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opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Spring and latch dynamics can act as control pathways in ultrafast systems

Ultrafast movements propelled by springs and released by latches are thought limited to energetic adjustments prior to movement and seemingly cannot adjust once movement begins. Even so, across the tree of life, ultrafast organisms navigate dynamic environments and generate a range of movements, suggesting unrecognized capabilities for control. We develop a framework of control pathways leveraging the non-linear dynamics of spring-propelled, latch-released systems. We analytically model spring dynamics and develop reduced-parameter models of latch dynamics to quantify how they can be tuned internally or through changing external environments. Using Lagrangian mechanics, we test feedforward and feedback control implementation via spring and latch dynamics. We establish through empirically-informed modeling that ultrafast movement can be controllably varied during latch release and spring propulsion. A deeper understanding of the interconnection between multiple control pathways, and the tunability of each control pathway, in ultrafast biomechanical systems presented here has the potential to expand the capabilities of synthetic ultra-fast systems and provides a new framework to understand the behaviors of fast organisms subject to perturbations and environmental non-idealities.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Higher spring phenological sensitivity to forcing temperatures of Asian compared to European tree species under low and high pre-chilling conditions Datasets

Winter chilling, spring forcing temperature and photoperiod are the most important drivers explaining the spatial and temporal variability of spring phenology in temperate trees. However, how these factors interact with each other on dormancy release and spring budburst date remains unclear and varies greatly depending on species. Our knowledge is also limited as to whether heat accumulation of forcing temperatures that trigger bud break in spring is a linear or non-linear process. Here, we aimed at experimentally quantifying the effect of chilling, forcing, photoperiod and their interactions on the budburst dates of nine different temperate tree species from East Asia (near Beijing, China) and Central Europe (near Zurich, Switzerland), including six phylogenetically related species (same genus). We conducted a full factorial experiment in climate chambers using two chilling (low and high, i.e., 0 vs. 56 days at 2C after sampling at the end of December), four forcing (5, 10, 15, and 20C), and two photoperiod (8 vs. 16 h) treatments simultaneously in Beijing and Zurich. We found that species growing near Beijing responded more readily to forcing conditions than species of the same genus growing near Zurich regardless of chilling treatment. Budburst timing of most species but European beech was marginally, if at all, affected by photoperiod. Furthermore, our results suggest that linear heat accumulation, as commonly used with the growing degree hours (GDH) model, could result in accurate prediction of budburst date depending on the temperature threshold used as a basis for heat accumulation. Our results also demonstrate the important role of chilling in shaping the sensitivity and rate of forcing accumulation to trigger budburst and suggest that species-specific sigmoid relationship for accumulating heat that accounts for prior chilling exposure may yield better predictions of budburst dates. Our results suggest that deciduous trees may have adapted their chilling and forcing requirements in regards to the predictability of winter-spring transition and late spring frosts. A less predictable winter-spring transition, as observed in Central Europe, could have driven species evolution towards higher chilling and forcing requirements compared to species growing in a more predictable climate of Northeastern Asia. Our cross-continental experiment therefore suggests that the spring phenology of East Asian species is tighter coupled to spring forcing temperature than Central European forests.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Early spring orchard pollinators spill over from resource-rich adjacent forest patches

Pollinator communities are more abundant and diverse in agricultural matrices with more natural habitats, although the reasons for these correlations remain unclear. It is possible that forest fragments and edges provide resources for pollinators in the important early weeks of spring, after which time those insects can then "spill over" into crops such as apple orchards during bloom. To explore how forest edges may feed and therefore promote flower visitor communities in adjacent agricultural habitats, we sampled springtime pollinators in nine orchards and their adjacent forest edge canopies and understories. We identified pollen consumed by pan-trapped bees and flower flies to assess if bees ate pollen where they were caught and if their diets similarly "spill over" from forest to orchard. We further explored sex differences in habitat usage. Our spatially replicated sampling found that bee and flower fly abundance peaks first in the forest understory, then in the forest canopy, and finally in the orchard. Analysis of digestive tracts showed significant usage of forest canopy pollen throughout the spring, especially before apple bloom. Pollinators had often eaten pollen from a different habitat than the one in which they were caught, suggesting frequent movement between habitats. Digestive tract pollen is an underused but powerful avenue for ecological insight. In Andrena, which are important orchard pollinators and one of the most abundant wild bee taxa in this study, male bees were primarily found in the woods but not the orchards where conspecific females were later active. Synthesis and policy implications: Forested areas, especially forest canopy trees, provide large amounts of early spring resources that facilitate the build-up and spillover of wild pollinator populations into apple orchards during bloom. Forests also provide critical habitats for male bees, which were rarely found in orchards. Despite their importance for bee reproduction, the needs of male bees are usually not considered in conservation planning. Overall, our data indicate that ensuring there is adequate forest habitat adjacent to orchards can improve the long-term sustainability of pollinator populations that provide essential crop pollination services.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Potential Impact of Winter–Spring North Atlantic Tripole SSTAs on the Following Autumn–Winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation: Bridging Role of the Tibetan Plateau

