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PLATE 16. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 16. Charopidae. A, Helix nematophora Reeve, 1854, 'Solomons Islands', syntype [= Helix nematophora Pfeiffer, 1855, syntype], NHMUK 1962713; B, Helix phlogophora Pfeiffer, 1850, 'N. Seland', syntype, ZMZ 501231; C, Helix varicosa Reeve, 1852, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.22.124–125. Euconulidae. D, Helix kermadeci Pfeiffer, 1857, Sunday Island, syntype, NHMUK 20190581. Helicarionidae. E, Vitrina kermadecensis Smith, 1873, Sunday Island, syntype, NHMUK 1873.3.20.1. Punctidae. F, Nanina erigone Gray, 1850, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.46–48 & 1850.12.28.520– 522.
PLATE 9. Rhytididae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 9. Rhytididae. A, Helix busbyii Gray, 1840, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1840.10.30.1; B, Zonites? coresia Gray, 1850, Auckland, lectotype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.73; C, Helix jeffreysiana Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix jeffreysiana Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1978111; D, Helix dunniae Gray, 1840, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1840.10.30.3; E, Helix greenwoodii Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.38–40; F, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi E.A. Smith, 1880, Wakamarama Range, lectotype, NHMUK 1880.7.2.3; G, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi E.A. Smith, 1880, Wakamarama Range, paralectotype, NHMUK 1876.3.6.19; H, Helix urnula Reeve, 1854 syntype [= Helix urnula Pfeiffer, 1855 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1966136.
PLATE 8. Punctidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 8. Punctidae. A, Helix caputspinulae Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix epsilon Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962724; B, Helix conella Pfeiffer, 1861, Kakepuku, neotype, NMNZ M.321351; C, Bulimus? (Laoma) leimonias Gray, 1850, Auckland, holotype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.79; D, Nanina mariae Gray, 1843, New Zealand, holotype, NHMUK 1842.11.4.51; E, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix glabriuscula Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20141113/1; F, Helix poecilosticta Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix poecilosticta Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20150114; G, Helix sciadium Pfeiffer, 1857, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 20150017.
PLATE 1. Pupinidae and Achatinellidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 1. Pupinidae and Achatinellidae. A, Cyclophorus cytora Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.43; B, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus?) lignarium Pfeiffer, 1857, New Zealand, lectotype, NHMUK 1968851/1; C, Realia egea Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.131–132 & 1850.12.28.492–495; D, Realia turriculata Pfeiffer, 1855, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1954.4.13.1.2–3; E, Tornatellides subperforatus kermadecensis Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Raoul Island, holotype, ANSP 8315; F, Tornatellina kermadecensis Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Sunday [Raoul] Island, paratype, ANSP 8316; G, Tornatellina (Tornatellinops) iredalei Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Sunday [Raoul] Island, paratype, ANSP 8312; H, Tornatellina (Tornatellinops) raoulensis Pilsbry & Cooke, 1915, Raoul Island, paratype, ANSP 8313.
PLATE 14 in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 14. Reproductions of previous illustrations. Charopidae, Punctidae and Zonitidae. A, Vitrina dimidiata Pfeiffer, 1853, Reeve (1862: pl. 10, fig. 72), New Zealand, possible syntype, dimensions not stated; B, Nanina? kivi Gray, 1843: 262, Smith (1874: pl. 1, fig. 1), New Zealand, holotype (10.6 x 8.5 mm); C, Helix phlogophora Pfeiffer, 1850, Pfeiffer (1853 [in 1852– 1860]: pl. 155, fig. 4), New Zealand, syntype (Höhe 1 ¾''', Durchmesser 3 ½'''; 6.5 x 3.0 mm, according to Pfeiffer, 1850: 127); D, Helix multilimbata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1847: pl. 6, figs. 5–7, New Zealand, syntype (8.0 mm x 5.0 mm); E, Helix pilula Reeve, 1852: pl. 132, fig. 809, New Zealand, syntype, dimensions not stated [= Helix iota Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype]; F, Helix pilula Reeve, 1852, Suter (1897c: 284, text fig.), New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 20140673 (3.5 x 2.5 mm) [= Helix iota Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype]; G, Nanina tullia Gray, 1850, Reeve (1854: pl. 207: fig. 1460), Auckland, syntype?, dimensions not stated; H, Helix varicosa Pfeiffer, 1853, Climo (1969b: text figs. 16 A–C), New Zealand, lectotype, dimensions not stated [= Helix varicosa Reeve, 1852 syntype]; I, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852: pl. 133, fig. 822, New Zealand, syntype, dimensions not stated; J, Helix corneafulva Pfeiffer, 1861, Pfeiffer (1867 [in 1867–1869]: 325, pl. 78, figs. 11–13), Bay of Islands, syntype (9.5 x 4.3 mm); K, Helix (Theba) ziczac Gould, 1846: 166, Gould (1856: pl. 3, fig. 44, a–c), New Zealand, syntype (7.6 x 4.2 mm).
