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1,544 results for “spots”
Data from: Recreational vessel networks reveal potential hot spots for marine pest introduction and spread
<p>Recreational vessels are an important pathway for spreading marine non-indigenous species (NIS) around coastal environments globally. However, most vessels are not tracked, limiting our ability to map their movements and identify locations at greater risk of NIS introductions. Using New Zealand as a case study, we quantified spread and risk patterns of recreational vessel movements, using a web-based survey allowing the more than 1,800 respondents to map significant trips with over 12,000 visits. These vessel routes were used to build a network model representing nationwide recreational vessel movements. Two proxies were used to quantify the risk of introduction of marine NIS: (i) incoming hull length and (ii) cumulative residency periods at sites. There was significant variation in the distances travelled, the destinations they visited, and the duration of their stays. New Zealand's recreational boating network contained 317 destinations with over 4,000 unique connections, concentrated within two distinct areas of the country. Network-based metrics and risk proxies quantified the relative importance of domestic locations as incursion or spreading hubs for NIS. This approach highlighted several areas that pose high relative biosecurity risk within the national network, but are underrepresented within current surveillance programmes. Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates how the movement dynamics of recreational vessels can be quantified at a regional scale to inform proactive management. The identification of spreading hubs and locations at particular risk of NIS introductions, enables managers to design risk-based and effective surveillance and monitoring programmes. Our network-based approach to determine the biosecurity implications posed by recreational vessels is transferable to other parts of the world. It enables managers to understand the distribution of risk within an area of interest (e.g., a jurisdiction) and develop optimised approaches for mitigating impact.</p>
Figure 4 in Grafting increases superoxide dismutase and catalase activity to overcome the impact of the two-spotted spider mite on eggplant growth and productivity
Figure 4 Influence of TSSM infestation density on CAT (A) and SOD (B) enzyme activities, as well
Figure 2 in Grafting increases superoxide dismutase and catalase activity to overcome the impact of the two-spotted spider mite on eggplant growth and productivity
Figure 2 Average total number of TSSM in grafted and non-grafted eggplants. Means followed by
Data accompanying: Sweet-spot operation of a germanium hole spin qubit with highly anisotropic noise sensitivity
<p>These are the data accompanying the publication titled: 'Sweet-spot operation of a germanium hole spin qubit with highly anisotropic noise sensitivity'.</p>
Feather corticosterone reveals developmental challenges in a long‐term study of juvenile northern spotted owls
<p>1. Corticosterone is a steroid hormone integral to a variety of physiological pathways and is strongly associated with the vertebrate stress–response. In avian species, circulating corticosterone is sequestered into developing feathers and is used as an indicator of energy allocation during feather growth and widely applied in conservation physiology.</p> <p>2. The northern spotted owl (<i>Strix occidentalis caurina</i>) is a federally threatened old–growth forest obligate of conservation concern endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. The effects of landscape characteristics and individual variation on early development in spotted owls remain unstudied despite long recognition of this knowledge gap and its potential importance to species conservation.</p> <p>3. We quantified corticosterone concentrations in 4,720 feathers from 1,056 juvenile spotted owls across seven study areas between 2001 and 2017. We used an information–theoretic approach to examine the environmental and individual factors related to feather corticosterone in juvenile spotted owls as an indicator of challenges during early development.</p> <p>4. Feather corticosterone was positively related to temperature and precipitation, and negatively related to juvenile mass at banding. We found strong support for an interaction between mass and precipitation, with greater amounts of precipitation being associated with higher levels of feather corticosterone in lighter juveniles. The temperature and precipitation metric with the strongest relationship with feather corticosterone occurred during the fledging period, suggesting that this period presents an energetic challenge for juvenile spotted owls. Greater juvenile mass decreased the effect of precipitation, suggesting that greater mass was important for juveniles to maintain homeostasis during fledgling.</p> <p>5. Feather corticosterone in juvenile spotted owls provided insights to the challenges faced during early development, adding to our understanding of spotted owl life history and potential for population recovery.</p>
