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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

FIGURE 4 in A trunk-nesting form of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) restricted to a single host species Corymbia tessellaris (Myrtaceae), with some comparisons to the ground-nesting form

FIGURE 4 Frequency plot of the head capsule widths of Ochrogaster lunifer tree-hugger larvae.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Host preferences inhibit transmission from potential superspreader host species

Host species that are particularly abundant, infectious, and/or infected tend to contribute disproportionately to symbiont (parasite or mutualist) maintenance in multi-host systems. Therefore, in a facultative multi-host system where two host species had high densities, high symbiont infestation intensities, and high infestation prevalence, we expected interspecific transmission rates to be high. Instead, we found that interspecific symbiont transmission rates to caged sentinel hosts were an order of magnitude lower than intraspecific transmission rates in the wild. Using laboratory experiments to decompose transmission rates, we found that opportunities for interspecific transmission were frequent, where interspecific and intraspecific contact rate functions were statistically indistinguishable. But most interspecific contacts did not lead to transmission events due to a previously unrecognized transmission barrier: strong host preferences. During laboratory choice experiments, the symbiont preferred staying on or dispersing to its current host species, even though the oligochaete symbiont is a globally distributed host generalist that can survive and reproduce on many snail species. These surprising results suggest that when managing symbiont transmission, identifying key host species is still important, but it may be equally important to identify and manage transmission barriers that keep potential superspreader host species in check.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: A role for the local environment in driving species-specific parasitism in a multi-host parasite system

The extent and magnitude of parasitism often vary among closely related host species and across populations within species. Determining the ecological basis for this species and population-level variation in parasitism is critical for understanding infection dynamics in multi-host-parasite systems. To investigate such ecological underpinnings of variation in parasitism, we studied Enallagma damselflies host species and their water mite (Arrenurus spp.) ectoparasites in lakes. We first evaluated how host identity and density could shape parasitism. To test the effects of con- and heterospecific host density on parasitism, we used a field experiment with E. basidens and E. signatum. We found that parasitism did not vary with con- or heterospecific density and was determined by host identity alone, with no spillover effects. We also evaluated the potential role of local adaptation and resource availability in shaping parasitism. To do so, we used E. signatum in a reciprocal transplant experiment crossed with a prey resource level manipulation. This experiment revealed that parasitism declined sharply for one host population in its non-local lake, but not the other source population, with no effects of prey levels. This asymmetry implies that damselflies express enhanced defenses against parasitism that are not population specific nor dependent on resource abundance, or that mites developed heightened local host specificity. The results of multivariate modeling from an observational study generally supported these experimental findings: neither host density nor resource abundance strongly explained among population variation in parasitism. Instead, local abiotic conditions (pH) had the strongest relationship with parasitism, with minimal associations with predator density, temperature, and a measure of immune function. Collectively, our findings suggest a crucial role for the local environment in shaping host-parasite interactions within multi-host-parasite systems. More generally, these results show that research at the intersection of community ecology and disease ecology is critical for understanding host-parasite dynamics within natural communities.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Effects of oviposition in a non-host species on foraging behaviour of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata

Parasitoids lay their eggs in or on a host, usually another insect. During foraging, parasitoids can encounter insects that differ in terms of host suitability and quality. At one extreme end of this spectrum are non-hosts that are unsuitable for offspring development. Non-hosts are generally ignored but parasitization does occur and occasionally also results in egg deposition. Here, we investigate how oviposition in a non-host influences subsequent foraging behaviour of a parasitoid and whether this is mediated by learning. Our study system consists of the endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata and the presumed non-host caterpillar Mamestra brassicae. In the presence of Pieris brassicae hosts and/or their traces (frass), we observed that C. glomerata inserts its ovipositor into M. brassicae caterpillars. Eggs were deposited, but all eggs disappeared within 96h, confirming the non-host status of M. brassicae. In contrast to our expectation, there was no memory retention after oviposition in a non-host and parasitoids did not alter their behaviour with respect to non-host contacts and ovipositions. Instead, C. glomerata became more motivated to forage on a non-host infested leaf. We propose that egg deposition in non-hosts by C. glomerata might be due to their high egg load, which is thought to make parasitoids less selective on host quality, especially when they have few reproductive opportunities. In such cases, fitness costs to individual females are low. Egg deposition in non-hosts might ultimately lead to host range expansion if parasitoids overcome the defence response of non-hosts over evolutionary time.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Ecological speciation by sympatric host shifts in a clade of herbivorous sea slugs, with introgression and localized mitochondrial capture between species

