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Figure 4. Molecular phylogeny from Figure 3 in Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships
Figure 4. Molecular phylogeny from Figure 3 with the species names changed to reflect our new generic taxonomy.
Figure 2 in Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships
Figure 2. Molecular phylogeny, morphological unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering, and principal components analysis (PCA) plot for Philippine Sphenomorphus. The molecular phylogeny is the Bayesian maximum consensus tree from the combined 17-partition analysis. Posterior probability values equal or greater than 0.95 are black circles, above 0.75 are white circles, and below 0.75 are not shown. Morphological UPGMA clustering was calculated in JMP using average distances. The PCA plot is for PC1 and PC2 in Table 7. Species groups from Brown & Alcala (1980) are colour-coded. Morphological UPGMA clustering shows species groups are morphologically congruent, but the phylogeny demonstrates that the same morphological types are convergent.
Telfair's skink COI presence absence data
<p>Introduced species can exert disproportionately negative effects on island ecosystems, but their potential role as food for native consumers is poorly studied. Telfair's skinks are endemic omnivores living on Round Island, Mauritius, a globally significant site of biodiversity conservation. We aimed to determine the dietary diversity and key trophic interactions of Telfair's skinks, whether introduced species are frequently consumed, and if diet composition changes seasonally between male and female skinks. We used DNA metabarcoding of skink faecal samples to identify animals (COI) and plants (ITS2) consumed by skinks. There were 389 dietary presence counts belonging to 77 dietary taxa found across the 73 Telfair's skink faecal samples. Introduced taxa were cumulatively consumed more frequently than other categories, accounting for 49.4% of all detections, compared to cryptogenic (20.6%), native (20.6%), and endemic taxa (9.5%). The most frequently consumed introduced species was the ant, <i>Pheidole megacephala</i>, present in 40% of samples. Blue latan palm, <i>Latania loddigesii</i>, was the most frequently consumed endemic species, present in 33% of samples but was only detected in the dry season, when fruits are produced. We found a strong seasonal difference in diet composition explained by the presence of certain plant species solely or primarily in one season and a marked increase in the consumption of animal prey in the dry season. Male and female skinks consumed several taxa at different frequencies. These results present a valuable perspective on the role of introduced species in the trophic network of their invaded ecosystem. Both native and introduced species provide nutritional resources for skinks and this may have management implications in the context of species conservation and island restoration.</p>
Range contractions and reduced body mass predicted for endemic skinks of the Cameroon volcanic line with future warming
<p><em><span>Aim </span></em></p> <p><span>The vulnerability of montane species to environmental change has been increasingly recognized over the past decade. However, most of these species are regionally endemic with restricted ranges, limiting dispersal necessary for avoiding extinction. </span><span>Threats posed for montane lizards could be further complicated in species following Bergmann's rule, where body size increases with altitude.</span><span> In this study, we applied a bioclimatic and body mass trait-based species distribution model approach to identify areas suitable for montane endemic skink species of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) under current and future climates. </span></p> <p><em><span>Location</span></em></p> <p><span>Cameroon Volcanic Line</span></p> <p><em><span>Methods</span></em></p> <p><span>We recorded occurrence records and measured body mass in the field for skink species endemic to the CVL. We additionally supplemented our occurrence data with records from an online repository. We projected habitat suitability in the region by implementing the occurrence data in the bioclimatic species distribution models. We further integrated both occurrence and body mass information in our trait-based model to project potential body mass.</span></p> <p><em><span>Results</span></em></p> <p><span>Projected currently suitable ranges were limited to higher elevation regions, which are inhabited by numerous other threatened amphibian and reptile species. We found that, for our two skink species following Bergmann clines in body mass, trait model predictions covered a slightly larger geographic range than bioclimatic estimates. Under future warming, both models predict substantial contractions in suitable areas, potentially constraining species to mountain tops. Through the trait-based approach, we further detected potential warming-induced body mass reductions in projected suitable areas.</span></p> <p><em><span>Main conclusions</span></em></p> <p><span>We thus demonstrate how combining occurrence records with species trait information in predictive modelling can reveal complementary trends for more comprehensive climate change impact assessments. Overall, these challenges towards the persistence of CVL-endemic skink species should prompt urgent responses in national conservation management and local community engagement.</span></p>
FIGURE 8 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 8. Difference in hemipenes of other skinks in southern Vietnam. A–C, Sphenomorphus maculatus from Kien Giang Prov. and its hemipenis; D–F, Lygosoma bowringii from Kien Giang Prov. and its hemipenis; G–I, Scincella cf. melanosticta from Quang Nam Prov. and its hemipenis in (not fully everted).