DNA Metabarcoding Enables High-Throughput Detection of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) within Unsorted Trap Catches
<p>Data to support the paper: DNA Metabarcoding Enables High-Throughput Detection of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) within Unsorted Trap Catches</p>
Collaboration Spotting X - A Visual Network Exploration Tool
<p>Due to many technological advancements, the amount of connected data drastically increased in the last decade. The analysis of this data and the insights it generates show great potential for supporting decision making processes in various industries and aspects of our lives. Multiple visual analytics solutions have been proposed to gain further insights into such data and gain explainable results. However, the majority of existing solutions are either closed sourced, not available or no longer developed. To mitigate the issues above and based on findings from expert interviews conducted using an existing tool, this paper introduces Collaboration Spotting X, a new network-based interactive visual analytics and information retrieval tool prototype. This prototype enables users to explore connected network datasets such as social network data and bibliometric data using multiple visual cues and interactions. Furthermore, to gain an insight into how this prototype is perceived by users and identify further improvements, a preliminary study with a class of 37 computer science graduate students is described. The study findings show that the students perceive Collaboration Spotting X as a useful tool that helps them complete tasks through visualisation and interaction. Additionally, multiple aspects were identified that might have caused users to experience in addition to positive emotions also some negative emotions during usage. These aspects might have also contributed to a lower usability score. Finally, multiple improvement directions have been identified, which will be implemented in future developments.</p>
Breeding status shapes territoriality and vocalization patterns in spotted owls
<p>Vocal territory defense can vary within a species due to many factors such as sex and breeding status, influencing territory size and thus population density across a landscape. Therefore, understanding what influences variation in territorial vocalizations can help to illuminate trade-offs between territoriality and other life history demands, which benefits our general understanding of animal ecology as well as helps to inform emerging passive acoustic monitoring approaches. Here, we investigated how sex and breeding status affected territoriality and vocal behavior in the California spotted owl (<em>Strix occidentalis occidentalis</em>) in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, using high-resolution acoustic/GPS tags. We discovered that territorial vocal behavior was related to breeding status and to a lesser extent sex. Breeding owls with fledged young had a less diverse vocal repertoire, produced fewer and quieter territorial calls, and typically called only when close to their nest. Males were also more likely to engage in territorial calling than females. Breeding spotted owls also maintained significantly smaller territories—but utilized larger home ranges—than non-breeding individuals. Our results suggest that breeding spotted owls may reduce their investment in territorial behaviors to mitigate the demands and risks associated with rearing young. Further, our results have important implications for the passive acoustic monitoring of spotted owls and, more broadly, highlight the utility of using multiple call types to detect species of interest.</p>
Dataset of wild spotted hyenas from 3 clans in the Serengeti National Park
<p><span><span>Host</span> <span>immune</span> <span>defenses</span> <span>are</span> <span>important</span> <span>components of</span> <span>host-parasite</span> <span>interactions</span> <span>that affect</span> <span>the</span> <span>outcome</span> <span>of</span> <span>infection and may have fitness consequences for hosts when increased allocation of resources to immune responses undermines other essential life processes. Research on host-parasite</span> <span>interactions in large free-ranging wild mammals is currently hampered</span> <span>by</span> <span>a</span> <span>lack of verified non-invasive assays.</span> <span><span>We</span></span> <span>successfully</span> <span>adapted</span> <span>existing</span> <span>assays</span> <span>to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted</span> <span>hyena</span> <span>(</span><i><span>Crocuta</span></i><span><i> </i></span><i><span>crocuta</span></i><span>) faeces, including</span> <span>enzyme-linked immunosorbent</span> <span>assays</span> <span>(ELISAs)</span><span><span>, </span></span><span>to</span> <span>quantify</span><b> </b><span>faecal</span> <span>immunoglobulins (total</span> <span>IgA, total IgG) and</span> <span>total</span> <span>faecal</span> <span>O-linked</span> <span>oligosaccharides</span> <span>(mucin).