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768 results for “reinforcement”
Data from: A potential case of reinforcement in a facultatively sexual unicellular eukaryote
The origin of a new species requires a mechanism to prevent divergent populations from interbreeding. In the classic allopatric model, divided populations evolve independently and accumulate genetic differences. If contact is restored, hybrids suffer reduced fitness and selection may favor traits that prevent mistakes in mating, a process known as reinforcement. This decisive but transient phase is challenging to document and has been reported mostly in macroorganisms. Very little is known about the processes through which new microbial species originate. In particular, it is unclear whether microbial eukaryotes, many of which can reproduce sexually during complex life cycles, speciate in much the same way as do well-studied plants and animals. Using individual cellular mate choice trials, we investigated the mating behavior of sympatric and allopatric woodland populations of the yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus. We find evidence consistent with reinforcement, potentially representing an example of microbial speciation in progress.
Data from: Low reversed cyclic loading tests for integrated precast structure of lightweight wall with single-row reinforcement under a lightweight steel frame
Given the development of precast structures for low-rise residential buildings, this study explores a new structure—namely, an integrated precast structure of lightweight recycled-concrete wall with single-row reinforcement—under a lightweight steel frame filled with recycled concrete (integrated precast structure for short). The lightweight steel frame and lightweight wall cooperate to bear the forces. The applied concealed bracing, either a rebar bracing or a steel plate bracing, increases the shear resistance of the wall. The lightweight steel frame is designed to bear the vertical loading, whereas the seismic load in the horizontal direction is jointly borne by the frame and wall. This study presents the results of low reversed cyclic loading tests on nine specimens of integrated precast structures. An analysis is then carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of the specimens; based on these results, a formula for the force-bearing performance of the inclined section is developed. The results show satisfactory performance as an integrated piece; the proposed structure has two seismic lines of defence, with the lightweight wall restraint by the side frame being the first line and the steel frame being the second line. Because the failure of the wall can be categorised as shear failure, the restraint of the lightweight steel frame significantly reduces the potential damage of the wall. As the beams and columns of the steel frame tend to bend against failure, the wall filling helps resist sliding. Therefore, the reinforced joints of the connecting beams and columns show no visible signs of damage, indicating that the connection between the beams and columns is reliable. The narrow spacing of rebars and the setting of concealed bracing contribute to the increase in ductility and energy efficiency and the evident reduction in the failure process. Furthermore, the recycled concrete increases the seismic resistance of the structure.
Data from: Gaze-contingent reinforcement learning reveals incentive value of social signals in young children and adults
While numerous studies have demonstrated that infants and adults preferentially orient to social stimuli, it remains unclear as to what drives such preferential orienting. It has been suggested that the learned association between social cues and subsequent reward delivery might shape such social orienting. Using a novel, spontaneous indication of reinforcement learning (with the use of a gaze contingent reward-learning task), we investigated whether children and adults' orienting towards social and non-social visual cues can be elicited by the association between participants' visual attention and a rewarding outcome. Critically, we assessed whether the engaging nature of the social cues influences the process of reinforcement learning. Both children and adults learned to orient more often to the visual cues associated with reward delivery, demonstrating that cue–reward association reinforced visual orienting. More importantly, when the reward-predictive cue was social and engaging, both children and adults learned the cue–reward association faster and more efficiently than when the reward-predictive cue was social but non-engaging. These new findings indicate that social engaging cues have a positive incentive value. This could possibly be because they usually coincide with positive outcomes in real life, which could partly drive the development of social orienting.