This is the key model data of "Potential Impact of Winter–Spring North Atlantic Tripole SSTAs on the Following Autumn–Winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation: Bridging Role of the Tibetan Plateau". The data includes the last 25 years data of the CTRL experiment, and 25 years data of the CTRL_NTP experiment, the NA_ST experiment, and the NA_ST_NTP experiment, respectively. "2D" is two-dimensional variables , "3D" is three-dimensional variables, and "pottmp" is ocean potential temperature.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Aerogel Spring-Back Correlates with Strain Recovery: Effect of Silica Concentration and Aging - Dataset

Dataset corresponding to the scientific publication: Sivaraman, Deeptanshu, Shanyu Zhao, Subramaniam Iswar, Marco Lattuada, and Wim J. Malfait. "Aerogel Spring‐Back Correlates with Strain Recovery: Effect of Silica Concentration and Aging." Advanced Engineering Materials 23, no. 10 (2021): 2100376. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100376">https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100376</a> This project was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation through grant 200021_179000 (W.J.M). S.I. acknowledges the Flemish agency “Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen” (VLAIO) for providing financial support of this research through subvention IWT 130668.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Record of seminole bats (Lasiurus seminolus) mating in spring

Photo and video documentation of seminole bats (Lasiurus seminolus) mating. This occurred on 30 March 2022 at  20:14 CST, outside a residence on East Clamon County Rd in Hortense, TX, approximately 20 miles northeast of central Livingston, in Polk County. Photos and videos created by Tina Crichfield and licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Dissolved storage glycans shaped the community composition of abundant bacterioplankton clades during a North Sea spring phytoplankton bloom

In 2020 we sampled a complete spring bloom in the German Bight over a 90-day period. Bacterioplankton metagenomes from 30 time-points allowed reconstruction of 251 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Corresponding metatranscriptomes highlighted 50 particularly active MAGs of the most abundant clades. Saccharide measurements together with bacterial polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) expression data identified β-glucans (diatom laminarin) and α-glucans as the most prominent dissolved polysaccharide substrates metabolized by the bacterioplankton. Here we are depositing all supporting environmental data for the analyzed  2020 Helgoland spring algal bloom. This includes physicochemical data, data on algal abundances and biovolumes, data on copepod and flagellate abundances, data on monosaccharide and antibody-based polysaccharide measurements, and 16S rRNA-based bacterial diversity data. The corresponding metagenome, metatranscriptome and MAG sequence data of this project are available from the European Nucleotide Archive (accession PRJEB52999).

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Micro-evolutionary response of spring migration timing in a wild seabird

In the context of rapid climate change, phenological advance is a key adaptation for which evidence is accumulating across taxa. Among vertebrates, phenotypic plasticity is known to underlie most of this phenological change, while evidence for micro-evolution is very limited and challenging to obtain. In this study, we quantified phenotypic and genetic trends in timing of spring migration using 8032 dates of arrival at the breeding grounds obtained from observations on 1715 individual common terns (Sterna hirundo) monitored across 27 years, and tested whether these trends were consistent with predictions of a micro-evolutionary response to selection. We observed a strong phenotypic advance of 9.3 days in arrival date, of which c. 5% was accounted for by an advance in breeding values. The Breeder's equation and Robertson's Secondary Theorem of Selection predicted qualitatively similar evolutionary responses to selection, and these theoretical predictions were largely consistent with our estimated genetic pattern. Overall, our study provides rare evidence for micro-evolution underlying (part of) an adaptive response to climate change in the wild and illustrates how a combination of adaptive micro-evolution and phenotypic plasticity facilitated a shift towards earlier spring migration in this free-living population of common terns.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

27255_spring_2023_assembly_annotation_report

This dataset contains the assembly and annotation result of the microbial isolates collected during the course 27255 - Advanced Experimental Prokaryotic Molecular Biology and Ecology (Spring 2023) at DTU.