Host shifting in insect-plant systems was historically important to the development of ecological speciation theory, yet surprisingly few studies have examined whether host shifting drives the diversification of marine herbivores. When small-bodied consumers feed and also mate on a preferred host, disruptive selection can split a population into host races despite gene flow. Support for host shifts is notably lacking for invertebrates associated with macroalgae, where the scale of dispersal by planktonic larvae often far exceeds the grain of host patchiness, and adults are typically less specialized than terrestrial herbivores. Here, we present a candidate example of ecological speciation in a clade of sea slugs that primarily consume green algae in the genus Caulerpa, including highly invasive species. Ancestral character state reconstructions supported 'sea grapes' (C. racemosa, C. lentillifera) as the ancestral host for a tropical radiation of 12 Elysia spp., with one shift onto alternative Caulerpa spp. in the Indo-Pacific. A Caribbean radiation of three species included symaptric host shifts to Rhipocephalus brevicaulis in the ancestor of E. pratensis Ortea & Espinosa, 1996, and to C. prolifera in E. hamanni Krug, Vendetti & Valdes 2016, plus a niche expansion to a range of Caulerpa spp. in E. subornata Verrill, 1901. All three species are broadly sympatric across the Caribbean but are host-partitioned at a fine grain, and distinct by morphology and at nuclear loci. However, non-recombining mtDNA revealed a history of gene flow between E. pratensis and E. subornata: COI haplotypes from E. subornata were 10.4% divergent from E. pratensis haplotypes from four sites, but closely related to all E. pratensis haplotypes sampled from six Bahamian islands, indicating historical introgression and localized "mitochondrial capture." Disruptive selective likely fueled divergence and adaptation to distinct host environments, indicating ecological speciation may be an under-appreciated driver of diversification for marine herbivores as well as epibionts and other resource specialists.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Data from: Comparative host-pathogen associations of Snake Fungal Disease in sympatric species of water snakes (Nerodia)

The ascomycete fungus Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo) is the causative agent of ophidiomycosis (Snake Fungal Disease), which has been detected globally. However, surveillance efforts in the central U.S., specifically Texas, have been minimal. The threatened and rare Brazos water snake (Nerodia harteri harteri) is one of the most range restricted snakes in the U.S. and is sympatric with two wide-ranging congeners, N. erythrogaster transversa and N. rhombifer, in north central Texas; thus, providing an opportunity to test comparative host-pathogen associations in this system. To accomplish this, we surveyed a portion of the Brazos river drainage (~400 river km) over 29 months and tested 150 Nerodia individuals for the presence of Oo via quantitative PCR and recorded any potential signs of Oo infection. We found Oo was distributed across the entire range of N. h. harteri, Oo prevalence was 46% overall, and there was a significant association between Oo occurrence and signs of infection in our sample. Models indicated adults had a higher probability of Oo infection than juveniles and subadults, and adult N. h. harteri had a higher probability of infection than adult N. rhombifer but not higher than adult N. e. transversa. High Oo prevalence estimates (94.4%) in adult N. h. harteri has implications for their conservation and management owing to their patchy distribution, comparatively low genetic diversity, and threats from anthropogenic habitat modification.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Host preference of a tree-killing bark beetle across a geographic boundary separating host species

The life cycles of bark beetles are intimately linked to their host species. Therefore, bark beetle species are expected to show traits that vary among different host species and across geographic ranges. The taxonomic proximity of host tree species can also influence host selection. Abies species native to Japan are genetically classified into three phylogenetic groups. Their natural distributions are separated by a distinct biogeographic boundary in Japan (i.e. the Tsugaru Strait, also referred to as Blakiston's Line). Especially, A. sachalinensis is the only species native to Hokkaido, north of the Tsugaru Strait. I, therefore, investigated the host preference of Polygraphus proximus Blandford within four allopatrically distributed Abies species across the north and south of the Tsugaru Strait through field surveys and field choice experiments. Field observations and field host-choice bioassays showed that A. sachalinensis was less severely attacked by P. proximus than was A. veitchii on both sides of the Tsugaru Strait. The beetles also preferred to attack A. firma (which belongs to a genetically distinct group (i.e., the section Momi) from that of A. veitchii and A. sachalinensis (i.e., the section Balsamea)), over A. sachalinensis in both Hokkaido and Honshu. Although A.homolepis also belongs to the section Momi, A. firma and A. veitchii had more attacks than A. homolepis. The results provide evidence that P. proximus does not show specialization across the different parts of their geographic range where the host species are different, and there is no positive correlation between taxonomic proximity and host preference for P. proximus.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in The great gerbil (RhombomYS opimUS) as a host for tick species in Gurbantunggut Desert

Fig. 1 Sampling sites in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Figure 3 in Untangling the Derogenes varicus species complex in Scandinavian waters and the Arctic: description of Derogenes abba n. sp. (Trematoda, Derogenidae) from Hippoglossoides platessoides and new host records for D. varicus (Müller, 1784) sensu stricto

Figure 3. "Derogenes limula" ex Parablennius tentacularis. Unpublished line drawing by A. Looss.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) species of wild birds in northwestern Turkey with a new host record

Fig. 1. Degeerialla nisus from the common buzzard (Bute buteo). (A), Male, (B) male genitalia.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Morphological Characteristics Of Dicrocoelium Dendriticum (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae), Parasitizing Three Host Species In The Central Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 1. Anterior and tail ends of D. dendriticum (a and b); x4.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Figure 4 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association

Figure 4. Cuclotogaster heterographus, male, original.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Figure 3 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association

Figure 3. Cuclotogaster heterographus, female, original.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Figure 5 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association

