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Fig. 2 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 2. Paleogeographic map of Europe in the Early Cretaceous, about 125 mya. Marked are Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous localities that have yielded symmetrodontans" (red) and dryolestids (yellow). 1, Guimarota Coal Mine (Portugal), Kimmerdigian; 2, Porto Pinheiro (or Dinheiro) (Portugal), Jurassic/ Cretaceous boundary (Krusat 1989); 3, Uña (Spain), Barremian; 4, Galve (Spain), Hauterivian–Barremian; 5, Cherves-de-Cognac (France), Berriasian; 6, Purbeck Limestone Group (southern England), Berriasian–Valanginian; 7, Wealden Supergroup (southern England), Berriasian–Valanginian; 8, Balve Germany), Barremian–Aptian; 9, Langenberg Quarry (Germany), Kimmeridgian. Map by Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Phoenix, Arizona.

Fig. 9 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 9. Dryolestid mammal Beckumia sinemeckelia gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82301 (holotype) from Busche Quarry near Balve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Left mandible in dorsal (A1), linguoposterior (A2), lateral (A3, A4), and medial (A5, A6) views. Inset in A3 showing enlarged m3–m5 in distolabial view, inset in A5 showing m3 and m4 in lingual view.

Fig. 6 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 6. Dryolestid mammal Minutolestes submersus gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82306 (holotype) from Busche Quarry near Balve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Left upper molar in occlusal (stereopair, A1), dorsal (A2), lingual (A3), labial (A4), mesial (A5), and distal (A6) views.

Fig. 7 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 7. Dryolestid mammal Minutolestes submersus gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82304 from Busche Quarry near Balve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Left upper molar in occlusal (stereopair, A1), dorsal (A2), mesial (A3), labial (A4), distal (A5), and lingual (A6) views.

Fig. 5 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 5. Spalacotheriid mammal Cifellitherium suderlandicum gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82305 (holotype) from Busche Quarry near Balve, North RhineWestphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Right lower molar in occlusal (stereopair, A1), ventral (A2), lingual (A3), distal (A4), labial A5), and mesial (A6) views.

Fig. 4 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 4. Spalacotheriid mammal Cifellitherium suderlandicum gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82302 from Busche Quarry near Balve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Right upper molar in occlusal (stereopair, A1), lingual (A2), dorsal (A3), mesial (A4), labial (A5), distal (A6) views.

Fig. 3 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 3. Spalacotheriid mammal Cifellitherium suderlandicum gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82308 from Busche Quarry near Balve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Right upper molar in occlusal (stereopair, A1), dorsal (A2), mesial (A3), labial (A4), distal (A5), and lingual (A6) views.

Fig. 8 in First spalacotheriid and dryolestid mammals from the Cretaceous of Germany

Fig. 8. Dryolestid mammal Minutolestes submersus gen. et sp. nov., WMNM P82307 from Busche Quarry near Balve, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Barremian–Aptian (Lower Cretaceous). Left lower molar in occlusal (stereopair, A1). ventral (A2), labial (A3), mesial (A4), lingual (A5), and distal (A6) views. Enlarged inset of protoconid (stereo microscopic image under sided light) showing striations (arrows).

Fig. 3. Chondrostean fish Coccolepis bucklandi Agassiz, 1843 in Diversity of chondrostean fish Coccolepis from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Southern Germany

Fig. 3. Chondrostean fish Coccolepis bucklandi Agassiz, 1843 from the Tithonian, Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen Lagerstätte, Bavaria, Germany. A. JMESOS3445, the skull and anterior part of the body are preserved in ventral view. The specimen is twisted at the pelvic fins and the posterior part of the body is preserved in left lateral view (TL = 120 mm). B. JME-SOS3382 (photographed under UV-light), the body is preserved in right lateral view; the skull is slightly twisted and preserved in dorsolateral view (TL = 100 mm). Arrows point to preanal scutes. A, B, Photographs courtesy of Andreas Hecker (JME).

