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FIGURE 9 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 9. Records of the East Asian Xyela species supposedly feeding on Pinus (Strobus) species: X. kamtshatica (21 specimens from 4 collection sites), X. pumilae (4 specimens from 2 collection sites) and X. sibiricae (8 specimens from 2 collection sites). Additional record of X. kamtshatica by Takeuchi (1938) included for Hokkaido. The rhomb-shaped symbol represents records of X. koraiensis, X. rasnitsyni and X. ussuriensis supposedly feeding on Pinus koraiensis (illustrated separately in Figs 10, 22). Legend for natural distribution of Pinus species: P. koraiensis (solid line, according to Mirov 1967), P. pumila (dotted line) and P. sibirica (dashed line, both combined from Sokolov et al. 1977 and Kremenetski et al. 1998).

FIGURES 42–65 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 42–65. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. curva group, X. rasnitsyni group, X. julii group (part). Legend: HT—holotype; NT—neotype; PT—paratype.

FIGURES 2–5 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 2–5. Measurements and terminology of wing venation (see explanations on pp. 8–10). 2, Xyela rasnitsyni (paratype), ovipositor sheath (embedded in glycerine and therefore valvula 3 a little wider compared to dry, pinned specimens). 3, X. alpigena, penis valve. 4, X. curva, wings. 5, X. lugdunensis (paratype of X. nigroabscondita), fore wing.

FIGURE 8 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 8. Records of Xyela alpigena (51 specimens from 22 collection sites) and X. peuce (21 specimens from 5 collection sites) and natural distribution of the (supposed) host plants, Pinus cembra (solid line) and P. peuce (dashed line, both according to Willis et al. 1998).

FIGURES 121–125 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 121–125. Distal section of ovipositors. 121, Xyela longula. 122, X. alpigena. 123, X. occidentalis (paratype). 124, X. curva. 125, X. rasnitsyni (paratype). Arrowheads in Figs 123–124 indicate preapical small tooth on dorsal edge of valvula 1.

FIGURE 20 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 20. Records of Xyela longula (49 specimens from 32 collection sites) and natural distribution of the host plant, Pinus sylvestris (solid line, combined from Mirov 1967, Sokolov et al. 1977 and Willis et al. 1998). Two additional records included from Scotland (Harwood 1950, Entwistle 1996). The question mark refers to a tentatively identified male from Tence (France: Auvergne; see text).

FIGURES 24–41 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 24–41. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. longula group, X. lugdunensis group, X. alpigena group, X. meridionalis group. Legend: HT—holotype; LT—lectotype; PT—paratype. Legend for Fig. 25: kss—kidney-shaped spot; mfs—medial frontal spot; sff—stripe along frontal furrow.

FIGURE 1 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 1. Records of Xyela species in Eurasia and natural distribution of their host plants, Pinus species (solid line, combined from Mirov 1967, Sokolov et al. 1977 and Richardson 1998).

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 4 in Larval Host Plant Records, Distributional Records, and Biological Information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Fig. 4. Larval habits of Necydalis mellita. A) Old log utilized by N. mellita, B) Ellipsoidal exit tunnel at the surface, C) Head-down pupa in the pupal cell, D) More or less circular emergence hole gnawed by the emerging adult.

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 3 in Larval Host Plant Records, Distributional Records, and Biological Information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Fig. 3. Stems of desert almond girdled by Neaneflus fuchsii. A–C) Girdled stems showing the girdle and the emergence hole (arrow) below it, the hole is plugged with fibrous frass, D–E) Top view of the girdle, after removing the frass in the girdle in E, the place where the larva headed down is marked by a wad of fibrous frass.

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in Larval Host Plant Records, Distributional Records, and Biological Information on North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Fig. 2. Larval habits of Calloides nobilis nobilis. A) Fire-killed oak with new shoots around its base utilized by the beetle (inset shows exit holes), B–C) Prepupal burrows in the center of the stem, D and F) Emergence holes cut by the larva through the bark, the plug is visible in D but not in F, E, G–H) Emergence holes and fibrous plugs in cross section.

