maxillary tooth rows included in brackets where known. A. Gorgosaurus libratus, juvenile (302 mm), TMP 91.36.500. B. Gorgosaurus libratus, adult (460mm), NMC 2120. C. Albertosaurus, juvenile (335 mm), TMP 86.64.1. D. Mature (530mm) Daspletosaurus torosus, NMC 8506. E. Juvenile (180 mm), probably Tarbosaurus bataar, IVPP V4878. F. Young Tarbosaurus bataar, GIN 100/777. G. Adult Tarbosaurus bataar, GIN 100/65. H. Adult (600 mm) Tyrannosaurus rex, LACM 23844.

Fig. 16 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 16. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 81.10.1). Left prearticular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 6 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 6. Albertosaurus sarcophagus (TMP 81.10.1). Left maxilla and jugal in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 2 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 2. Gorgosaurus libratus (TMP 91.36.500). Specimen drawing of skull in lateral (A), palatal (B), and dorsal (C) views.

Fig. 20 in Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada

Fig. 20. Daspletosaurus sp. (TMP 94.143.1). Frontals in dorsal (A), medial (B, left frontal only), and ventral (B) views.

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Figure 8. Ultra high resolution X in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 8. Ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography (uhrCT) slices of USNM 530208. Slices portrayed were taken in the coronal plane at the levels indicated with horizontal lines on the ventral view of USNM 530208. In the slices ventral is towards the top of the image. The uhrCT data set comprises 361 slices collected moving rostrally (i.e. slice no. 1 is at the caudal extent of the cranium). (A) slice no. 319; the white arrow indicates the opening to the alisphenoid canal. (B) slice no. 279; the white arrow indicates the foramen ovale. (C) slice no. 188; the white arrow indicates the foramen for the ramus superior of the stapedial artery. (D) slice no. 170; the white arrow indicates the facial canal at its opening into the tympanic cavity (= facial foramen). (E) slice no. 145; the white arrow indicates the separation between the medial petrosal and the basisphenoid tympanic process; the dashed arrow points to the gap between the petrosal and squamosal elements on the side of the neurocranium. Note also the extensive pneumatization of the petrosal.

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Figure 10 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 10. Caudal portion of USNM 530208. In this image the specimen has been tipped rostrally out of a strictly ventral position to allow clear visualization of structures on the rostral wall of the tympanic cavity: (A) enlarged view of the right tympanic cavity of USNM 530208; (B) caudal portion of USNM 530208. The white arrows indicate the suture between the alisphenoid and the epitympanic wing of the sphenoid and the petrosal on the tympanic roof. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.

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Figure 2 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 2. Photographs of Labidolemur kayi, UM 41869. (A) right maxilla and dentary in lateral view. (B) left zygomatic in medial (internal) view. (C) fragment of right and left alisphenoids in ventral view. (D) fragment of the right petrosal in ventral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in Cranial anatomy of tadpoles of five species of Scinax (Hylidae, Hylinae)

FIGURE 1. Measurements taken on (A) dorsal view of the chondrocranium and (B) ventral view of the lower jaw cartilages (only right half is shown). References: a, total length of the chondrocranium; b, maximum width of the chondrocranium; c, length of the cornu trabeculae; d, length of the free portion of the cornu trabeculae; e, width of the free portion of the cornu trabeculae; f, length of the processus articularis; g, width of the processus articularis; h, length of the capsula auditiva; i, length of the cartilago infrarostralis; j, width of the cartilago infrarostralis; k, length of the cartilago meckeli; l, width of the cartilago meckeli.

Figure 38 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 38. NHMUK RU A100 (BMNH A100). Unnamed heterodontosaur remains based on a partial skull that was originally referred to the genus Lycorhinus by Thulborn (1970b) – composite image manipulated to create the effect of a partial anterior skull viewed from left side. A, left premaxilla in medial view (reversed). B, left maxilla in lateral view. C, maxillary dentition in medial view (reversed). D, left dentary in medial view (reversed). Illustrations derived from Charig & Crompton (1974: figs 4–7).

Figure 21 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 21. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). A, the right maxillary dentition (M.2–M.12) in lateral view (see Fig. 22 for details of M.1–M.4); B, occlusal plan view of crowns M.8–M.11 to demonstrate the minor imbrication between adjacent crowns.

Figure 14 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 14. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. Attempted reconstruction of the skull in occipital view. The post-temporal fenestra (pof) appears to be reduced to a narrow channel that enters the body of the neurocranium between the parietal, supraoccipital and (perhaps the squamosal more posteriorly). The smaller, but discrete vascular opening on the paroccipital wing is assumed to have served for passage of parts of the cranial vascular system (Romer, 1956). The indented regions (?pn) on the lower lateral corner of the paroccipital wing, and the other on the rear surface of the quadrate shaft, medial to the quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen, hint at the presence of cranial pneumatism (Witmer, 1997). For full list of abbreviations see end of paper.

Figure 37. A in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 37. A, Geranosaurus atavus Broom, 1911. SAM- PK-1871 (holotype). Upper image: dorsal view of the fragmentary (and subsequently damaged) remains of the anterior part of the dentaries and predentary; lower image, the extremely fragmentary right maxilla (with traces of the premaxilla), showing the broken crowns and roots of cheek teeth of a heterodontosaurid from Eastern Cape Province. Matrix on dentary block signified using irregular tone. B, Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton, 1924. SAM-PK-3606 (holotype). Partial left dentary, based on the original illustration by Haughton (re-drawn by Hopson, 1975: fig. 1a). The specimen can no longer be found (apart from the dentary crown) and is now represented only by a moulded impression of the original. C, L. angustidens Haughton, 1924. Lateral view of the left dentary dentition (from Hopson, 1975: fig. 1B) retrieved from an impression of the dentition left on the sandstone matrix preserved with the original specimen.

Figure 2 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 2. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). A, left lateral view drawn from slightly ventrolateral perspective. B, annotated outline drawing of the same (even grey tone represents matrix and/or plaster infill). See also Appendix 3. Abbreviations: af, internal mandibular adductor fossa; An, angular; Ar, articular; aof, antorbital fossa; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bsf, basisphenoid flange; bst, basisphenoid tuber; Co, coronoid; D, dentary; fm, foramen magnum (internal wall of right side) imf, internal mandibular fenestra; lbpt, left basipterygoid process; Ls, laterosphenoid; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; nf, narial fossa; Os, orbitosphenoid; ovc, occipital vascular canal; Pa, parietal; Part, prearticular; Pd, predentary; pocc, paroccipital; Pro/Op, proötic-opisthotic; Prs –?presphenoid; Psp, parasphenoid; Pt, pterygoid (right); ptf, pterygoid flange; ptmr, pterygoid medial ridge; Q, quadrate; qf, quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen; Qj, quadratojugal; qpt, quadrate wing of the pterygoid; rbpta, right basipterygoid articular facet; S, supraoccipital; Sp, splenial; Sq, squamosal (broken fragment); V, trigeminal fossa (cranial nerve 5).