Data from: The physiological costs of prey switching reinforce foraging specialization
Sympatric speciation is thought to be strongly linked to resource specialization with alternative resource use acting as a fundamental agent driving divergence. However, sympatric speciation through niche expansion is dependent on foraging specialization being consistent over space and time. Standard metabolic rate is the minimal maintenance metabolic rate of an ectotherm in a post-absorptive and inactive state and can constitute a significant portion of an animal's energy budget; thus standard metabolic rate and growth rate are two measures frequently used as an indication of the physiological performance of individuals. Physiological adaptations to a specific diet may increase the efficiency with which it is utilized, but may have an increased cost associated with switching diets, which may result in a reduced SMR and growth rate. In this study we use the diet specialization often seen in polymorphic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) populations to study the effects of different prey on standard metabolic rate and growth rate as well as the effects that early prey specialization may have on the ability to process other prey types efficiently. We found a significant effect of prey type on standard metabolic rate and growth rate. Furthermore, we found evidence of diet specialization with all fish maintaining a standard metabolic rate and growth rate lower than expected when fed on a diet different to which they were raised, possibly due to a maladaptation in digestion of alternative prey items. Our results show that early diet specialization may be reinforced by the elevated costs of prey switching thus promoting the process of resource specialization during the incipient stages of sympatric divergence.
Data from: Sperm divergence in a passerine contact zone: indication of reinforcement at the gametic level
Postcopulatory sexual selection may promote evolutionary diversification in sperm form, but the contribution of between-species divergence in sperm morphology to the origin of reproductive isolation and speciation remains little understood. To assess the possible role of sperm diversification in reproductive isolation, we studied sperm morphology in two closely related species, the common nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and the thrush nightingale (L. luscinia), that hybridize in a secondary contact zone spanning Central and Eastern Europe. We found: (1) striking divergence between the species in total sperm length, accompanied by a difference in the length of the mitochondrial sperm component; (2) greater divergence between species in sperm morphology in sympatry than in allopatry, with evidence for character displacement in sperm head length detected in L. megarhynchos; (3) interspecific hybrids showing sperm with a length intermediate between the parental species, but no evidence for decreased sperm quality (the proportion of abnormal spermatozoa in ejaculates). Our results demonstrate that divergence in sperm morphology between the two nightingale species does not result in intrinsic postzygotic isolation, but may contribute to postcopulatory prezygotic isolation. This isolation could be strengthened in sympatry by reinforcement.
Data from: The relationship between post-mating reproductive isolation and reinforcement in Phlox
The process of speciation involves the accumulation of reproductive isolation (RI) between diverging lineages. Selection can favor increased RI via the process of reinforcement, whereby costs to hybridization impose selection for increased prezygotic RI. Reinforcement results in phenotypic divergence within at least one taxon, as a result of costly hybridization between sympatric taxa. The strength of selection driving reinforcement is determined by the cost of hybridization and the frequency of hybridization. We investigated the cost of hybridization by quantifying post-mating RI barriers among Phlox species that comprise one of the best-studied cases of reinforcement. We determined if the strength of RI differs among lineages that have and have not undergone reinforcement, how much variability there is within species in RI, and whether RI is associated with phylogenetic relatedness. We found high RI for the species that underwent phenotypic divergence due to reinforcement; however, RI was also high between other species pairs. We found extensive variability in RI among individuals within species, and no evidence that the strength of RI was associated with phylogenetic relatedness. We suggest that phenotypic divergence due to reinforcement is associated with the frequency of hybridization and introgression, and not the cost of hybridization in this clade.
