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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Bacillus species are core microbiota of resistant maize varieties that induce host metabolic defense against corn stalk rot
<p>Codes for the paper "Bacillus species are core microbiota of resistant maize varieties that induce host metabolic defense against corn stalk rot".</p>
Data from: Phylogeny and Reclassification of Limacodidae Worldwide, with Emphasis on the Ontogeny of Larval Defenses (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea)
<p>Limacodidae (Zygaenoidea), a mostly pantropical family of 1800+ species, are known for their sluglike caterpillars, which have suckers rather than typical larval prolegs. Larvae with venomous spines above (nettles) predominate, although those with a smooth habitus above (gelatines) appear more sluglike. Previous phylogenies of Limacodidae were of limited geographic scope or focused on a single genus or a group of related genera. Thus, a comprehensive global study of relationships in the family is lacking. The phylogeny proposed herein includes 95 genera and 125 species in Limacodidae (stat. nov.), 14 species in related zygaenoid families, and six outgroup species (in five different families outside Zygaenoidea), doubling the number of genera and almost tripling the number of limacodid species of previous studies. In generating the phylogeny of Limacodidae, we also combine molecular data with morphological characters of adults and juveniles for the first time for more than a few exemplar species in broader studies. Results are based on one mitochondrial and six nuclear genes, totaling 5153 base pairs, and 122 morphological characters (5275 characters in total). Our trees support the monophyly of Zygaenoidea and suggest a new subfamily arrangement of a monophyletic Limacodidae: Crothaeminae (stat. rev.), Dalcerinae (stat. nov.), Chrysopolominae, and Limacodinae (stat. nov.). <span>Two previously recognized subfamilies </span><span>in </span><span>Dalceridae and Chrysopolomidae, each, are relegated to tribes, and two tribes are recognized in Limacodinae. </span></p> <p>Synapomorphies of all life-stage characters are presented for Limacodidae and other family groups of Zygaenoidea. The topology of our phylogenetic tree is congruent with many features of larval evolution. With new larval ontogenetic information, we present a hypothesis of the influence of ontogeny on spine evolution and how other modifications may have played a significant role in Limacodidae diversification through various defensive strategies.</p>
Fast Attack Graph Defense Localization via Bisimulation
<p>The submission will include the following artifacts:</p> <ul> <li>Paper: Fast Attack Graph Defense Localization via Bisimulation</li> <li>Datasets I-IV: hodlings security findings which used to generate attack graphs</li> <li>Evaluation script: used to create the tables and figure in the evaluation section from Results.csv</li> <li>Results and Figures: data analysis and visualization presented in the evaluation section<br><br></li> </ul>
State Defense Strategy in Realizing Sustainable Tourism in Sleman Regency
<p>This material has presented on 2nd International Conference on Advance Research in Social and Economic Science in October 25, 2023.</p>
VirMAD - Interpretable Machine Learning for Bacterial Defense and Viral Antidefense Pair Inference
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Variation in defensive spines across juvenile instars of Daphnia magna
<p>This is the data set and R-script of the corresponding publication.</p>
Fig. 2 in Molecular cloning of the trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretion of the Madagascan Tomato Frog, Dyscophus guineti (Microhylidae), and insights into its potential defensive role
Fig. 2 Reverse phase HPLC chromatogram of the skin secretion from Dyscophus guineti (a). For the fraction in (a) marked with an arrow, a clear inhibition of trypsin activity was observed (b)
Data from: Only helpful when required: a longevity cost of harbouring defensive symbionts
Maternally transmitted symbionts can spread in host populations if they provide a fitness benefit to their hosts. Hamiltonella defensa, a bacterial endosymbiont of aphids, protects hosts against parasitoids but only occurs at moderate frequencies in most aphid populations. This suggests that harbouring this symbiont is also associated with costs, yet the nature of these costs has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate an important and clearly defined cost: reduced longevity. Experimental infections with six different isolates of H. defensa caused strongly reduced lifespans in two different clones of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, resulting in a significantly lower lifetime reproduction. However, the two aphid clones were unequally affected by the presence of H. defensa, and the magnitude of the longevity cost was further determined by genotype × genotype interactions between host and symbiont, which has important consequences for their coevolution.