PLATE 15 in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 15. Reproductions of previous illustrations. Bothriembryontidae, Rhytididae, and taxa not from New Zealand or of uncertain provenance. A, Bulimus shongii Lesson, 1830: Mollusques, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5, Kerikeri, syntype ('3 pouces de hauteur', = c. 81 mm); B, Helix busbyii Gray, 1840, Smith (1874: pl. 1, fig. 4), New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 1840.10.30.2 (65.0 x 32.1 mm); C, Helix hochstetteri Pfeiffer, 1861, Hochstetter (1867: 169, text fig.), Pikikiruna Range, holotype?, shell dimensions not stated; D, Helix taranaki Pfeiffer, 1846, Pfeiffer (1849 [in 1849–1853]: pl. 75, figs. 4, 5), syntype (Höhe 4'", Durchmesser 8 1/2'"; 17.0 x 8.0 mm, according to Pfeiffer 1846: 79); E, Helix ophelia Reeve, 1854: pl. 191, fig. 1345, syntype, dimensions not stated [= Helix ophelia Pfeiffer, 1855 syntype]; F, Balea peregrina Gould, 1847: 198, Gould (1856: pl. 7, fig. 105), syntype, USNM 5507 (9.5 x 2.5 mm); G, Bulimus antipodarum Gray, 1843: 247, Smith (1874: pl. 1, fig. 5—as Bulimus antipodum), holotype (25.4 x 25.4 mm).
PLATE 6. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 6. Charopidae. A, Ptychodon magdalenae Ancey, 1891, New Zealand, syntype, NMW.1955.158.24208; B, Helix pilula Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix iota Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20140673; C, Pupa novoseelandica Küster, 1852 syntype [= Pupa novoseelandica Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1974046–47; D, Helix portia Gray, 1850, Auckland, syntype, NHMUK 1849.12.3.59–62 & 1850.12.28.454–458; E, Endodonta (Charopa) prestoni Sykes, 1895, Otaki Gorge, syntype, NHMUK 20150022; F, Endodonta (Charopa) prestoni Sykes, 1895, Otaki Gorge, syntype, NMNZ M.22441; G, Allodiscus stewartensis David, 1934, Stewart Island, holotype, SMF Typus Nr. 6726; H, Helix stipulata Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix alpha Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1985026.
PLATE 5. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 5. Charopidae. A, Helix eta Pfeiffer, 1853 lectotype [= Helix corniculum Reeve, 1852 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962725; B, Helix hypopolea Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix hypopolia Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 10140868; C, Helix igniflua Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix lambda Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1996112; D, Helix obnubila Reeve, 1852, New Zealand, syntype, NHMUK 20041001; E, Helix infecta Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix zeta Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962726/1; F, Helix irradiata Gould, 1846, Bay of Islands, holotype, USNM 5467; G, Helix radiaria Pfeiffer, 1855, 'Salomon's Islands', syntype, NHMUK 20140672.
PLATE 2. Charopidae. A in Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917
PLATE 2. Charopidae. A, Helix anguiculus Reeve, 1852, New Zealand, lectotype, NHMUK 1971049; B, Helix antipoda Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841, Auckland Islands, syntype, MNHN-IM-2000-27777; C, Helix barbatula Reeve, 1852 lectotype [= Helix beta Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 1962723; D, Helix biconcava Reeve, 1852 syntype [= Helix biconcava Pfeiffer, 1853 syntype], New Zealand, NHMUK 20040907; E, Flammulina (Allodiscus) chion Sykes, 1896, Inglewood, syntype, NHMUK 1915.1.4.129.
