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FIGURE 3 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 3 Results of demographic modelling (δaδi; Gutenkunst et al., 2009) and demographic parameter estimation (G-PHOCS; Gronau et al., 2011) analyses. (a) Stylized representation of the best supported model from δaδi with parameters superimposed from G-PHOCS. (b) The fit between the best-supported model and the data is shown using the two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D-SFS) and plots of the residuals

FIGURE 2 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 2 Results of the HIEST version 2.0 (Fitzpatrick, 2012) analysis. (a) Joint maximum likelihood estimates of ancestry (S value) and interclass heterozygosity (H value) for Schistometopum thomense (S. thomense) and Schistometopum ephele (S. ephele) for 41 diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Individuals are coloured by morphology (yellow, unflecked = yellow; brown, flecked = grey) indicating that most admixed individuals (intermediate S and H values) are flecked. (b) H values plotted against latitude show that admixed individuals are restricted to the centre of the island at the contact zone. Individuals are coloured according to S values (≥0.9 or ≤0.1)

FIGURE 1 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 1 Schistometopum sampling on São Tomé Island. (a) Map shows distribution of genomic samples with the size of circles proportional to the number of individuals at that site. Individuals with at least 90% ancestry assigned to Schistometopum thomense (S. thomense) are shown in purple, 90% ancestry assigned to Schistometopum ephele (S. ephele) in green, and admixed individuals in orange. Site abbreviations are as follows: AA, Anselmo Andrade; BO, Bombaim; BS, Bom Sucesso; CN, Contador Valley North; CS, Contador Valley South; CV, Canavial; JA, Java + Abade; LB, Lemba River; ML, Rio Maria Luisa; ON, Obo National Park; PA, Porto Alegre; QI, Quisinda; RD, Rio d'Ouro; SF, Santa Fe; SL, Santa Luzia. The type locality of S. ephele (Água Izé, 400–700 m) is probably between the coastal community of Água Izé (indicated by black star) and Java. (b) Plot of ancestry coefficients estimated with ADMIXTURE version 1.3.0 (Alexander et al. (2009) for K = 2. Circles above the plot show the haplotype of each individual from the mitochondrial ND4 locus, and morphological assignment (yellow, unflecked = yellow; brown, flecked = grey). (c) ND4 haplotype network for new samples and previously published data (Stoelting et al., 2014) estimated in PopART (Leigh & Bryant, 2015). Twenty-six mutations separate the haplotype groups. (d) Principal component analysis (PCA) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data with individuals coloured according to their ancestry assignment from (b). Photo credits: A. Stanbridge

FIGURE 4 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 4 Summary of environmental space occupancy analyses. (a) Photos of habitat in representative dry (top) and wet (bottom) regions of São Tomé Island. (b) Violin plot of precipitation values at sites for pure and admixed caecilians (top), bar plots of land cover (middle), and bar plots of soil types and ages (bottom). (c) Annual precipitation (mm) across the island, with drier habitat in the north and wetter habitat in the south (top), land cover across the island, adapted from Soares (2017; middle), and soil types and ages across the island, adapted from Caldeira and Munhá (2002) and Stoelting et al. (2014; bottom). Photo credits: J. Shevock, A. Stanbridge

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Diversification of the orchid genus Tridactyle: origin of endemism on the oceanic islands of São Tomé & Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea

Aim: Oceanic islands have played an important role in our understanding of the diversification of organisms, and phylogenetic estimates have been used in this context to investigate the origin of island diversity and its relationship to the continent. Using a typical orchid genus rich in island endemics and with widespread continental relatives, we aim to compare alternative hypotheses of diversification with a focus on island endemism. Location: Tropical Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands of São Tomé & Príncipe, Central Africa. Taxon: Tridactyle genus (Orchidaceae). Methods: We used genome skimming to sequence the whole chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal genes from 157 individuals of 34 Tridactyle species and 15 individuals of 12 other orchid genera (outgroups) to infer a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the genus Tridactyle. We also used multiple statistical methods to infer the geographic ranges of the ancestral nodes from the estimated phylogeny. Alternative hypotheses for the origins of endemism on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were investigated based on the biogeographic reconstruction of the genus. Results: The estimated phylogeny of Tridactyle and reconstruction of geographic ranges for the ancestral nodes suggested a general history of allopatric speciation for the genus, in particular via colonisation of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea that induced a long period of geographic isolation. The most parsimonious hypothesis to explain island endemism in Tridactyle involved 6 independent colonisations of the islands from the continent. Main conclusions: In contrast to other cases of oceanic island endemism that involved adaptive radiation on an island or within an archipelago, endemism in Tridactyle is better explained by multiple colonisation events from the continent to São Tomé and Príncipe, with subsequent divergences due to geographic isolation but only one potential instance of further diversification on the islands.

