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opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Evolutionary and morphological patterns underlying carnivoran body shape diversity

<p>The diversity of body shapes is one of the most prominent features of phenotypic variation in vertebrates. Biologists, however, still lack a full understanding of the underlying morphological components that contribute to its diversity, particularly in endothermic vertebrates such as mammals. In this study, I tested hypotheses pertaining to the evolution of the cranial and axial components that contribute to the diversity of carnivoran body shapes. I found three trends in the evolution of carnivoran body shapes: 1) carnivorans exhibit diverse body shapes with intrafamilial variation predicted best by family clade age, 2) body shape is driven by strong allometric effects of body size where species become more elongate with decreasing size, and 3) the thoracic and lumbar regions and rib length contribute the most to body shape variation, albeit pathways differ between different families. These results reveal the morphological patterns that led to increased diversity in carnivoran body shapes and provide elucidate the similarities and dissimilarities that govern body shape diversity across vertebrates.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Toward synthesizing our knowledge of morphology: using ontologies and machine reasoning to extract presence/absence evolutionary phenotypes across studies

The reality of larger and larger molecular databases and the need to integrate data scalably have presented a major challenge for the use of phenotypic data. Morphology is currently primarily described in discrete publications, entrenched in noncomputer readable text, and requires enormous investments of time and resources to integrate across large numbers of taxa and studies. Here we present a new methodology, using ontology-based reasoning systems working with the Phenoscape Knowledgebase (KB; kb.phenoscape.org), to automatically integrate large amounts of evolutionary character state descriptions into a synthetic character matrix of neomorphic (presence/absence) data. Using the KB, which includes more than 55 studies of sarcopterygian taxa, we generated a synthetic supermatrix of 639 variable characters scored for 1051 taxa, resulting in over 145,000 populated cells. Of these characters, over 76% were made variable through the addition of inferred presence/absence states derived by machine reasoning over the formal semantics of the source ontologies. Inferred data reduced the missing data in the variable character-subset from 98.5% to 78.2%. Machine reasoning also enables the isolation of conflicts in the data, that is, cells where both presence and absence are indicated; reports regarding conflicting data provenance can be generated automatically. Further, reasoning enables quantification and new visualizations of the data, here for example, allowing identification of character space that has been undersampled across the fin-to-limb transition. The approach and methods demonstrated here to compute synthetic presence/absence supermatrices are applicable to any taxonomic and phenotypic slice across the tree of life, providing the data are semantically annotated. Because such data can also be linked to model organism genetics through computational scoring of phenotypic similarity, they open a rich set of future research questions into phenotype-to-genome relationships.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Rate of evolutionary change in cranial morphology of the marsupial genus Monodelphis is constrained by the availability of additive genetic variation

We tested the hypothesis that the rate of marsupial cranial evolution is dependent on the distribution of genetic variation in multivariate space. To do so, we carried out a genetic analysis of cranial morphological variation in laboratory strains of Monodelphis domestica and used estimates of genetic covariation to analyze the morphological diversification of the Monodelphis brevicaudata species group. We found that within-species genetic variation is concentrated in only a few axes of the morphospace and that this strong genetic covariation influenced the rate of morphological diversification of the brevicaudata group, with between-species divergence occurring fastest when occurring along the genetic line of least resistance. Accounting for the geometric distribution of genetic variation also increased our ability to detect the selective regimen underlying species diversification, with several instances of selection only being detected when genetic covariances were taken into account. Therefore, this work directly links patterns of genetic covariation among traits to macroevolutionary patterns of morphological divergence. Our findings also suggest that the limited distribution of Monodelphis species in morphospace is the result of a complex interplay between the limited dimensionality of available genetic variation and strong stabilizing selection along two major axes of genetic variation.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Early evolutionary differentiation of morphological variation in the mandible of South American caviomorph rodents (Rodentia, Caviomorpha)