</span> <span>We investigated the</span> <span><span>effect</span></span> <span>of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (</span><i><span>Ancylostoma</span></i><span>), parasite richness, host age,</span> <span>sex, year of sampling and clan membership on</span> <span>immune</span> <span>responses</span> <span>and asked</span> <span>whether high investment in immune responses</span> <span>during</span> <span>early</span> <span>life</span> <span>affects longevity</span><span><span> in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.</span></span><span> F</span><span><span>aecal concentrations of IgA, IgG and mucin</span></span> <span>increased with </span><i><span>Ancylostoma</span></i><span> egg load and were higher in juveniles</span> <span>than in</span> <span>adults. Females had higher mucin concentrations than males. Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than males. High</span> <span><span>IgA</span></span><span><span> concentrations </span></span><span>during</span> <span>the</span> <span>first</span> <span>year</span> <span>of</span> <span>life</span> <span>was linked to</span> <span>reduced </span><span><span>longevity</span></span><span><span> after controlling for</span></span> <span>age</span> <span>at</span> <span>sampling</span> <span>and</span> <i><span>Ancylostoma</span></i><span><i> </i></span><span>egg</span><span><span> load</span></span><span>. Our</span> <span>study demonstrates that the use of non-invasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness-relevant effects of these responses.</span></span></p>
Data for 'Using 40 years of spot measurements to assess stream temperature response and recovery for different harvesting systems in northern hardwood forests' by Jason Leach, Danielle Hudson and R. Dan Moore. Submitted to Hydrological Processes.
<p>This dataset contains spot stream temperature measurements taken at 5 headwater streams draining forested hillslopes (C31, C32, C33, C34, C35) in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, approximately 65 km northwest of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.</p>
Using by-catch camera trapping data for estimating the population size of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)
<p>Spotted hyenas (<em>Crocuta crocuta</em>) are an important carnivore species whose dual role of scavenger and predator is vital to trophic energy flows of systems in which they are found. Where populations of spotted hyenas are small, the environment has few cleaners and carcasses can remain unprocessed. Despite being largely characterized as scavengers, spotted hyenas actively hunt and take down live prey and at high densities can have depressing effects on fragile or choice ungulate populations. In addition, they can alter the structure and composition dynamics of the carnivore guild through direct conflict or indirectly through competition for food and space. Despite their importance to ecosystem function and balance, reliable estimates of spotted hyena densities are rare. This is because unlike lions and leopards, spotted hyenas are generally not regarded as a charismatic species and, as such, survey resources, which are costly, are seldom solely allocated towards surveying them. Nonetheless, being able to confidently estimate spotted hyena numbers is important for the effective management of carnivore and herbivore populations whose dynamics they influence.</p>
Sighting, group composition, and tactile exchange for a study on Atlantic spotted dolphins around Bimini, The Bahamas
<p>Interactions between mammalian social groups are generally antagonistic as individuals in groups cooperate to defend resources from non-members. Members of the family Delphinidae inhabit a three-dimensional habitat where resource defense is usually impractical. Here, we describe a long-term partial fusion of two communities of Atlantic spotted dolphins (<em>Stenella frontalis</em>). The northern community, studied for 30 years, immigrated 160 km to the range of the southern community, observed for 20 years. Both communities featured fission-fusion grouping patterns, strongest associations between adult males, and frequent affiliative contact between individuals. For the five-year period following the immigration, we found members of all age classes and both sexes in mixed groups, but there was a strong bias toward finding immigrant males in mixed groups. Some association levels between males, and males and females, from different communities were as high as the highest within-community associations. Affiliative contacts indicate that these individuals were forming social bonds. The mixing of two separate social groups with new bond formation is rare in terrestrial mammal groups. Such mixing between spotted dolphin groups suggests that adaptations to respond aggressively to 'outsiders' is diminished in this species and possibly other ecologically similar dolphins.</p>