FIGURE 7 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 7. Additional specimen (ITBCZ 6027) of Sphenomorphus buenloicus from Tram Lap Forest, Gia Lai Prov. showing the fully everted hemipenes. A, living specimen; B, hemipenes under not in fully everted condition (note that this is similar to the condition of the holotype's hemipenes in figure 6C); C&D, sulcate and asulcate views of the right hemipenis, respectively.
FIGURE 6 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 6. Examined specimens of Sphenomorphus buenloicus. A–C, holotype, ZISP 19795, hemipenes in C showing forked points near the tips of the organs; D, ITBCZ 5060 (upper) and ITBCZ 4357 (lower); E&F, lateral views of ITBCZ 5060 and ITBCZ 4357, respectively.
FIGURE 5 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 5. Map (left) showing the type locality (red dot) of Sphenomorphus yersini sp. nov. in southern Vietnam and habitat (right) of the new species in Hon Ba Nature Reserve.
FIGURE 4. Released referred specimen HBA 44 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 4. Released referred specimen HBA 44 of Sphenomorphus yersini sp. nov. A–C, living specimen; D–H, midbody scale rows illustrated and checked via detail photos. Photographs detail five parts. Red spots are marks on midbody; blue dots illustrate counting of 33 longitudinal scale rows.
FIGURE 1 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Sphenomorphus yersini sp. nov., ITBCZ 5685. A, dorsolateral view; B, ventral view; C&D, dorsal and lateral views of head; E, lower eyelid scaly; F, two asymmetrical hemipenes in preservation.
FIGURE 2 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Sphenomorphus yersini sp. nov. A&B, ITBCZ 5684, male; C&D, ITBCZ 5686, female. Scales in lower eyelid can be observed in figures B and D.
FIGURE 3 in A new skink of the genus Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, southern Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Hemipenes of paratype ITBCZ 5684 of Sphenomorphus yersini sp. nov. A&B, sulcate and asulcate views of the right hemipenis, respectively (fresh); B&C, asulcate and sulcate views of left hemipenis, respectively (fresh); E&F, the two hemipenes in preservation.
FIGURE 4 in A new skink of the genus Subdoluseps (Hardwicke & Gray, 1828) from Peninsular Malaysia
FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood concatenated tree topology of the Subdoluseps herberti group and outgroups based on R35 and ND1. Support values at the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities and Ultrafast Bootstrap approximations (BPP/ UFB).
FIGURE 5 in A new skink of the genus Subdoluseps (Hardwicke & Gray, 1828) from Peninsular Malaysia
FIGURE 5. Forest habitat of Subdoluseps malayana sp. nov. A. Bukit Panchor State Park, Penang, Peninsular Malaysia (photo by M. A. Muin). B. Teluk Rubiah, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia (photo by Z. Dzukafly). C. Kampung Menora along the Slim River, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia (photo by L. L. Grismer).
Data from: Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships
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Data from: The challenge of species delimitation at the extremes: diversification without morphological change in Philippine sun skinks
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Temperature predicts the rate of molecular evolution in Australian Eugongylinae skinks
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Data from: Facultative oviparity in a viviparous skink (Saiphos equalis)
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Range contractions and reduced body mass predicted for endemic skinks of the Cameroon volcanic line with future warming
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Data from: Differentiation within the endemic burrowing skink Pamelaescincus gardineri, across the Seychelles islands, assessed by mitochondrial and nuclear markers
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