Fig. 2 in Diversity of chondrostean fish Coccolepis from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Southern Germany

Fig. 2. Holotype of the chondrostean fish Coccolepis bucklandi Agassiz, 1843 from the Tithonian, Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen Lagerstätte, Bavaria, Germany. A. MHNN-FOS 361 (TL ~ 75 mm), photograph taken under UV-light, courtesy of Thierry Malvesy (MHNN). Arrows point to fragmentary remains of the preanal scutes. B. Original illustration of Agassiz (1843: pl. 36: 6). Scan courtesy of Eric Hilton (Virginia Institut of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA).

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic setting. A in Diversity of chondrostean fish Coccolepis from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Southern Germany

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic setting. A. Palaeogeographic reconstruction showing the location of the main Upper Jurassic Plattenkalk Lagerstätten in central Europe. The Solnhofen Archipelago is represented with several stars, other Lagerstätten are indicated with dots and italicised names. Abbreviations: AM, Armorican Massif; Bm, Bohemian Massif; LBM, London-Brabant Massif; MC, Massif Central High; PB, Pompeckjsche Block. Redrawn from Viohl (2015: fig. 85). B. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Solnhofen Archipelago. Orange areas represent sponge/microbial reefs and blue areas represent the basinal facies. Redrawn from Kölbl-Ebert and Cooper (2019: fig. 2). C. Biostratigraphy with ammonite stratigraphic succession of the Lithacoceras riedense and Subplanites rueppellianus subzones of the Hybonoticeras hybonotum Zone (lower Tithonian, Upper Jurassic). Redrawn from Tischlinger and Schweigert (2020: fig. 8).

Fig. 5 in Diversity of chondrostean fish Coccolepis from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Southern Germany

Fig. 5. Distinct scutes and scales (indicated with the arrows) in the chondrostean fishes Coccolepis bucklandi Agassiz, 1843 (A), and Coccolepis solnhofensis sp. nov. (B, C) from the Tithonian, Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen Lagerstätte, Bavaria, Germany. A. MHNN-FOS 361 (holotype), fragments of preanal scutes (arrows). Photograph courtesy of Thierry Malvesy (MHNN). B. SNSB-BSPG 1904 I 19 (holotype), preanal scales arrows). C. SNSB-BSPG 1986 XV 112, predorsal scute (arrow).

Fig. 4 in Diversity of chondrostean fish Coccolepis from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Southern Germany

Fig. 4. Fringing fulcra in the chondrostean fishes Coccolepis bucklandi Agassiz, 1843 (A), and Coccolepis solnhofensis sp. nov. (B) from the Tithonian, Upper Jurassic of the Solnhofen Lagerstätte, Bavaria, Germany. A. JME-SOS3445, pelvic fins and preanal scutes (A1). Arrows point to the preserved fringing fulcra; asterisks signal the three preanal scutes. Detail of the ventral margin of the caudal fin (A2). B. SNSB-BSPG AS I 1328, detail of the ventral margin of the caudal fin. Photograph taken under UV-light, courtesy of Helmut Tischlinger (Stammham, Germany).

Fig. 11 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 11. Caudal fin fragment of an unidentified pachycormid fish (GPIT/ OS/1301) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany.

Fig. 8 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 8. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (GPIT/ OS/00836) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Overview of abdominal region (A1). Ribs with swellings interpreted as showing callus development (indicated by arrows) (A2). Small teleosteans in gastrointestinal cavity, with certain identifiable elements outlined to increase contrast (A3). Abbreviations. lj, prey mandible; op, prey opercle; pec, Hypsocormus pectoral lepidotrichia; pel, Hypsocormus pelvic plate; pop, prey preopercle; sk1+2, prey skulls.

Fig. 6 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 6. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (GPIT/OS/00836) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Unpaired fins: dorsal (A1), anal (A2), caudal (A3), arrows indicate L-shaped scales of the scaly caudal apparatus. Magnified view of scales of scaly caudal apparatus A4). Caudal fin endoskeleton (photograph A5, explanatory drawing A6). Caudal fin, dorsal lobe, fringing fulcra (A7), arrows indicate the distal tips of the procurrent rays. Abbreviations: da, neural arches; ep, "epural"; hyp, hypural plate; pu2, 3, preural haemal arches; sc, scute; un4, "uroneural" 4.