Low-complexity Reinforcement Learning Decoders for Autonomous, Scalable, Neuromorphic intra-cortical Brain Machine Interfaces
<p><strong>General Description. </strong>TThis dataset comprises recordings from four BMI (Brain-Machine Interface) experiments conducted on two adult macaques. Three of the experiments involved joystick-controlled tasks, while the fourth was a center-out reaching task. In the center-out task, the macaque was trained to maneuver a joystick-controlled cursor from a central position on a computer screen to one of eight square-shaped target locations. The macaques were able to use a wireless integrated system to control a robotic platform (on which they were seated) enabling independent mobility driven by neuronal activity in their motor cortices. Neural activity was recorded from populations of single neurons via multiple electrode arrays implanted in the arm region of the primary motor cortex. A general overview is provided below:</p> <ol> <li>A titanium head post (Crist Instruments, MD, USA) was surgically affixed before implanting the microelectrode arrays. In NHP-A, four microelectrode arrays with 16 electrodes each were implanted, while NHP-B was implanted with one array containing 100 electrodes in the hand/arm region of the left primary motor cortex.</li> <li>Spike signals were recorded using an in-house 100-channel wireless neural recording system, sampled at 13 kHz. The wide-band signals were band-pass filtered between 300 and 3000 Hz to eliminate low-frequency components. Spike detection thresholds were determined using the formula: Thr = 5σ, where σ = median(|x| / 0.6745), <em>x</em> is the filtered signal, and <em>σ</em> estimates the standard deviation of background noise.</li> </ol> <p>In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the behavioral task involved controlling the motion of a robotic wheelchair using a three-directional, spring-loaded joystick. These tasks included: a) turning 90° right, b) moving forward by 2 meters, c) turning 90° left, and d) remaining stationary for 5 seconds (stop task). The success rate varied across experiments. Experiment 4 also involved joystick control, but followed a classical center-out reaching paradigm. </p> <p><strong>Dataset Description. </strong>The dataset is organized into folders (labeled as experiment 1, 2, 3, and 4) containing data from both NHP-A and NHP-B. Each folder contains data from separate dates labeled as YYMMDD (at the end of the filename). For experiment 1, data from the following dates are present: 15-10-08, 15-10-12, 15-10-19, 15-10-26, 15-11-02, 15-11-16, 15-11-23, and 15-12-10. For experiment 2, following dates are: 18-02-20, 18-03-06, 18-03-08, 18-03-20, 18-03-26, 18-04-13, 18-04-16, 18-04-23. For experiment 3: 14-08-14, 14-08-18, 14-08-20, 15-10-14. For experiment 4: 18-12-03, 18-12-13, 19-01-07, 19-02-20. File naming conventions across all experiments are as follows</p> <ol> <li>targTest: This corresponds to the direction of the joystick recorded for each trial. (decoded using the decoder)</li> <li>targTrain: Ground truth label, corresponding to the actual direction of the joystick.</li> <li>testSet: Number of spike counts from each channel (used for testing corresponding to all the sessions)</li> <li>trainSet: Number of spike counts from each channel (used for calibration, mostly) </li> </ol> <p><strong>Additional Information.</strong> This dataset is a simplified and curated version designed to reproduce the results presented in the associated paper. Note that Experiments 1 and 3 have partial datasets already publicly available at: <a href="https://osf.io/dce96/" target="_new" rel="noopener">https://osf.io/dce96/</a>. However, those versions are raw and can be processed using the variable descriptions below to extract spike counts with a specified bin width. Each file includes the following fields:</p> <ol> <li> joystick_adfreq: The frequency of operation of the joystick.</li> <li>X_Voltage: The voltage reading corresponding to the x-coordinate (while joystick operation).</li> <li>Y_Voltage: The voltage reading corresponding to the y-coordinate (while joystick operation).</li> <li>Spike_data(Channel Number): The Channel Number corresponding to which the neuronal data is recorded.</li> <li>Spike_data(Cluster): Descripting the cluster on which the channels are placed.</li> <li>Spike_data(Spike Times): The timestamp corresponding to the detection of a spike.</li> <li>Spike_data(Spike Number): The total number of spikes calculated for a particular trial from a particular channel.</li> <li>Spike_data(Mean Spike Waveform): The mean neuronal data (for that trial from a particular channel) describing a spike.