Predator defense is shaped by risk, brood value and social group benefits in a cooperative breeder
<p><span>Predation is a major cause of mortality and nest failure in birds. Cooperative predator defense can enhance nest success and adult survival, but since it is inherently risky, dynamic risk assessment theory predicts that individuals modify defense behavior according to risk posed by the predator. Parental investment theory on the other hand predicts that reproductive payoffs (brood value) determine investment in nest defense. We propose that in cooperative breeders, fitness benefits deriving from survival of other group members may additionally influence defense behavior (social group benefits theory). We tested predictions of these theories in the cooperatively breeding purple-crowned fairy-wren, <i>Malurus coronatus</i>, where brood value is higher for breeders, but social group benefits more important for helpers. We recorded experimentally-induced individual defense behaviors in response to predator models presented near nests, representing differing levels of threat to nests and adults. As predicted, (i) individuals engaged in less risky defenses when encountering a more dangerous predator (dynamic risk assessment theory); (ii) individuals defended older broods more often, and breeders defended more than helpers (parental investment theory); and (iii) helpers were more likely to respond to a predator of adults (social group benefits theory). Our findings highlight that predator defense in cooperative breeders is complex, shaped by the combination of immediate risk and multiple benefits.</span></p>
Data from: Larval environment alters amphibian immune defenses differentially across life stages and populations
Recent global declines, extirpations and extinctions of wildlife caused by newly emergent diseases highlight the need to improve our knowledge of common environmental factors that affect the strength of immune defense traits. To achieve this goal, we examined the influence of acidification and shading of the larval environment on amphibian skin-associated innate immune defense traits, pre and post-metamorphosis, across two populations of American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), a species known for its wide-ranging environmental tolerance and introduced global distribution. We assessed treatment effects on 1) skin-associated microbial communities and 2) post-metamorphic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production and 3) AMP bioactivity against the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While habitat acidification did not affect survival, time to metamorphosis or juvenile mass, we found that a change in average pH from 7 to 6 caused a significant shift in the larval skin microbial community, an effect which disappeared after metamorphosis. Additionally, we found shifts in skin-associated microbial communities across life stages suggesting they are affected by the physiological or ecological changes associated with amphibian metamorphosis. Moreover, we found that post-metamorphic AMP production and bioactivity were significantly affected by the interactions between pH and shade treatments and interactive effects differed across populations. In contrast, there were no significant interactions between treatments on post-metamorphic microbial community structure suggesting that variation in AMPs did not affect microbial community structure within our study. Our findings indicate that commonly encountered variation in the larval environment (i.e. pond pH and degree of shading) can have both immediate and long-term effects on the amphibian innate immune defense traits. Our work suggests that the susceptibility of amphibians to emerging diseases could be related to variability in the larval environment and calls for research into the relative influence of potentially less benign anthropogenic environmental changes on innate immune defense traits.
Data from: Plant defenses against ants provide a pathway to social parasitism in butterflies
Understanding the chemical cues and gene expressions that mediate herbivore–host-plant and parasite–host interactions can elucidate the ecological costs and benefits accruing to different partners in tight-knit community modules, and may reveal unexpected complexities. We investigated the exploitation of sequential hosts by the phytophagous–predaceous butterfly Maculinea arion, whose larvae initially feed on Origanum vulgare flowerheads before switching to parasitize Myrmica ant colonies for their main period of growth. Gravid female butterflies were attracted to Origanum plants that emitted high levels of the monoterpenoid volatile carvacrol, a condition that occurred when ants disturbed their roots: we also found that Origanum expressed four genes involved in monoterpene formation when ants were present, accompanied by a significant induction of jasmonates. When exposed to carvacrol, Myrmica workers upregulated five genes whose products bind and detoxify this biocide, and their colonies were more tolerant of it than other common ant genera, consistent with an observed ability to occupy the competitor-free spaces surrounding Origanum. A cost is potential colony destruction by Ma. arion, which in turn may benefit infested Origanum plants by relieving their roots of further damage. Our results suggest a new pathway, whereby social parasites can detect successive resources by employing plant volatiles to simultaneously select their initial plant food and a suitable sequential host.