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Data from: An expedition to Narcondam: observations of marine and terrestrial fauna including the island-endemic hornbill

Oceanic islands, known for their ecologically sensitive ecosystems and endemic species, are of high conservation significance. The volcanic island of Narcondam in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indian Ocean, is a prime example and the only home of the endemic and globally endangered Narcondam Hornbill. Despite its ecological and evolutionary significance, there has been limited biological exploration and research on the island over the last century. Here, we report on a 2010 expedition to Narcondam, presenting results of our rapid survey of island invertebrates, herpetofauna, mammals and birds (especially the endemic hornbill), and marine life in adjoining waters. The survey recorded dense coral growth in the surrounding waters, and identified 17 fish, 2 sea cucumber, 8 reptile, 28 bird, and 2 mammal species and 13 spider and 8 butterfly taxa. Of these, 4 spiders, 3 butterflies and 6 birds identified to species are new records for the island. The Narcondam Hornbill was frequently encountered and we report trail-based estimates of encounter rate and density, which can serve as a baseline for future monitoring. Both despite its isolation and because of it, Narcondam has faced a number of recent and serious conservation threats, including feral goats, poaching, habitat degradation around the police camp, and proposed installations. While efforts have been made by the Government authorities to stave-off various threats, we highlight the need for further scientific research and monitoring, while according primacy to strict protection and conservation.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Distribution. Endemic to Chile, with a disjunct distribution in the forests of Chiloé Island, and on the mainland coastal mountains in Nahuelbuta National Park. Evidence of a new population was foud recently at Punta Chan Chan, N of Valdivia. in Canidae

Distribution. Endemic to Chile, with a disjunct distribution in the forests of Chiloé Island, and on the mainland coastal mountains in Nahuelbuta National Park. Evidence of a new population was foud recently at Punta Chan Chan, N of Valdivia.

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Data from: Hidden island endemic species, and their implications for cryptic speciation within soil arthropods

Aim: Specialisation to the soil environment is expected to constrain the spatial scale of diversification within animal lineages. In this context, the existence of flightless arthropod lineages, adapted to soil environments, but with broad geographic ranges, represent something of an anomaly. Here we investigate the diversification process within one such 'anomalous' soil specialist: Geomitopsis franzi Coiffait, 1978, an eyeless and flightless beetle species strongly adapted to the endogean environment but distributed across several oceanic islands. Location: Canary Islands Taxon: Geomitopsis (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) Methods: We performed an integrative study, including molecular phylogenetics, population genomics, and morphometry. Four DNA regions (two mitochondrial and two nuclear) were amplified and sequenced for 159 specimens from 58 localities sampled across five islands for phylogenetic analyses, and a dated phylogenetic tree was obtained using a mitogenome dataset. ddRAD-seq data was generated to evaluate mtDNA lineages in sympatry against the biological species concept. Results: We found high levels of genetic differentiation (>8% COI gene divergence) among populations from different islands and among geographically coherent lineages within single islands. Lineages within Tenerife presented significant patterns of isolation by distance, with ddRAD-seq providing evidence that lineages represent biological species. Morphometric analyses revealed limited variation, with most lineages lacking diagnostic characters. Main conclusions: Geomitopsis franzi is comprised of at least seven lineages that merit consideration as biological species, and is best considered as a complex of cryptic species. The limited morphological variation across these lineages is consistent with adaptation to the endogean environment placing strong constraints on morphological change. The evolution of cryptic species should be favoured when such constraints are coupled with limited dispersal ability, which characterises G. franzi, and is a trait that broadly characterises the soil mesofauna. We suggest that cryptic species diversity is likely to be a recurrent feature across soil adapted arthropod species with range sizes that appear inconsistent whith a low potential for dispersal.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. Apparently endemic to Nkosi I, the southernmost island of the Sesse Archipelago in north-western Lake Victoria. Nkosi I is about 64 km offshore from the Ugandan mainland and about 6 km from its closest neighboring island. in Bovidae

Distribution. Apparently endemic to Nkosi I, the southernmost island of the Sesse Archipelago in north-western Lake Victoria. Nkosi I is about 64 km offshore from the Ugandan mainland and about 6 km from its closest neighboring island.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. The Anoa is endemic to Sulawesi and Buton Is, with no records from other small neighboring islands. in Bovidae

Distribution. The Anoa is endemic to Sulawesi and Buton Is, with no records from other small neighboring islands.