</li> <li>Spike_data(Spike Amplitude): The mean spike amplitude of that particular channel.</li> <li>IMETrainingData(SentSignals): The truth labels corresponding to a particular trial.</li> <li>IMETrainingData(Timestamps): Time stamps corresponding to each sent signal (data).</li> <li>IMETrainingData(ReasonFail): String data; Reason if the trial failed.</li> <li>IMETrainingData(TrialOutcomes): Trial results corresponding to successful or unsuccessful!</li> <li>IMETrainingData(StartTime): corresponding to the beginning of each trial.</li> <li>IMETrainingData(EndTime): corresponding to the end of each trial.</li> </ol> <p><strong>Possible use cases. </strong>This dataset is well-suited for designing, training, and evaluating iBMI decoders. It provides a valuable resource for researchers aiming to model sensorimotor cortical spiking, benchmark iBMI decoders under consistent conditions, or explore neuromorphic and reinforcement learning-based approaches to decoder design.</p> <p><strong>Contact Information. </strong>We would be delighted to hear from you if you find this dataset useful—especially if it contributes to a publication. Contact: A. Basu <arinbasu@cityu.edu.hk>; A. Ghosh <aghosh14@illinois.edu>.</p> <p><strong>Citation. </strong>A. Ghosh, S. Shaikh, B. Zhou, P. S. V. Sun, C. Libedinsky, R. So, A. Basu, "Low-complexity Reinforcement Learning Decoders for Autonomous, Scalable, Neuromorphic intra-cortical Brain Machine Interfaces," Neuroelectronics 2025(2):0006, <a href="https://doi.org/10.55092/neuroelectronics20250006">https://doi.org/10.55092/neuroelectronics20250006</a></p>
Raw Data of "Ultra-High Strength of Nanocrystalline Inconel 718 Composites by High-Pressure Torsion Deformation and Graphite Reinforcements"
<p>The data set contains the raw data used in "Ultra-High Strength of Nanocrystalline Inconel 718 Composites by High-Pressure Torsion Deformation and Graphite Reinforcements"</p> <p>The file "READ ME FIRST" is a list that assigns the file names of the raw data to the figures used in this study.</p> <p>The raw data contains:</p> <ul> <li>SEM micrographs and fractographs</li> <li>TEM micrographs</li> <li>EDS measurements</li> <li>Microhardness measurements</li> <li>Micro tensile test measurements</li> </ul>
Figure 3 in Terrestrial invertebrates surviving San Ambrosio island's ecological catastrophe reinforce biogeographic affinities between the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands
Figure 3. Land snail. Tornatellides (Ambrosiella) kuscheli (Achatinellidae) Endemic.
GR(1) Synthesis, Behavioral Programming, and Reinforcement Learning for Safe and Efficient Decision-Making Systems
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FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic placement of Mimosa pabstiana reinforces a biogeographic pattern of the Pleistocene Arc Theory in Mimosa (Leguminosae, Caesalpinoideae)
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Mimosa pabstiana.
Safe Reinforcement Learning Through Reactive Synthesis and Behavioral Programming in Cyber-Physical Systems
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Curiosity Driven Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning for 3D Game Testing
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Data from: Pair bonding prevents reinforcing effects of testosterone in male California mice in an unfamiliar environment
Testosterone (T) can be released by stimuli such as social interactions, and thereby influence future social behaviours. Because the reinforcing effects of T can induce preferences for specific environmental locations, T has the potential to alter behaviour through space use. In a monogamous species, this T pulse may contribute differently to space use in sexually naive (SN) and pair-bonded (PB) males: SN males may be more likely to explore new areas to set up a territory than PB males, which are more likely to defend an existing, established territory. In this study, we test for variation in T-driven space use by examining variation in the formation of conditioned place preferences (CPPs) in SN and PB male California mice. In the three-chambered CPP apparatus, subcutaneous administrations of physiological levels of T were used to repeatedly condition SN and PB males to a side chamber, which is an unfamiliar/neutral environment. The final tests revealed that T-induced CPPs in the side chamber are developed in SN, but not PB males. This study fills a gap in our knowledge about plasticity in the rewarding nature of T pulses, based on past social experience.