Caviomorphs are a clade of South American rodents recorded at least since the early Oligocene (>31.5 Ma) that exhibit ample eco-morphological variation. It has been proposed that phylogenetic structure is more important than ecological factors for understanding mandibular shape variation in this clade. This was interpreted as a result of the long-standing evolutionary history of caviomorphs and the early divergence of major lineages. In this work we test this hypothesis through analysis of morphological variation in the mandible of living and extinct species, and compare this information with that obtained through comparative phylogenetic analyses. Our results support the hypothesis of early origin of mandibular variation; moreover, they suggest conservation of early differentiated morphologies, which could indicate the existence of constrained evolutionary diversification.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2011View details →

Fig. 3 in Morphology and evolutionary significance of the atlas-axis complex in varanopid synapsids

Fig. 3. Atlantal pleurocentrum and axial intercentrum of varanopids. A. The varanodontine Varanops brevirostris Campione and Reisz, 2010, Vale Formation, Clear Fork Group, Lower Permian, Mud Hill locality, Taylor County, Texas, TMM 43628−1, in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), and right lateral (A3) views. B. An undescribed mycterosaurine, Lower Permian, Richards Spur Locality, Comanche County, Oklahoma, OMNH 73500, in posterior (B1) and left lateral (B2) views.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2003View details →

Figure 5. Bootstrap 50 in Evolutionary systematics of the Indian mouse Mus famulus Bonhote, 1898: molecular (DNA/DNA hybridization and 12S rRNA sequences) and morphological evidence

Figure 5. Bootstrap 50% majority rule consensus tree from analysis of the morphological data. Bootstrap support values (100 heuristic bootstrap replicates, 10 addition replicates, random addition sequence) are shown above the branches.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2002View details →

Figure 2 in Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters

Figure 2. Strict consensus tree of 3446 equally parsimonious trees, for analysis I (all the characters unordered, undirected and unweighted; see Table 1). Data matrix is shown in Appendix I. Node numbers are those used in Appendix 4 where character changes at each node are listed.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Figure 12 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 12. Genus-level Bayesian inference phylogeny from matrix of Clark et al. (2002), showing arctometatarsus distribution within the Coelurosauria. Percentage posterior probabilities are shown at nodes. 'Arcto.' designates a complete arctometatarsus, while '(Arcto.)' indicates a variant of the morphology.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Figure 10 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 10. Results of thin-plate spline analysis. Icons (below) depict MT III specimens involved in each transformation. A, partial warp transformation of Tyrannosaurus rex to Troodon formosus MT III coordinates, overlying T. rex MT III from Fig. 1C. B, same transformation in A. Large arrows show high energy necessary to shift plantar constriction coordinates, mainly from lateral (T. rex) to medial (Tr. formosus). C, partial warp transformation of Tr. formosus to T. rex MT III coordinates. Large arrows show shift of plantar constriction coordinates mainly from medial (Tr. formosus) to lateral (T. rex). D, partial warp transformation of Tr. formosus to ornithomimid MT III coordinates. Identified arrows show shift of plantar constriction coordinates in the same directions as in C.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Figure 3 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 3. Morphological features of the third metatarsal (MT III) of tyrannosaurids. A, anterior view (bottom; scale bar = 10 cm) and proximal view (top), not to scale, of left Tyrannosaurus rex MT III. Note hooked cross section in proximal view, rugose striated scar for proximal articulation with MT II, proximal splint, and deep oblique ligament fossa. B, posterior view of left T. rex MT III. Distally, the metatarsal constricts to form a ridge, making the element triangular in this region. Note distal scars for ligamentous articulation with MT II and IV.

Figure 5 from: Hua B, Jiang L, Yue C (2014) Larval morphology of Panorpodes kuandianensis (Insecta, Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) and its evolutionary implications. ZooKeys 398: 69-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.398.6675

Figure 5 - Chaetotaxy of the larval trunk of Panorpodes kuandianensis. Abbreviations: CS = cervical sclerite, D = dorsal seta, L = lateral seta, M = mid-dorsal seta, MD = minute dorsal seta, MSD = minute subdorsal seta, MSV = minute subventral seta, MV = minute ventral seta, PP = proleg-like process, SD = subdorsal seta, Sp = spiracle, SV = subventral seta, V = ventral seta, XD = prothoracic seta.