Data from: Large trees and forest heterogeneity facilitate prey capture by California spotted owls
<p>Predators are among the most threatened animal groups globally, with prey declines contributing to their endangerment. However, assessments of the habitat conditions that influence the successful capture of different prey species are rare, especially for small, cryptic predators. Accordingly, most predator conservation plans are based on the relative importance of habitats inferred from coarse-scale <a name="_Hlk99628060"></a>studies that do not consider habitat features contributing to hunting success, which can vary among prey species. To address this limitation, we integrated high-resolution GPS tracking and nest video monitoring to characterize habitat features at prey capture locations during the nestling provisioning stage for the Spotted Owl (<em>Strix occidentalis</em>) a small, cryptic predator that has been at the center of a decades-long forest management conflict in western North America. When all prey species were considered collectively, males provisioning nests tended to capture prey: (<em>i</em>) in areas with more large-tree forest, (<em>ii</em>) in areas with more medium trees/medium canopy forest, and (<em>iii</em>) at edges between conifer and hardwood forests. However, when we considered the owl's two key prey species separately, males captured woodrats (<em>Neotoma fuscipes</em>) and Humboldt flying squirrels (<em>Glaucomys oregonensis</em>) in areas with markedly different habitat features. Our study provides clarity for forest management in mixed-ownership landscapes because different prey species achieve high densities in different habitat types. Specifically, our results suggest that promoting large trees, increasing forest heterogeneity, and creating canopy gaps in forests with medium trees/high canopy cover could benefit Spotted Owls and their prey, which has the ancillary benefit of enhancing forest resilience. Combining high-resolution GPS tagging with video-based information on prey deliveries to breeding sites can strengthen conservation planning for small predators by more rigorously defining those habitat features that are associated with successful prey acquisition.</p>
Individual or group signatures in spotted hyena whoops
<p>In animal societies, identity signals mediate interactions within groups, and allow individuals to discriminate group-mates from out-group competitors. However, individual recognition becomes increasingly challenging as group size increases and as signals must be transmitted over greater distances. Group vocal signatures appear to evolve when successful in-group/out-group distinctions are at the crux of fitness-relevant decisions, but individual-based recognition systems may be favored when differentiated within-group relationships are important for decision-making. Spotted hyenas are social carnivores that live in stable clans of <125 individuals composed of multiple unrelated matrilines. Clan members cooperate to defend resources and communal territories from neighboring clans and other mega carnivores; this collective defense is mediated by long-range (up to 5 km range) recruitment vocalizations, called whoops. Here, we use machine learning to determine that spotted hyena whoops contain individual but not group signatures, and that fundamental frequency features that propagate well are critical for individual discrimination. For effective clan-level cooperation, hyenas face the cognitive challenge of remembering and recognizing individual voices at long range. We show that serial redundancy in whoop bouts increases individual classification accuracy and thus extended call bouts used by hyenas likely evolved to overcome the challenges of communicating individual identity at long distance.</p>
How the Easter Egg Weevils got their spots: Phylogenomics reveals Müllerian mimicry in Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
<p>The evolutionary origins of mimicry in the Easter Egg weevil, <em>Pachyrhynchus</em>, have fascinated researchers since first noted more than a century ago by Alfred Russel Wallace. Müllerian mimicry, or mimicry in which two or more distasteful species look similar, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Given the varied but discrete color patterns in <em>Pachyrhynchus</em>, this genus presents one of the best opportunities to study the evolution of both perfect and imperfect mimicry. We analyzed more than 10,000 UCE loci using a novel partitioning strategy to resolve the relationships of closely related species in the genus. Our results indicate that many of the mimetic color patterns observed in sympatric species are due to convergent evolution. We suggest that this convergence is driven by positive frequency-dependent selection.</p>
Metabarcoding for biodiversity inventory blind spots: A test case using the beetle fauna of an insular cloud forest
