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Figure 1 in Evolution of sperm morphology in potamid freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamoidea)

Figure 1. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of potamid spermatozoa. A–E, Socotrapotamon socotrense. A, longitudinal sagittal view; the white line points to the perforate operculum. B, coenospermic spermatophore. C, cross section. D, electron-lucent ring around the opening of the perforatorial chamber. E, spermatophore wall. F–J, Potamon fluviatile. F, spermatophore wall. G, coenospermic spermatophore. H, longitudinal sagittal section (slightly transverse) and cleistospermic spermatophore. J, cross section. Scale bars: 1 Mm, or as indicated. Abbreviations: ar, acrosome ray zone; ia, inner acrosomal zone; nu, nucleus; oa, outer acrosomal zone; op, operculum; pc, perforatorial chamber; sw, spermatophore wall.

Figure 8 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 8. Details of body parts of Hukawngichthyurus maha: A, head, ventral-lateral view; B, ditto, dorsal view; C, antenna indicated by a black arrow; D, pronotum and elytra; E, apical tergite; F, caudal segments, with the process of aedeagus indicated by a black arrow; G, tarsus of left mid leg, with the tibial spurs indicated by a black arrow. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A, B, E, F, G); 0.5 mm (C, D).

Figure 9 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 9. Time-dated cladogram of Cantharidae based on molecular phylogenetic frameworks of Zhang et al. (2018) and McKenna et al. (2019), and our cladistic analyses, shows the antiquity and Cretaceous origin of subfamilies. Only the oldest fossils are denoted on the branch: 1, Malthininae from the Mid-Eocene Baltic amber (e.g. Malthinus danieli Kuśka & Kania, 2010); 2, Tytthonyxini from the Early Middle Miocene Dominican amber (e.g. Tytthonyx geiseri Poinar & Fanti, 2016); 3, Archaeomalthodes rosetta Hsiao et al., 2017 from the Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber; 4, Chauliognathinae The late Eocene Florissant Formation (e.g. Chauliognathus pristinus Scudder, 1876); 5, Molliberus albae Peris & Fanti, 2018 (Cantharinae) from the Early Cretaceous Spanish amber; 6, Mid-Cretaceous Burmite Cantharinae; 7, Silini from the Mid-Eocene Baltic amber (e.g. Silis lombardii Parisi & Fanti, 2019). Geological scale is modified from an updated version of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) International Chronostratigraphic Chart (Cohen et al., 2013; updated).

Figure 2. Phylogenies inferred from Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian inference. A in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 2. Phylogenies inferred from Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian inference. A, the majority consensus tree of two most-parsimonious trees obtained by implicit enumeration search under equal weighting (L = 96; CI = 73; RI = 84). Bootstrap values (BS> 49%) are shown near each of the corresponding nodes; B, the majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian analysis. Numbers at the nodes denote posterior probabilities.

Figure 5 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 5. Habitus of Palaeocantharis panna: A, dorsal view; B, ventral-lateral view. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Figure 7 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 7. Habitus of Hukawngichthyurus maha: A, dorsal view; B, ventral-lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 4. Details of body parts of Cretocantharis veda: A, head, dorsal view; B, ditto, ventral-lateral view; C, pronotum; D, elytra; E, caudal segments; F, tarsus of left hind leg. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 3 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 3. Habitus of Cretocantharis veda: A, dorsal view; B, ventral-lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 6 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 6. Details of body parts of Palaeocantharis panna: A, head, dorsal view; B, ditto, ventral-lateral view; C, pronotum; D, elytra; E, caudal segments of abdomen, with gonostyli indicated by a black arrow; F, tarsi of hind legs. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A, B, D); 0.5 mm (C, E, F).

Figure 1 in Morphological phylogenetics provide new insights into the classification and evolution of fossil soldier beetles from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Figure 1. The most-parsimonious tree inferred from the implied weighting (K = 10.0) (tree length = 92 steps; consistency index = 77; retention index = 87). Black circles indicate synapomorphies; white circles indicate parallelisms or reversals; character numbers are given above circles, and character states below circles. Image courtesy of Stephen Marshall (Cantharinae), Hua-Te Fang (Silini), Zhenhua Liu (Chauliognathinae), Reiner Richter (Dysmorphocerinae), E. Christina Butler (Tytthonyxini) and Chih-Wen Hsu (Malthininae).

Fig. 4 Femoral proportions and ratios with statistical results. A–D in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 4 Femoral proportions and ratios with statistical results. A–D Circumferences versus lengths with best fit curves and/or least area polygons, the large Tyrannosaurus data is included in all these plots, higher placement on plots indicates higher gracility. A Allosaurus. B Gorgosaurus (squares), Albertosaurus (diamonds). C All large Tyrannosaurus and all tyrannosaurids aside from those from the TT-zone, the smaller of the two polygons for the latter excludes specimens with femora below 250 mm long. D All large Tyrannosaurus and all other sampled theropods. E–H Lengths versus circumferences with best fit curves for all large Tyrannosaurus and the three species, higher placement on plots indicates more robusticity. I and J Femur proportional ratios and C-means and K-means analyses: note that these plots represent one-dimensional data on a two-dimensional coordinate plane, which is why the x and y axes are the same and the data follows a perfect y = x line; not an error in application of the clustering algorithms, it is the way the graphics software defaults to a two-dimensional plot in all cases