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Focusing on individual plants to understand community scale biodiversity effects: the case of root distribution in grasslands

Spatial resource partitioning between species via differences in rooting depth is one of the main explanations for the positive biodiversity-productivity relationship. However, evidence for the importance of this mechanism is limited. This may be due to the community scale at which these interactions are often investigated. Community measures represent net outcomes of species interactions and may obscure the mechanisms underlying belowground interactions. Here, we assess the performance of ~1700 individual plants and their heterospecific neighbours over three growing seasons in experimental grassland plots containing one, four or 16 different plant species and tested whether their performance in mixtures compared to monocultures was related to their own rooting depth vs. the rooting depth of their heterospecific neighbours. Overall, individuals of deep-rooting species performed better in mixtures and this effect significantly increased when surrounded by more shallow-rooting species. This effect was not apparent for the shallow rooting species. Together, including both deep and shallow rooting species increased mixture performance. Our results show that taking the perspective of the individual rather than the community can elucidate the interactions between species that contribute to positive biodiversity effects, emphasizing the need for studies at different scales to disentangle the myriad interactions that take place in diverse communities.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Fig. 5 in Sites of biosynthesis, distribution and phloem transport of 3-isobutyl-2- Methoxypyrazine in Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) plants

Fig. 5. Extracted-ion chromatograms (EIC; m/z 124, 127) obtained by HS-SPME–GCxGC-ToF-MS-analysis after feeding [2H]- -leucine to several fruit tissues of 10 Lunripe bell peppers (Capsicum annuum cv. Allrounder).

Fig. 6 in Sites of biosynthesis, distribution and phloem transport of 3-isobutyl-2- Methoxypyrazine in Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) plants

Fig. 6. Extracted-ion chromatograms (EIC; m/z 124, 127) obtained by HS-SPME–GCxGC-ToF-MS-analysis after feeding [2H]- -leucine to several organs of bell 10 Lpepper plants (Capsicum annuum cv. Allrounder).

Fig. 3 in Sites of biosynthesis, distribution and phloem transport of 3-isobutyl-2- Methoxypyrazine in Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) plants

Fig. 3. IBMP-content (means ± standard deviations (n = 5–8) expressed as ng/g FW (fresh weight)) in the various parts of unripe (A) and ripe (B) bell pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum cv. Allrounder). Ripening stages of bell pepper fruits: unripe (fully green), breaking point (green and yellow) and ripe (fully yellow) (C). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Sites of biosynthesis, distribution and phloem transport of 3-isobutyl-2- Methoxypyrazine in Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) plants

Fig. 4. Structure (A) and electron ionization (EI) mass spectra (B) of the biosynthetic product ([2H]-IBMP) after incorporation of stable-isotope labelled [2H]- 9 10 L-leucine.

Fig. 2 in Sites of biosynthesis, distribution and phloem transport of 3-isobutyl-2- Methoxypyrazine in Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) plants

Fig. 2. EI-MS spectra and fragmentation pattern of IBMP (A) and EI-MS spectra and fragmentation pattern of [2H]-IBMP (B).

Fig. 1 in Sites of biosynthesis, distribution and phloem transport of 3-isobutyl-2- Methoxypyrazine in Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) plants

Fig. 1. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) (A) and extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) (B) of ripe bell pepper pericarp (Capsicum annuum cv. Allrounder) analyzed by HSSPME–GC-ToF-MS.

opennotspecifiedOct 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Fluoroacetate distribution, response to fluoridation, and synthesis in juvenile Gastrolobium bilobum plants

Fig. 2. Plausible biosynthetic routes to fluoroacetate in plants. (A) The known Actinomycete pathway from S-adenosylmethionine. (B) A hypothetical pathway via a C3-pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) complex proposed by Mead and Segal (1972). R is the hydroxyl or thiol group of serine or cysteine, respectively. (C) A new hypothetical pathway via fluorination of the enolonium form of acetyl-CoA. X is a heteroatom (O or S) or a metal that can accept two electrons.