opennotspecifiedJun 2015View details →

Distribution. Endemic to Gebe I, in the North Moluccas, Indonesia. A cuscus photographed on Uranie I (W of Gebe I and N of Waigeo I) by K. D. Bishop most closely resembles the Gebe Cuscus and suggests it may be more widespread on islands between Halmahera and Waigeo Is. in Phalangeridae

Distribution. Endemic to Gebe I, in the North Moluccas, Indonesia. A cuscus photographed on Uranie I (W of Gebe I and N of Waigeo I) by K. D. Bishop most closely resembles the Gebe Cuscus and suggests it may be more widespread on islands between Halmahera and Waigeo Is.

opennotspecifiedJul 2018View details →

Distribution. Endemic to Iberian Peninsula where widespread in NW & W but absent in most of the E, Pyrenees, and Ebro Basin, also present on Cortegada (Galicia) tidal island. in Talpidae

Distribution. Endemic to Iberian Peninsula where widespread in NW & W but absent in most of the E, Pyrenees, and Ebro Basin, also present on Cortegada (Galicia) tidal island.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →

Distribution. Endemic to Hainan I, China; once widespread, but today the only known population is restricted to Bawangling Nature Reserve in the W of the island. in Hylobatidae

Distribution. Endemic to Hainan I, China; once widespread, but today the only known population is restricted to Bawangling Nature Reserve in the W of the island.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Endemic to several Pacific islands of Russian Far East and Japan: C & S Sakhalin, Hokkaido (including Rebun and Rishiri), and Kurils (Kunashir, Zelionyi, and Shikotan). in Cricetidae

Distribution. Endemic to several Pacific islands of Russian Far East and Japan: C & S Sakhalin, Hokkaido (including Rebun and Rishiri), and Kurils (Kunashir, Zelionyi, and Shikotan).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1984 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) endemic to Jeju Island (Republic of Korea)

FIGURE 4. Coronatella (Coronatella) jejuana sp. nov. from Sangdoekcheon Gyocharo (type locality), Jeju-do, Republic of Korea, parthenogenetic females. Parthenogenetic female, thoracic limbs. A, limb I. B, IDL and ODL of limb I. C–D, outer and inner portions of limb II. E, exopodite of limb III. F–G, inner portion of limb III. H, exopodite of limb IV. I–J, inner portion of limb IV. K, exopodite of limb V. L, inner lobe of limb V. Coronatella (Coronatella) jejuana sp. nov. from Yongsuji Reservoir, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea, parthenogenetic female. M, IDL and ODL of limb I. Coronatella (Coronatella) rectangula (Sars, 1862) from a small pond near Jungsanganseo-ro, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea, parthenogenetic female. N, IDL and ODL of limb I.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1984 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) endemic to Jeju Island (Republic of Korea)

FIGURE 2. Coronatella (Coronatella) jejuana sp. nov. from Sangdoekcheon Gyocharo (type locality), Jeju-do, Republic of Korea, parthenogenetic females. A–B, lateral view. C, anterolateral view. D, ventral view. E, dorsal view. F, head shield. G–H, head pores.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1984 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) endemic to Jeju Island (Republic of Korea)

FIGURE 3. Coronatella (Coronatella) jejuana sp. nov. from Sangdoekcheon Gyocharo (type locality), Jeju-do, Republic of Korea, parthenogenetic females. A, antenna. B, labral keel.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Coronatella Dybowski & Grochowski, 1984 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) endemic to Jeju Island (Republic of Korea)

FIGURE 1. Coronatella (Coronatella) jejuana sp. nov. from Sangdoekcheon Gyocharo (type locality), Jeju-do, Republic of Korea, parthenogenetic females. A, juvenile female of instar II, lateral view. B, adult, lateral view. C, ventral margin of valves. D, posteroventral angle of valves. E–F, head pores. G, labrum. H, postabdomen. I, antennule. J, antenna. K, antennal exopod, setae not shown. C. (C.) rectangula from a small pond near Jungsanganseo-ro, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea. L, adult, lateral view. M, head pores. N, postabdomen. O, antennal exopod, setae not shown.

opennotspecifiedJul 2018View details →

Distribution. Endemic to Sulawesi; most widespread shrew on the island, present in most parts except on the SW peninsula where only the Temboan White-toothed Shrew (C. rhoditis) have been recorded so far. in Soricidae

Distribution. Endemic to Sulawesi; most widespread shrew on the island, present in most parts except on the SW peninsula where only the Temboan White-toothed Shrew (C. rhoditis) have been recorded so far.