Figure 4 from: Hua B, Jiang L, Yue C (2014) Larval morphology of Panorpodes kuandianensis (Insecta, Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) and its evolutionary implications. ZooKeys 398: 69-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.398.6675

Figure 4 - Thoracic leg, abdominal processes, spiracles and telson of the larva of Panorpodes kuandianensis. A Thoracic leg, inset shows magnification of the tarsus of thoracic leg B Proleg-like abdominal process C Prothoracic spiracle D Abdominal spiracle E Ventral view of abdominal segments II and III F Telson (ventral view). Abbreviations: AO = atrial orifice, Ap = aperture, Cx = coxa, Fm = femur, PP = proleg-like process, Tb = tibia, Ts = tarsus. Scale bars: (A) = 20 μm, (B) = 5 μm, (C) and (D) = 3 μm, (E) = 40 μm, (F) = 50 μm.

Figure 2 from: Hua B, Jiang L, Yue C (2014) Larval morphology of Panorpodes kuandianensis (Insecta, Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) and its evolutionary implications. ZooKeys 398: 69-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.398.6675

Figure 2 - Larval head of Panorpodes kuandianensis. A Ventral view B Dorsal view C Lateral view D Antenna (ventral view) E Sensilla on flagellum (dorsal view). Abbreviations: An = antenna, AT = anterior tentorial pit, Cl = clypeus, EB = egg burster, EC = ecdysial cleavage, Fl = flagellum, Lb = labium, Lm = labrum, Md = mandible, Mx = maxilla, Oc = occiput, Pe = pedicel, SB = sensillum basiconicum, Sc = scape, SP = sensillum placodeum. Scale bars: (A)−(C) = 50 μm, (D) = 20 μm, (E) = 5 μm.

Figure 3 from: Hua B, Jiang L, Yue C (2014) Larval morphology of Panorpodes kuandianensis (Insecta, Mecoptera, Panorpodidae) and its evolutionary implications. ZooKeys 398: 69-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.398.6675

Figure 3 - Larval mouthparts of Panorpodes kuandianensis. A Epipharyx, arrows show the inconspicuous sensilla basiconica B Maxilla (ventral view) C Maxilla (frontal view) D Labium. Abbreviations: Cas = cardo-stipes, Ep = epipharynx, Ga = galea, La = lacinia, Lb = labium, LP = labial palpus, Md = mandible, MP = maxillary palpus, Pf = palpifer, Pm = postmentum, Prm = prementum, SB = sensillum basiconicum, SC = sensillum campaniformium. Scale bars: (A), (C) and (D) = 10 μm, (B) = 20 μm.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Suetsugu K, Hirota SK, Nakato N, Suyama Y, Serizawa S (2022) Morphological, ecological, and molecular phylogenetic approaches reveal species boundaries and evolutionary history of Goodyera crassifolia (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) and its closely related taxa. PhytoKeys 212: 111-134. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.212.91536

Newly collected materials used for morphological, cytological and MIG-seq analysis

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Text-fig. 8. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Structure of seed extracted from seedbearing capsule. a, b: general morphology; c–e: detailed cellular structure. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 mm (a, b; same scale for both figures), 100 µm (c–e). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia

Text-fig. 8. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Structure of seed extracted from seedbearing capsule. a, b: general morphology; c–e: detailed cellular structure. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 mm (a, b; same scale for both figures), 100 µm (c–e).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Text-fig. 3. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: morphology of female cone; b: position of seed-bearing discs forming parastichous lines; c: seed scar structure. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia

Text-fig. 3. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: morphology of female cone; b: position of seed-bearing discs forming parastichous lines; c: seed scar structure. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c).