Data from: Livestock grazing reinforces the competitive exclusion of small-bodied birds by large aggressive birds
1.Grazing by domestic livestock is sometimes promoted as a management tool to benefit biodiversity. In many situations, however, it can produce negative outcomes. 2.Here we examine the impacts of recent and historic livestock grazing on bird communities in the semi-arid woodlands in eastern Australia, testing the notion that grazing removes the suppressive effect of structurally complex vegetation on miners, thereby reducing the richness and abundance of small birds. 3.We used time- and area-limited searches of 108 sites varying in livestock grazing history and intensity, to explore the direct and indirect effects of grazing, habitat complexity and the abundance of aggressive, large-bodied birds on smaller-bodied birds using two-way analysis of variance and structural equation modelling. 4.Small birds were less abundant and had lower richness in the presence of miners. Our structural equation models indicated that recent grazing had direct suppressive effects on the abundance of miners, and both richness and abundance of all but the largest-bodied bird groups. However, higher levels of historic livestock grazing reinforced the competitive exclusion of the six small-bodied bird groups (insectivores, nectarivores, declining woodland birds, small ground foraging birds, all small birds, all non-miners) by aggressive miners via reductions in habitat complexity. Moreover, the strength of any suppressive effects on small birds or positive effects on large birds by miners increased with increasing miner abundance. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight the importance of vegetation structural complexity, not only for providing habitat for woodland birds, but as barriers to the invasion and competitive dominance of miners. Our findings suggest that management actions aimed at reducing tree and shrub density to promote open woodlands are likely to have significant negative consequences for the conservation of small woodland birds.
Track-to-Learn: A general framework for tractography with deep reinforcement learning
<p>Datasets used in the experiments presented in Track-to-Learn: A general framework for tractography using deep reinforcement learning</p> <p>See https://github.com/scil-vital/TrackToLearn to use the datasets and recreate the experiments.</p>
Figure 5 in Reinforcement as a conservation tool - assessing site fidelity and movement of the endangered elongated tortoise Indotestudo elongata (Blyth, 1854)
Figure 5. Boxplot comparing the tortoises' seasonal 95% KDE home range sizes.
Genomic signals of admixture and reinforcement between two closely related species of European sepsid flies
<p>Interspecific gene flow by hybridization may weaken species barriers and adaptive divergence, but can also initiate reinforcement of reproductive isolation through natural and sexual selection. However, the extent of interspecific gene flow and its consequences for the initiation and maintenance of species barriers in natural systems remain poorly understood. We first applied coalescence simulations and approximate Bayesian calculations based on microsatellite data to infer the yet unknown demographic history of the two closely related European dung fly sister species Sepsis cynipsea and Sepsis neocynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae). To assess genome-wide patterns of historical gene flow between both species, we quantified discordances in derived allele sharing (D-statistics, ABBA-BABA test) in whole-genome resequencing data from pooled DNA of male specimens originating from natural and laboratory populations. We contrasted genome-wide variation in DNA sequence differences between samples from sympatric populations of the two species in France and Switzerland with that of interspecific differences between pairs of samples involving allopatric populations from Estonia and Italy. At one site in the French Cevennes we detected a relative excess of DNA sequence identity, suggesting interspecific gene flow in sympatry. In contrast, at two sites in Switzerland, we observed a relative depletion of DNA sequence identity compatible with reinforcement of species boundaries in sympatry. Our results suggest that the species boundaries between S. cynipsea and S. neocynipsea in Europe depend on the eco-geographic context.</p>
Figure 4 from: Dickinson EC (2016) Reinforcing the foundations of ornithological nomenclature: Filling the gaps in Sherborn's and Richmond's historical legacy of bibliographic exploration. In: Michel E (Ed.) Anchoring Biodiversity Information: From Sherborn to the 21st century and beyond. ZooKeys 550: 107–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.550.10170
Figure 4 - An example of two-state publication. Here the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1887, demonstrates a two-state situation. Left image: "first state". Right image: "second state". Images from Dickinson et al. (2011: 36) reproduced with permission from The Natural History Museum, London.
Figure 2 from: Dickinson EC (2016) Reinforcing the foundations of ornithological nomenclature: Filling the gaps in Sherborn's and Richmond's historical legacy of bibliographic exploration. In: Michel E (Ed.) Anchoring Biodiversity Information: From Sherborn to the 21st century and beyond. ZooKeys 550: 107–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.550.10170
Figure 2 - Bibliographic publications per decade, 1970 to late 2011, by subject. Treating books, periodicals and general works such as catalogues (source: references cited by Dickinson et al. 2011).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.