Figure 3 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 3. Relationship between body size (SVL) and tail state (1 = intact tail; 0 = autotomised tail) of males and females of Coleodactylus meridionalis. The line is the relationship among variables as predicted by a Generalised Linear Model.
Figure 2 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 2. Series of defence behaviours of Coleodactylus meridionalis, in which individuals jump (arrows) and project their body laterally in an alternated way and in opposed direction to the stimulus (hands).
Figure 1 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 1. Frequency of behaviours displayed by Coleodactylus meridionalis in an Atlantic Rain Forest fragment, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil (n = 253).
FIGURE 3 in Description of pleural defensive organs in three species of firefly larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)
FIGURE 3. Vesicle and disc structures in the pleural organs of (a–c) Lampyris noctiluca, (d–e) Luciola cruciata and (f–h) Nyctophila sp. a and b were visualised using epifluorescent microscopy and c–h using Hoffman illumination. b= brushlike body; d=disc; g=globular body; p=putative pores; w=pit wall. All scale bars are 5 m.
FIGURE 2 in Description of pleural defensive organs in three species of firefly larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)
FIGURE 2. Position and structure of the Lampyris noctiluca pleural organs. (a) Pleural organ indicated by the black arrows in relation to the spiracles indicated with white arrows (b) section of larval abdomen showing uneverted organ structure indicated by arrow. Scale bar = 100 µm (c) diagrammatic transverse section of an abdominal segment from Lampyris noctiluca larva, showing pleural organs (PO) retracted (left) and everted (right) in relation to the sternite (S), pleurite (P) and tergite (T). The inner circle shows a magnified schematic representation of a pleural organ and the numerous vesicle (V) and disc (D) structures that are contained therein.
FIGURE 1 in Description of pleural defensive organs in three species of firefly larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)
FIGURE 1. Locations of pleural organs in lateral habitus of lampyrid larvae, (a) Luciola cruciata and (b) Lampyris noctiluca. A magnified view of two abdominal segments from Luciola cruciata is shown in a circle illustrating the position of the pleural organ (PO) in relation to the gills (G). The location of one pleural organ (PO) is indicated in Lampyris noctiluca.
Growth-defense tradeoffs shape the genetic composition of aspen forests
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>All organisms experience fundamental conflicts between divergent metabolic processes. In plants, a pivotal conflict occurs between allocation to growth, which accelerates resource acquisition, and to defense, which protects existing tissue against herbivory. Tradeoffs between growth and defense traits are not universally observed, and a fundamental prediction of plant evolutionary ecology is that context-dependence of these tradeoffs contributes to the maintenance of intraspecific variation in defense. This prediction has rarely been tested, however, and the evolutionary consequences of growth-defense tradeoffs in different environments are poorly understood. Here we show that intraspecific trait tradeoffs interact with competitive environment to drive natural selection of tree genotypes corresponding to their growth-defense phenotypes. Our results show for the first time that a functional trait tradeoff, when coupled with environmental variation, causes real-time divergence in the genetic architecture of forest stands. Specifically, competitive selection for faster growth resulted in dominance by fast-growing tree genotypes that were poorly defended against natural enemies. This outcome is a signature example of eco-evolutionary dynamics: competitive interactions affected microevolutionary trajectories on a timescale relevant to subsequent ecological interactions. Eco-evolutionary drivers of tree growth and defense are thus critical to stand-level trait variation, which structures communities and ecosystems over expansive spatiotemporal scales.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Figure 6 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 6. Chromatograph of the defensive secretion of T. angulata adults. The numbers in the chromatogram refer to the number of the chemicals in Table 3.
Figure 5. T in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 5. T. angulata, (a) larva (in the circle) among F. polyctena ants; (b, c) adults feeding on ant larvae; (d) adult (in the circle) among F. polyctena ants. Photo: Zagaja, M.
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