Fig. 1 in High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia
Fig. 1. Tauphaedusa sheridani. (A) adults (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) - eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Fig. 5 in High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia
Fig. 5. Comparison of the selected life-history traits in T. sheridani (SHE), T. tau (TAU), and S. jacobiana (JAC). Number of offspring concerns monthly fecundity of a pair of snails. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Fig. 4 in High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia
Fig. 4. Reproductive activity of T. sheridani (SHE), T. tau (TAU), and S. jacobiana (JAC) under humid and dry conditions: (A, C, E) number of intrauterine eggs per dissected individual; (B, D, F) percentage of intrauterine embryos at various developmental stages. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Fig. 3 in High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia
Fig. 3. Stereophaedusa jacobiana. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilium; (D) dissected adult with eggs; (E-F) egg and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 2 in High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia
Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Incorporation of trace metals into land snail shells on the Chinese Loess Plateau as proxies for paleo-precipitation
<p><span>This dataset provides the results of trace metal compositions of modern snail shells (<em>Cathaica sp.</em>) collected from </span><span>sixteen sites </span><span>on the Chinese Loess Plateau.</span></p>
Data from: Phylogeography of Bornean land snails suggests long-distance dispersal as a cause of endemism
Aim: Islands are often hotspots of endemism due to their isolation, making colonization a rare event, and hence facilitating allopatric speciation. Dispersal usually occurs between nearby locations according to a stepping-stone model. We aimed to reconstruct colonization and speciation processes in an endemic-rich system of land-based islands that does not seem to follow the obvious stepping-stone model of dispersal. Location: Five land-based habitat archipelagos of limestone outcrops in the floodplain of the Kinabatangan River in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Methods: We studied the phylogeography of three species complexes of endemic land snails, using multiple genetic markers. We calculated genetic distances between populations, applied BEAST2 to reconstruct phylogenies for each taxon, and subsequently reconstructed ancestral ranges using 'BIOGEOBEARS'. Results: We found spatial genetic structure among nearby locations to be highly pronounced for each taxon. Genetic correlation was present at small spatial scales only, and disappeared at distances of five kilometres and above. Most archipelagos have been colonized from within the region multiple times over the past three million years, in 78% of cases as a result of long-distance dispersal or dispersal from non-adjacent limestone outcrops. The flow of the main geographical feature within the region, the Kinabatangan River, did not play a role. Main conclusions: Phylogeographic structure in these Bornean land snails has only partly been determined by small-scale dispersal, where it leads to isolation-by-distance, but mostly by long-distance dispersal. Our results demonstrate that island endemic taxa only very locally follow a simple stepping-stone model, whilst dispersal to non-adjacent islands, and especially long-distance dispersal, is most important. This leads to the formation of highly localized, isolated "endemic populations" forming the onset of a complex radiation of endemic species.
Evaluating species delimitation methods in radiations: The land snail Albinaria cretensis complex on Crete
<p>Delimiting species in radiations is notoriously difficult because of the small differences between the incipient species, the star-like tree with short branches between species, incomplete lineage sorting, and the possibility of introgression between several of the incipient species. Next generation sequencing data may help to overcome some of these problems. We evaluated methods for species delimitation based on genome-wide markers in a land snail radiation on Crete. Species delimitation in the <i>Albinaria</i> <i>cretensis</i> group was based exclusively on shell characters until now and resulted in classifications distinguishing 3–9 species. We generated sequences of 4270 loci for 140 specimens of the <i>Albinaria</i> <i>cretensis</i> group from 48 populations by double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. We evaluated three methods for species discovery. The multispecies coalescent approach implemented in the program Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography resulted in a drastic overestimating of the number of species, whereas Gaussian clustering resulted in an overlumping. Primary species hypotheses based on the maximum percentage of the genome of the individuals derived from ancestral populations as estimated with the program <span>ADMIXTURE</span> moderately overestimated the number of species, but this was the only approach that provided information about gene flow between groups. Two of the methods for species validation that we applied, BFD* and delimitR, resulted in an acceptance of almost all primary species hypotheses, even such based on arbitrary subdivisions of hypotheses based on <span>ADMIXTURE.</span> In contrast, secondary species hypotheses, resulting from an evaluation of primary species hypotheses based on <span>ADMIXTURE</span> with isolation by distance tests, approached the morphological classification, but also uncovered two cryptic species and indicated that some of the previously delimited units should be combined. Thus, we recommend this combination of approaches that provided more detailed insights in the distinctness of barriers between the taxa of a species complex and the spatial distribution of admixture between them than the other methods. The recognition and delimitation of undersampled species remained a major challenge.</p>
Figure 6 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 6. Shell growth of 10 neonates of Phaedusa paviei (a) and 10 hatchlings of Oospira vanbuensis (b).
Figure 5 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 5. Fecundity of pairs of Phaedusa paviei (n = 20) and Oospira vanbuensis (n = 10). Fecundities per month and per observation differ significantly between species (Mann–Whitney U-test; p <0.05).
Figure 3 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 3. Progeny retained by dissected individuals of Phaedusa paviei (a). Broods of individuals kept under humid and dry conditions (b). Figures above bars indicate sample size.
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