<p>Soils harbour a rich arthropod fauna, but many species are still not formally described (Linnaean shortfall), and the distribution of those already described is poorly understood (Wallacean shortfall). Metabarcoding holds much promise to fill this gap, however, nuclear copies of mitochondrial genes, and other artefacts lead to taxonomic inflation, which compromises the reliability of biodiversity inventories. Here we explore the potential of a bioinformatic approach to jointly "denoise" and filter non-authentic mitochondrial sequences from metabarcode reads to obtain reliable soil beetle inventories and address open questions in soil biodiversity research, such as the scale of dispersal constraints in different soil layers. We sampled cloud forest arthropod communities from 49 sites in the Anaga peninsula of Tenerife (Canary Islands). We performed whole organism community DNA (wocDNA) metabarcoding, and built a local reference database with COI barcode sequences of 310 species of Coleoptera for filtering reads and the identification of metabarcoded species. This resulted in reliable haplotype data after considerably reducing nuclear mitochondrial copies and other artefacts. Comparing our results with previous beetle inventories, we found: (i) new species records, potentially representing undescribed species; (ii) new distribution records, and; (iii) validated phylogeographic structure when compared with traditional sequencing approaches. Analyses also revealed evidence for higher dispersal constraint within deeper soil beetle communities, compared to those closer to the surface. The combined power of barcoding and metabarcoding contribute to mitigate the important shortfalls associated with soil arthropod diversity data, and thus address unresolved questions for this vast biodiversity fraction.</p>
Single impulse spot stimulation of a cerebellar column in WT and MLI-KO conditions
<p>A 300x200um volume of the cerebellar cortex was stimulated, and spherical spot with diameter 50um was stimulated with a single impulse. The impulse causes exactly 1 presynaptic release event at each mossy fiber terminal (glomerulus) inside of the sphere.</p>
Data for: Social-ecological predictors of spotted hyena navigation through a shared landscape
<p>Human-wildlife interactions are increasing in severity due to climate change and proliferating urbanization. Regions where human infrastructure and activity are rapidly densifying or newly appearing constitute novel environments in which wildlife must learn to coexist with people, thereby serving as ideal case studies with which to infer future human-wildlife interactions in shared landscapes.<em> </em>As a widely reviled and behaviorally plastic apex predator, the spotted hyena (<em>Crocuta crocuta</em>) is a model species for understanding how large carnivores navigate these human-caused 'landscapes of fear' in a changing world. Using high-resolution GPS collar data, we applied resource selection functions and step selection functions to assess spotted hyena landscape navigation and fine-scale movement decisions in relation to social-ecological features in a rapidly developing region comprising two protected areas: Lake Nakuru National Park and Soysambu Conservancy, Kenya. We then used camera trap imagery and Barrier Behavior Analysis (BaBA) to further examine hyena interactions with barriers. Our results show that environmental factors, linear infrastructure, human-carnivore conflict hotspots, and human tolerance were all important predictors for landscape-scale resource selection by hyenas, while human experience elements were less important for fine-scale hyena movement decisions. Hyena selection for these characteristics also changed seasonally and across land management types. Camera traps documented an exceptionally high number of individual spotted hyenas (234) approaching the national park fence at 16 sites during the study period, and BaBA results suggested that hyenas perceive protected area boundaries' semi-permeable electric fences as risky but may cross them out of necessity. Our findings highlight that the ability of carnivores to flexibly respond within human-caused landscapes of fear may be expressed differently depending on context, scale, and climatic factors. These results also point to the need to incorporate societal factors into multiscale analyses of wildlife movement to effectively plan for human-wildlife coexistence.</p>
Observations on the five-spot round-headed spider Uroctea quinquenotata Simon, 1910, from South Africa.
<p>We present notes of the five-spot round-headed spiders <em>Uroctea quinquenotata</em> Simon, 1910 from South Africa. The general morphology of live specimens is discussed with notes on their behaviour, distribution, and conservation status.</p>
Fig. 4 in Urogenital schistosomiasis transmission on Unguja Island, Zanzibar: characterisation of persistent hot-spots
Fig. 4 Number of B. globosus and B. globosus shedding S. haematobium cercariae per shehia in Unguja
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.