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Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c).

Text-fig. 3. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., holotype GIN 4851/343h, morphology of sori. a: part of fertile pinnule; b: one practically complete sorus located on the terminal part of a lateral vein; c: sorus with four visible sporangia; d: partly damaged sorus with three visible sporangia; e: two neighbouring sori. Locality: the borehole IK-675, depth 961.7 m. Scale 1 mm (a, b, e), 500 Μm (c), 100 Μm (d). in A New Species Of The Genus Tumidopteris Naugolnykh From The Permian Of The Pechora Cis-Urals, Russia

Text-fig. 3. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., holotype GIN 4851/343h, morphology of sori. a: part of fertile pinnule; b: one practically complete sorus located on the terminal part of a lateral vein; c: sorus with four visible sporangia; d: partly damaged sorus with three visible sporangia; e: two neighbouring sori. Locality: the borehole IK-675, depth 961.7 m. Scale 1 mm (a, b, e), 500 Μm (c), 100 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 2. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., macromorphology. a, c: sterile pinna, spec. GIN 4851/340; b, d: holotype GIN 4851/343h; e: sterile pinna, spec. GIN 4851/344. Localities: the city of Vorkuta, Section 49, layer 254 (a, c), the borehole IK-675, depth 961.7 m (b, d), the borehole IK-677, depth 147.8 m (e). Scale 1 cm (a, b, c, e), 1 mm (d). in A New Species Of The Genus Tumidopteris Naugolnykh From The Permian Of The Pechora Cis-Urals, Russia

Text-fig. 2. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., macromorphology. a, c: sterile pinna, spec. GIN 4851/340; b, d: holotype GIN 4851/343h; e: sterile pinna, spec. GIN 4851/344. Localities: the city of Vorkuta, Section 49, layer 254 (a, c), the borehole IK-675, depth 961.7 m (b, d), the borehole IK-677, depth 147.8 m (e). Scale 1 cm (a, b, c, e), 1 mm (d).

Text-fig. 5. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., holotype GIN 4851/343h, morphology of sori. a, b: line tracing of the sorus; c: an isolated spore preserved on the sporangium. Scale 500 Μm (a, b), 20 Μm (c). in A New Species Of The Genus Tumidopteris Naugolnykh From The Permian Of The Pechora Cis-Urals, Russia

Text-fig. 5. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., holotype GIN 4851/343h, morphology of sori. a, b: line tracing of the sorus; c: an isolated spore preserved on the sporangium. Scale 500 Μm (a, b), 20 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 4. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., holotype GIN 4851/343h, morphology of sori (a, b, c), epidermal structure (e) and the sterile pinna (d; spec. 4851/344). a: partly damaged sorus; b: partly damaged sorus with six sporangia; c: two neighboring sori; d: part of the sterile pinna; e: costal epiderma. Scale 500 Μm (a, b, c), 1 cm (d), 200 Μm (e). in A New Species Of The Genus Tumidopteris Naugolnykh From The Permian Of The Pechora Cis-Urals, Russia

Text-fig. 4. Tumidopteris astra sp. nov., holotype GIN 4851/343h, morphology of sori (a, b, c), epidermal structure (e) and the sterile pinna (d; spec. 4851/344). a: partly damaged sorus; b: partly damaged sorus with six sporangia; c: two neighboring sori; d: part of the sterile pinna; e: costal epiderma. Scale 500 Μm (a, b, c), 1 cm (d), 200 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 53. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Nicholsia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a coprolite containing several kinds of pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Detail of the coprolite that yielded the tricolpate pollen in this Text-figure showing several different kinds of pollen grains; b–d) Tricolpate pollen grains in polar (b) and equatorial (c, d) views showing colpi, coarsely granular aperture membrane and foveolate tectum. Specimen, TV44-S137906-03 (holotype; a–d). Scale bars 30 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 53. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Nicholsia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a coprolite containing several kinds of pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Detail of the coprolite that yielded the tricolpate pollen in this Text-figure showing several different kinds of pollen grains; b–d) Tricolpate pollen grains in polar (b) and equatorial (c, d) views showing colpi, coarsely granular aperture membrane and foveolate tectum. Specimen, TV44-S137906-03 (holotype; a–d). Scale bars 30 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d).

Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i).

Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Teebacia hughesii gen. et sp. nov. pollen from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (d, e); b) Detail of detached reticulum showing inner surface of muri and scattered columellae; note the finely granular covering of the muri and columellae; c, d) Detail of reticulum showing the outer surface of muri with supratectal ornamentation of narrow ridges; note orbicules attached to the reticulum (d); e, f) Pollen grains showing loose, beaded, reticulum with long columellae; note continuous muri bordering the apertures and densely spaced minute orbicules lining the inner surface of the anther wall (e, arrowheads). Specimens, TV44-S136666 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S149207 (b, c, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (e, f), 3 Μm (b), 1.5 Μm (c), 1.2 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Teebacia hughesii gen. et sp. nov. pollen from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (d, e); b) Detail of detached reticulum showing inner surface of muri and scattered columellae; note the finely granular covering of the muri and columellae; c, d) Detail of reticulum showing the outer surface of muri with supratectal ornamentation of narrow ridges; note orbicules attached to the reticulum (d); e, f) Pollen grains showing loose, beaded, reticulum with long columellae; note continuous muri bordering the apertures and densely spaced minute orbicules lining the inner surface of the anther wall (e, arrowheads). Specimens, TV44-S136666 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S149207 (b, c, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (e, f), 3 Μm (b), 1.5 Μm (c), 1.2 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h).