Fig. 5. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 5. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 from the Late Jurassic of Germany. A. Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (GPIT/OS/00836) from the Kimmeridgian of Nusplingen. Skull preserved in right lateral view, photograph (A1), explanatory drawing (A2). Braincase in lateral view, photograph (A3), explanatory drawing (A4). Anterior skull in ventrolateral view showing the maxillary dentition and the absence of strong tubercular ornamentation on the lateral surface of the maxilla (A5). Posterior dentary teeth, white arrows indicate posterior two tooth positions showing twinning of tooth germ, black arrows indicate small teeth external to main dentary tooth row (A6). Temporal boss in lateral view (A7). B. Hypsocormus insignis Wagner, 1860) (holotype SNSB-BSPG AS VI 4a), dentition in lingual view showing apicobasal ridges (anterior to the left). Abbreviations: an, angular; bo, basi-exoccipital; cl, cleithrum; de, dentary; dpcl, dorsal postcleithrum; dpl, dermopalatine; ecp, ectopterygoid; enp, entopterygoid; fica, foramen for the internal carotid artery; ex,?extrascapular; f.VII?, foramina potentially transmitting the facial nerve; fstIX, foramen for the supratemporal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve; fsX, foramen for a subsidiary branch of the vagus nerve; hyo, hyomandibula; ic, intercalar; jg, jugular groove; mx, maxilla; oca, occipital arch; oo, opisthotic; op, opercle; op.hyo, opercular process of the hyomandibula; ps, parasphenoid; pt, posttemporal; sc, sensory canal; scl, supracleithrum; sco, scapulocoracoid; vf, vestibular fontanelle; vpcl, ventral postcleithrum; X, formen for the vagus nerve.

Fig. 4. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 4. Pachycormid fish Hypsocormus Wagner, 1863 from the Late Jurassic of Germany. A. Hypsocormus insignis (Wagner, 1860) (holotype SNSB-BSPG AS VI 4a, mirrored), Bavaria, Germany. B. Hypsocormus posterodorsalis sp. nov. (holotype GPIT/OS/00836), Nusplingen, Germany. Arrows indicate anterior insertion of median fins.

Fig. 10 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 10. Pachycormid fish Orthocormus sp. (GPIT/OS/1302) from the Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) of Nusplingen, Germany. Braincase in lateral view (photograph A1, explanatory drawing A2). Anterior dentary and inflated coronoid (A3), arrows indicate the "di- astema" formed by tiny teeth along the lateral margin of the dentary, found only in the region lateral to the coronoids. Anterior pectoral fin lepidotrichia in ventral (A4) and dorsal (A5) views; lepidotrichia are numbered anterior to posterior; the white arrows indicate the first point of fusion between fin rays 1 and 2, the black arrows indicate the suture between the two rays. Rostrodermethmoid in anterolateral view (A6), arrow indicates the notch separating the edentulous rostrum from the portion of the bone forming the oral margin. Abbreviations: bo, basi-exoccipital; hy, hyomandibula; ic, intercalar; oo, opisthotic; op.hy, opercular process of the hyomandibula; ps, parasphenoid; spo, sphenotic; x, vagus foramen.

Fig. 13 in Re-evaluation of pachycormid fishes from the Late Jurassic of Southwestern Germany

Fig. 13. Variation in relative scale size in Pachycormidae from the Late Jurassic of Germany. A. Simocormus macrolepidotus gen. et sp. nov. (SNSB-JME SOS 3574), "large" scales. B. Sauropsis longimanus Agassiz, 1833 (SNSBBSPG AS VII 1089), "small" scales. C. Orthocormus cornutus? (SNSBJME 2181), "very small" scales. White arrows frame five axial segments; black arrows frame five vertical scale rows. Anterior is to the left.