Fig. 3 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 3 Tyrannosaurus anterior left dentaries in dorsomedial view showing differing proportions of the first three tooth sockets. A Tyrannosaurus imperator (morphotype I) "Samson" with two small anterior-most incisors (after Fig. 8.5 in Larson, 2008a, b). B Tyrannosaurus rex (morphotype II) holotype CM 9380 with one small anterior-most incisor (after Fig. 8.4 in Larson, 2008a, b)

Fig. 2 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 2 Tyrannosaurus femora (top row) and metatarsals II (bottom row on left sides) and IV (on right sides) to same scale, bar equals 500 mm. C and E after Fig. 8.14 in Larson (2008a, b). A Gracile large juvenile T. regina (morphotype III) LACM 23845 (~ 1.5 tonnes). B Robust large juvenile T. incertae sedis USNM 6183 (~ 2.5). C Robust adult T. rex (morphotype II) BHI 6233 (~ 4). D Robust adult T. rex holotype CM 9380 (6.4). E Gracile adult T. regina exBHI 3033 (7.4). F Gracile subadult T. regina BHI 6230 (~ 3.7). Solid black is preserved bone, masses with an ~ indicator are scaled from volumetric estimates of more complete specimens

Fig. 6 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 6 Element ratios for large Tyrannosaurus specimens at differing stratigraphic levels (lower L, middle M, upper U) in the TT-zone (vertical axis); specimens that may be from either the upper lower or lower middle T-zone are plotted between the lower and middle levels. For A to I increasingly bone gracility is to the right, for J increasing 2nd incisor robustness is the left. A Femur length/circumference, division between robusts and graciles indicated by dashed line. B Humerus length/circ. C Ilium length/depth. D Metatarsal 2 length/ circ. E Metatarsal 2 length/diameter. F Metatarsal 4 length/circ. G Metatarsal 4 length/diameter. H Maxilla length/depth. I Dentary length/depth. J Dentary teeth 2/3 base diameters, division between one and two incisors indicated by dashed line

Fig. 5 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 5 Stratigraphic-temporal separation of adults of western North American Campanian– Maastrichtian tyrannosaurid species, to same scale, bar equals 2 m, showing sudden size increase in Late Maastrichtian in association with retreating interior seaway resulting in reconnection of North America into a contiguous continent. From bottom to top; Gorgosaurus libratus (2.6 tonnes), Albertosaurus sarcophagus (2.8), Tyrannosaurus imperator (7.2), T. regina (7.4). Stippled areas are the formations that preserve the illustrated tyrannosaurids, from bottom to top Dinosaur Park, Horseshoe Canyon, TT-zone

Figure 3 in Phylogeny of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with emphasis on morphological trait evolution

Figure 3. Photomicrographs of fore- and hindwing, in dorsal view. A, Apochrysa matsumurae. B, Nothochrysa sp. C, Hypochrysa elegans. D, Nothancyla verreauxi. E, Gonzaga nigriceps. F, Stigmachrysa kervillei. G, Nineta flava. H, Parankylopteryx sp.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with emphasis on morphological trait evolution

Figure 7. Parameres (absence or presence of parameres or gonapsis) character states traced on the BI tree inferred from combined data (A–C: 'parameres'; D–J: 'gonapsis'). A, Dysochrysa furcata. B, Italochrysa sp. C, Oyochrysa ancora. D, Ceraeochrysa cincta. E, Parachrysopiella talquensis. F, Chrysemosa sp. G, Anomalochrysa hepatica. H, Meleoma schwarzi. I, Pseudomallada euryderus. J, Pseudomallada ventralis.

Figure 2. A in Phylogeny of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with emphasis on morphological trait evolution

Figure 2. A, photomicrograph of fore- and hindwing of Borniochrysa squamosa, in dorsal view, including character states (refer to list of morphological characters in Supporting Information, S1_3). B, line drawing Cryptochrysa chloros, Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae, forewing and hindwing, using revised, current vein terminology. Abbreviations: im, (intramedian cell); dcc, (distal cubital cell); PsM, (pseudomedial); PsC, (pseudocubital); i.g., (inner gradates); o.g., (outer gradates); Sc (subcosta; dark blue), RA (radius anterior; orange), RP (radius posterior; green), MA (media anterior; purple), MP (media posterior; yellow), CuA (cubitus anterior; light blue), CuP (cubitus anterior; red), A (anal; brown) [altered from Breitkreuz et al. (2017)].

Figure 1 in Phylogeny of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with emphasis on morphological trait evolution

Figure 1. Fifty per cent majority rule consensus of the Bayesian inferred phylogenetic hypotheses from morphological and molecular data of Chrysopidae. Posterior probabilities (PP) indicated on nodes. A, Chrysopodes-group; B, Eremochrysa-group; C, Chrysoperla-group; D, Meleoma-group; E, Chrysopa-group. a, Glenochrysa opposite; b, Italochrysa exilis; c, Cacarulla maculipennis.

Figure 4. A–C in Phylogeny of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with emphasis on morphological trait evolution

Figure 4. A–C, photomicrographs of flagella, lateral view; curved lines indicate the base of the flagellar setae, and black arrows indicate the tip of the flagellar setae. A, Hypochrysa elegans, five setal rings. B, Nothochrysa sp., six setal rings. C, Peyerimhoffina gracilis, four setal rings. D, E, photomicrographs of the meso- and metanotum, dorsal view. D, Hypochrysa elegans, black arrow indicates the presence of a small expansion on the anterior margin of the metascutum. E, Chrysopa oculata, black arrow indicates the simple metascutum, without medial expansion. F, G, photomicrographs of tarsi. F, Hypochrysa elegans, dorsal view, black arrows indicating four long setae. G, Stigmachrysa kervillei, dorsal view, black arrows indicating two long setae.