Data from: A correlation between seasonally changing photoperiod, whole body lipid, and condition factor in juvenile spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

The regulation of lipid stores is a central process for the physiology and ecology of fishes. Seasonal variation in lipid stores has been directly linked to survival of fishes across periods of food deprivation. We assessed whether a seasonally changing photoperiod was correlated to seasonal changes in energetic status to help better understand these important processes. Groups of first-feeding Chinook salmon fry were introduced to a seasonal photoperiod cycle, but the point of entrance into the seasonal cycle varied from near the winter solstice (December), to either side of the spring equinox (February & May). Temperature and feeding rate were similar for all treatments. Subsequently, condition factor and whole-body lipid content were assessed through a seasonal progression. Throughout most of the experiment, length and weight did not differ between the different photoperiod treatments, however whole body lipid and Fulton's condition factor did. Furthermore, changes in both whole body lipid and Fulton's condition factor in all treatment groups followed a similar seasonal pattern that was inversely related to day length (highest K and lipid levels found during days with the least light). These results suggest that regardless of age or size, there is a correlation between seasonal changes in photoperiod and changes in body composition in juvenile Chinook salmonids.

Dataset for: Immediate and carry-over effects of late-spring frost and growing season drought on forest gross primary productivity capacity in the Northern Hemisphere

Forests are increasingly exposed to extreme global warming-induced climatic events. However, the immediate and carry-over effects of extreme events on forests are still poorly understood. Gross primary productivity (GPP) capacity is regarded as a good proxy of the ecosystem's functional stability, reflecting its physiological response to its surroundings. Using eddy covariance data from 34 forest sites in the Northern Hemisphere, we analyzed the immediate and carry-over effects of late-spring frost (LSF) and growing season drought on needle-leaf and broadleaf forests. Path analysis was applied to reveal the plausible reasons behind the varied responses of forests to extreme events. The results show that LSF had clear immediate effects on the GPP capacity of both needle-leaf and broadleaf forests. However, GPP capacity in needle-leaf forests was more sensitive to drought than in broadleaf forests. There was no interaction between LSF and drought in either needle-leaf or broadleaf forests. Drought effects were still visible when LSF and drought coexisted in needle-leaf forests. Path analysis further showed that the response of GPP capacity to drought differed between needle-leaf and broadleaf forests, mainly due to the difference in the sensitivity of canopy conductance. Moreover, LSF had a more severe and long-lasting carry-over effect on forests than drought. These results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of forest response to extreme events across forest types.

Primary data of: Spring phenology rather than climate dominates the trends in peak of growing season in the Northern Hemisphere

Shifts in plant phenology regulate ecosystem structure and function, which feeds back to the climate system. However, drivers for the peak of growing season (POS) in seasonal dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems remain unclear. Here, spatial-temporal patterns of POS dynamics were analyzed by solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and vegetation index in the Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades from 2001 to 2020. Overall, a slow advanced POS was observed in the Northern Hemisphere, while a delayed POS was distributed mainly in northeastern North America. Trends of POS were driven by the start of growing season (SOS) rather than pre-POS climate, both at hemisphere and biome scale. The effect of SOS on the trends in POS was the strongest in shrublands while the weakest in evergreen broad-leaved forests. These findings highlight the crucial role of biological rhythms rather than climatic factors in exploring seasonal carbon dynamics and global carbon balance.

Supporting data for: Physical controls and ecological implications of the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom on the Newfoundland and Labrador shelf

The Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) shelf and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland have been known as iconic fishing areas for centuries. In such areas with seasonal sea ice coverage, the timing of the spring bloom has been linked to sea ice melting, which stratifies the water column and promotes favorable conditions for phytoplankton to grow and accumulate. With sea ice gradually disappearing, we revisited the physical drivers controlling the initiation of the spring bloom in the region. We found that the timing of the phytoplankton bloom on the Grand Banks corresponds to the timing of ocean re-stratification following winter mixing. We also found that large-scale climate indicators are good proxies for the timing of the bloom and the abundance of Calanus finmarchicus, a key zooplankton species for the ecosystem. By revealing links between physical and biological processes, this work paves the way for an improved ecosystem approach to fisheries management.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Spring arrival of the common cuckoo at breeding grounds is strongly determined by environmental conditions in tropical Africa