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis simplex gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains in distal (b), proximal (c) and lateral views (d) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the large angular lumina, smooth muri and short, sparsely scattered, columellae; note also that main body of pollen grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum; e) Reticulum showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short, sparsely scattered, columellae. Specimen, TV44-S136755 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis simplex gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains in distal (b), proximal (c) and lateral views (d) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the large angular lumina, smooth muri and short, sparsely scattered, columellae; note also that main body of pollen grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum; e) Reticulum showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short, sparsely scattered, columellae. Specimen, TV44-S136755 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae

Text-fig. 36. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of flower of Eckhartianthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; oblique lateral view of hypogynous flower showing perianth surrounding the stamens and protruding gynoecium; b–d) Pollen from the flower in (a) showing single distal aperture and reticulate exine with thick muri, small lumina and short, densely spaced columellae; e) Reticulum showing thick, smooth muri supported by numerous short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer. Specimen, TV39-S101306 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 36. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of flower of Eckhartianthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; oblique lateral view of hypogynous flower showing perianth surrounding the stamens and protruding gynoecium; b–d) Pollen from the flower in (a) showing single distal aperture and reticulate exine with thick muri, small lumina and short, densely spaced columellae; e) Reticulum showing thick, smooth muri supported by numerous short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer. Specimen, TV39-S101306 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia brevicolumella gen. et sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther partially split along the elongated sporangia; b) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther; c) Holotype; distal view of pollen grain from holotype showing the long colpus with a distinct margin and a heterobrochate reticulum; d) Distal view of pollen grain from a stamen fragment showing long colpus, colpus margin and heterobrochate reticulum; e) Inner surface of anther wall from stamen fragment showing densely spaced dentate orbicules; f) Lateral view of pollen grains from stamen showing the psilate to foveolate-microreticulate colpus margin; g) Detail of pollen grain from holotype showing the slightly rounded profile of the muri, the short, densely spaced columellae and the dentate orbicules. Specimens, TV44-S136662 (a), TV44-S149204 (b), TV44-S136760 (holotype; c, g), TV44-S148021 (d, e), TV44-S136752 (f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d, f), 3 Μm (e, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia brevicolumella gen. et sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther partially split along the elongated sporangia; b) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther; c) Holotype; distal view of pollen grain from holotype showing the long colpus with a distinct margin and a heterobrochate reticulum; d) Distal view of pollen grain from a stamen fragment showing long colpus, colpus margin and heterobrochate reticulum; e) Inner surface of anther wall from stamen fragment showing densely spaced dentate orbicules; f) Lateral view of pollen grains from stamen showing the psilate to foveolate-microreticulate colpus margin; g) Detail of pollen grain from holotype showing the slightly rounded profile of the muri, the short, densely spaced columellae and the dentate orbicules. Specimens, TV44-S136662 (a), TV44-S149204 (b), TV44-S136760 (holotype; c, g), TV44-S148021 (d, e), TV44-S136752 (f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d, f), 3 Μm (e, g).

Text-fig. 38. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia longicolumella sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther that yielded the same kind of pollen as the holotype (b); b) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen shown in this Text-figure; c–e) Pollen grains showing the elongated colpi, reticulum with large and small luminae and continuous muri along the aperture margins; f, g) Pollen grains in in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 38. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia longicolumella sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther that yielded the same kind of pollen as the holotype (b); b) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen shown in this Text-figure; c–e) Pollen grains showing the elongated colpi, reticulum with large and small luminae and continuous muri along the aperture margins; f, g) Pollen grains in

Text-fig. 55. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen fragments and pollen of Ibrahimia verminculata (a–h) and unnamed pantoporate pollen from pollen clump (i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f); b–f) Pantoporate pollen grains with vermiculate tectum and regularly spaced microechinate and pores with verrucate aperture membranes; g) Stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (h); h) Abraded pantoporate pollen with vermiculate tectum and regularly spaced microechinate; i) Pantoporate pollen from coprolite with microreticulate-foveolate tectum and verrucate aperture membranes. Specimens, TV44-S148019 (holotype; a–f), TV44- S136782 (g, h), TV142-S170216 (i). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, g), 15 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e, h, i), 1.5 Μm (c, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 55. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen fragments and pollen of Ibrahimia verminculata (a–h) and unnamed pantoporate pollen from pollen clump (i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f); b–f) Pantoporate pollen grains with vermiculate tectum and regularly spaced microechinate and pores with verrucate aperture membranes; g) Stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (h); h) Abraded pantoporate pollen with vermiculate tectum and regularly spaced microechinate; i) Pantoporate pollen from coprolite with microreticulate-foveolate tectum and verrucate aperture membranes. Specimens, TV44-S148019 (holotype; a–f), TV44- S136782 (g, h), TV142-S170216 (i). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, g), 15 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e, h, i), 1.5 Μm (c, f).

Text-fig. 52. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Samylinaea punctata gen. et sp. nov from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump (probable stamen fragment) that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of pollen grain showing two colpi, granular aperture membrane, and punctate tectum; c) Orbicule showing very finely granular surface; d) Pollen wall showing short columellae, well-developed punctate tectum and slightly thinner foot layer; e–h) Pollen grains showing punctate tectum and the folds associated with the irregular development of the colpi. Specimen, TV44-S174565 (holotype; a–h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, e–h), 3 Μm (c, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 52. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Samylinaea punctata gen. et sp. nov from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump (probable stamen fragment) that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of pollen grain showing two colpi, granular aperture membrane, and punctate tectum; c) Orbicule showing very finely granular surface; d) Pollen wall showing short columellae, well-developed punctate tectum and slightly thinner foot layer; e–h) Pollen grains showing punctate tectum and the folds associated with the irregular development of the colpi. Specimen, TV44-S174565 (holotype; a–h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, e–h), 3 Μm (c, d).