Figure 5. Cuclotogaster heterographus, male genitalia, original.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Table 1 in Newly Discovered Gastropod Hosts of Japanese Cytaeis Species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)

Table 1. Data of newly collected hydrozoan specimens sequenced in this study<table><tbody><tr><th>DDBJ accession</th><th>Host gastropods</th><th>Locality</th><th>Depth</th><th>Date</th><th>Sampling methods</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>LC744778</th><td>Nassarius splendidulus</td><td>Off Kou-yatsu, Tateyama, Chiba,</td><td>15–20 m</td><td>7 July, 2021</td><td>Dredge by R/V Seastar*</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744779</th><td>Nassarius splendidulus</td><td>Off Saneku, Kakeroma-jima,</td><td>12–19 m</td><td>8 November, 2017</td><td>Scuba**</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Kagoshima, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744780</th><td>Nassarius albescens</td><td>Rocky shore in vicinity of</td><td>0 m</td><td>17 April, 2018</td><td>Baited trap**</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Tokashiki harbor, Tokashiki-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>jima, Okinawa, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744781</th><td>Nassarius albescens</td><td>Rocky shore in vicinity of</td><td>0 m</td><td>17 April, 2018</td><td>Baited trap**</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Tokashiki harbor, Tokashiki-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>jima, Okinawa, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744782</th><td>Vexillum exasperatum</td><td>Southeast of Hatoma-jima,</td><td>12–15 m</td><td>13 April, 2019</td><td>Scuba***</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Okinawa, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744783</th><td>Vexillum exasperatum</td><td>Southeast of Hatoma-jima,</td><td>12–15 m</td><td>13 April, 2019</td><td>Scuba***</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Okinawa, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744784</th><td>Argyropeza izekiana</td><td>Off Minami-Izu, Shizuoka, Japan</td><td>100–110 m</td><td>12 November, 2015</td><td>Dredge by R/V Tsukuba II****</td></tr><tr><th>LC744785</th><td>Argyropeza izekiana</td><td>Off Minami-Izu, Shizuoka, Japan</td><td>100–110 m</td><td>12 November, 2015</td><td>Dredge by R/V Tsukuba II****</td></tr><tr><th>LC744786</th><td>Sagamilepeta sagamiensis</td><td>Off Jogashima, Miura,</td><td>90–100 m</td><td>20 January, 2015</td><td>Dredge by R/V Rinkaimaru****</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Kanagawa, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>LC744787</th><td>Sagamilepeta sagamiensis</td><td>Off Jogashima, Miura,</td><td>90–100 m</td><td>20 January, 2015</td><td>Dredge by R/V Rinkaimaru****</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Kanagawa, Japan</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>*: Survey by third author (lSeastarz, research vessel of Ochanomizu University).**: Surveys undertaken by KUROSHIO project of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba.***: Survey by third author and T. Naruse (Iriomote Station, the University of the Ryukyus).****: Surveys performed by JAMBIO (the Japan Association for Marine Biology conducted by the University of Tsukuba and the University of Tokyo). (lTsukuba IIz, research vessel of Shimoda Marine Research Center, the University of Tsukuba; lRinkaimaruz, research vessel of Misaki Marine Biological Station, the University of Tokyo).

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Nonaggressive behavior: A strategy employed by an obligate nest invader to avoid conflict with its host species

In addition to its builders, termite nests are known to house a variety of secondary opportunistic termite species so‐called inquilines, but little is known about the mechanisms governing the maintenance of these symbioses. In a single nest, host and inquiline colonies are likely to engage in conflict due to nestmate discrimination, and an intriguing question is how both species cope with each other in the long term. Evasive behaviour has been suggested as one of the mechanisms reducing the frequency of host‐inquiline encounters, yet, the confinement imposed by the nests' physical boundaries suggests that cohabiting species would eventually come across each other. Under these circumstances, it is plausible that inquilines would be required to behave accordingly to secure their housing. Here, we show that once inevitably exposed to hosts individuals, inquilines exhibit nonthreatening behaviours, displaying hence a less threatening profile and preventing conflict escalation with their hosts. By exploring the behavioural dynamics of the encounter between both cohabitants, we find empirical evidence for a lack of aggressiveness by inquilines towards their hosts. Such a nonaggressive behaviour, somewhat uncommon among termites, is characterised by evasive manoeuvres that include reversing direction, bypassing and a defensive mechanism using defecation to repel the host. The behavioural adaptations we describe may play an important role in the stability of cohabitations between host and inquiline termite species: by preventing conflict escalation, inquilines may improve considerably their chances of establishing a stable cohabitation with their hosts.

Figure 10 in The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species

Figure 10. Stethoncus sulcator ♀, head, anterior view.

Figure 11 in The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species

Figure 11. Stethoncus sulcator ♀, mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Figure 9 in The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species

Figure 9. Stethoncus monopicida ♀, mesoscutum, dorsal view.

Figure 8 in The species of four genera of Metopiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Britain, with new host records and descriptions of four new species

Figure 8. Stethoncus monopicida ♀, head, anterior view.