Failure to adapt migration timing to changes in environmental conditions along migration routes and at breeding locations can result in mismatches across trophic levels, as occurs between the brood parasitic common cuckoo Cuculus canorus and its hosts. Using satellite tracking data from 87 male cuckoos across 11 years, we evaluate why the cuckoo has not advanced its arrival to the UK. Across years, breeding ground arrival was primarily determined by timing of departure from stopover in West Africa before northward crossing of the Sahara. Together with high population synchrony and low apparent endogenous control of this event, this suggests that a seasonal ecological constraint operating here limits overall variation in breeding grounds arrival, although this event was itself influenced by carry-over from timing of arrival into tropical Africa. Between-year variation within individuals was, in contrast, mostly determined by northward migration through Europe, likely due to weather conditions. We find evidence of increased mortality risk for a) early birds following migration periods positively impacting breeding grounds arrival, and b) late birds, possibly suffering energy limitation, after departure from the breeding grounds. These results help identify areas where demands of responding to global change can potentially be alleviated by improving stopover quality.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Data from: Thermal springs and active fault network of the central Colca River basin, Western Cordillera, Peru, published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

We used hydrogeochemical analysis of 35 water samples from springs and geysers, together with isotopic (δ18O and δD) analysis, chemical and mineral studies of precipitates collected in the field around these outflows, and field observations to study the thermal system of the Colca River basin in S Peru. We aimed to determine the geochemistry of thermal waters, identify fluid sources and their origin, estimate reservoir temperature, and discuss the regional tectonic and volcanic framework. Our findings presented in Tyc et al. (2022; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107513) corroborate a heterogeneous and complex geothermal system in the central region of the Colca River basin. This system exhibits contrasting hydrogeochemical and physical characteristics, variable isotope compositions, distinct reservoir temperatures, and associated precipitates near thermal springs. The control of water chemistry in this area is closely linked to the activity of the Ampato-Sabancaya magmatic chamber and the presence of tectonic structures, which enable intricate interactions between meteoric waters, magmatic fluids, and gases. Here, we present datasets used in the article (Tyc et al., 2022; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107513), including: - Physicochemical characteristics of water samples collected by authors in the field in September 2012 and August–September 2017 (Table 1) - Chemical and isotopic composition of water samples collected by authors in the field in September 2012 and August–September 2017 (Table 2) and those monitored by INGEMMET in years 2013-2018 (Table 3) - Chosen molecular ratios discussed in Tyc et al., 2022 (Table 4) - Calculated reservoir temperature with the use of different Na/K geothermometers (Table 5) - Mineral phases in efflorescences precipitating at the water sampling sites (Table 6). Thirty-five sets of water samples were collected in the field in September 2012 and August–September 2017 using polyethylene bottles of high density (Table 1). Consequently, these were analyzed in the Water Analysis Laboratory at the University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland; Table 2). Water temperatures, pH, and electrical conductivity were measured in the field using portable pH meter CP-315 and conductivity meter CC-315, both with temperature sensors, with an accuracy of ±0.1 °C, ±0.01 pH, and ± 0.1% (up to 19.999 mS/cm) or ± 0.25% (above 20.00 mS/cm), respectively. Discharge of springs was estimated if possible (Table 1). Both cations and anions were analyzed by ion chromatography using Methron 850 Professional Ion Chromatograph with separate Metrosept C4–150 and A-supp 7–250 columns for cations and anions, respectively (Tables 2 and 4). Analysis of water analyses collected by INGEMMET in years 2013-2018 was performed at the INGEMMET Chemical Laboratory in Lima with the use of ion chromatography (Dionex ICS 5000) for the determination of anions and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) – VARIAN for cations (Table 3). Isotopic analyses (δ2H, δ18O) of 17 water samples collected in 2017 were performed at the Stable Isotope Laboratory Institute of Geological Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences (Table 2). The δ2H values of studied H2O were measured using the H-Device peripheral coupled to MAT 253 IRMS (Thermo Scientific) in a dual inlet system. For the determination of δ18O in H2O, an equilibration technique was used. The analysis used the GasBench II peripheral device (Thermo Scientific) coupled to MAT 253 IRMS with a continuous He flow. The AquaChem 4.0.284 software was used to evaluate the water samples' geochemical properties and calculate reservoir temperature for thermal waters (Table 5). Precipitates found at the water sampling sites were collected separately into plastic bags with strings and sealed boxes. These samples were subsequently analyzed at the Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice. The qualitative chemical composition and mineral characteristics were examined using a Philips XL 30 ESEM/TMP scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS; EDAX type Sapphire). The phase composition of the precipitates was determined through X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Philips PW 3710 diffractometer. The XRD data were analyzed and interpreted using the X'Pert HIGHScore Plus software (Table 6).

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Nitrogen reduction causes shifts in winter and spring phytoplankton composition and resource use efficiency in a large subtropical lake in China

Aquatic ecosystems occasionally show ecological thresholds, defined as the point at which there is a sudden shift in production, trait or biomass or where changes in an environmental driver create nonlinear responses at the ecosystem level. Previous studies of lakes have mainly focused on how reduction in particularly phosphorus (P) concentrations helps to create a shift in lakes from a turbid to a clear state (re-oligotrophication), whereas the effect of nitrogen (N) reduction is less well studied. Here, by analysing a 28-year monthly monitoring dataset (from December 1991 to November 2019) from the subtropical, large eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, we identified a sudden shift in phytoplankton biomass and composition that coincided with a pronounced change in ecosystem functions, for example, resource use efficiency (RUE), during a period with reduction of the external nutrient loading. The changes were particularly strong in winter–spring where a sudden decrease in N concentrations was accompanied by a sudden increase in diatom biomass and phytoplankton RUE and a shift from green algae and flagellate co-dominance to dominance of diatoms. Structural equation modelling further indicated that ammonium reduction led directly to increases in winter–spring phytoplankton RUE and diatom biomass. Repeated fish stocking likely also contributed to the changes in biomass and RUE. Our study provides new insight into the ecological responses to N loading reduction and contributes to the understanding of lake responses to early re-oligotrophication, which was pronounced mainly in the colder seasons in subtropical Lake Taihu, similar to findings in the early phase of re-oligotrophication in numerous temperate lakes.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Apulian Aqueduct demo site: daily time series of estimated inflows (natural springs and reservoirs) for climate projections

This dataset contains the daily time series of net estimated inflows (natural springs and main reservoirs of Apulian aqueduct - demo site 1) computed with a lumped rainfall-runoff model starting from climate projections of precipitation and temperature. This dataset considers two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and two decades, in the medium (2050-2059) and long-term future (2090-2099). <ul> <li>Temporal coverage: 2050-2059; 2090-2099</li> <li>Spatial coverage: Springs: Sele, Calore; Reservoirs: Conza, Locone, Monte Cotugno, Occhito, Pertusillo</li> <li>Unit of measure: m3/s</li> </ul> More information and details on the content of this dataset can be found in Project Ô <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7576611">Deliverable D4.4</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Data for "Climatic Constraints of Spring Phenology and its Variability on the Mongolian Plateau from 1982 to 2021"

The files named "SOSmean_Mongolia Plateau", derived from the GIMMS NDVI3g dataset (1982-2015) and the extended GIMMS NDVI (2016-2021) (i.e., NDVI for 40-year).

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Warmer springs increase potential for temporal reproductive isolation among habitat patches in subalpine flowering plants

<ol> <li>Flowering phenology can vary considerably even at fine spatial scales, potentially leading to temporal reproductive isolation among habitat patches. Climate change could alter flowering synchrony, and hence temporal isolation, if plants in different microhabitats vary in their phenological response to climate change. Despite the importance of temporal isolation in determining patterns of gene flow, and hence population genetic structure and local adaptation, little is known about how changes in climate affect temporal isolation within populations.</li> <li>Here, we use flowering phenology and floral abundance data of 50 subalpine plant species over 44 years to test whether temporal isolation between habitat patches is affected by spring temperature. For each species and year, we analyzed temporal separation in peak flowering and flowering overlap between habitat patches separated by 5 to 950 m.</li> <li>Across our study species, warmer springs were associated with more temporal differentiation in flowering peaks among habitat patches, and less flowering overlap, increasing potential for temporal isolation within populations.</li> <li> Synthesis. By reducing opportunities for mating among plants in nearby habitat patches, our results suggest that warmer springs may reduce opportunities for gene flow within populations, and, consequently, the capacity of plant populations to adapt to environmental changes.</li> </ol>