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FIGURE 2 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 2. Strict consensus cladogram of 49 most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of a supermatrix of 1972 discrete characters after the deletion of the two wildcard taxa Erectopus and Piatnitzkysaurus. The supermatrix includes a dentition-based datamatrix of 141 discrete characters and six recent datasets based on whole theropod skeleton (Xu et al. 2009; Brusatte et al. 2010; Martinez et al. 2011; Senter 2011; Pol and Rauhut 2012; Carrano et al. 2012). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 57 non-avian theropod taxa and ML 327, ML 966, ML 939 (coded as lateral teeth), and ML 962 (coded as a mesialmost tooth). Tree length = 3552 steps; CI = 0.563; RI = 0.628. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix.

FIGURE 9 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 9. Isolated tooth of Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: ce, cervix; dca, distal carina; idsp, interdenticular space; mca, mesial carina.

FIGURE 8 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 8. Plots of CBR versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 21 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 22 denticles were considered.

FIGURE A2 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A2. States of dentition-based characters. A. Fourth right premaxillary tooth of Eoraptor lunensis (PVSJ 512) in lateral view lacking a mesial carina (char. 43:0), displaying a concave area present on the labial side of the crown and adjacent to the distal carina (char. 42:1), and having an important constriction between root and crown at both mesial and distal margins (char. 35:1), giving a lanceolate shape to one of the premaxillary teeth (char. 34:0). B. First and second left premaxillary teeth of Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (MNHN 1998-13) in anterior (B1) and palatal (B3) views, and second left premaxillary tooth in posterior view (B2) showing a non-twisted (char. 46:0) mesial carina, facing labially (char. 47:1) and terminating wellabove the cervix (char. 50:0), as well as a distal carina facing distally (char. 48:0). The axis passing through both carinae at midcrown in Dubreuillosaurus mesialmost teeth is subparallel to long axis of the skull (char. 49:0). The distal carinae, designated by the green arrows, are centrally positioned on the crown and not displaced labially. C. Premaxillary teeth of Raptorex kriegsteini (LH PV18) in medial (C1) and palatal (C2) views showing the U-shaped outline of mesialmost crowns (char. 41:5), the concave area adjacent to both carinae (char. 42:2), the mesial and distal carinae facing lingually (char. 47:3; char. 48:2), and the axis passing through both carinae at mid-crown in mesialmost teeth that is perpendicular to long axis of skull (char. 49:2). D. Right premaxilla of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2100) in palatal view displaying the subrectangular alveoli (char. 13:1), a 'flying-saucer'-shaped outline of the mesialmost teeth (char. 41:2), a concave area present on the lingual side of the crown and adjacent to both carina (char. 42:2), a non-twisted mesial carina (char. 46:0) facing mesially (char. 47:0), a distal carina facing distally (char. 48:0), and an axis passing through both carinae at mid-crown in mesialmost teeth medio-laterally oriented from long axis of skull (char. 49:1). E. First premaxillary tooth of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345) in anterior (E1) and posterior (E2) views and premaxillary teeth in palatal view (E3) showing the oval alveoli (char. 13:0), and the mesial carina facing labially (char. 47.1) and terminating well-above the cervix (char. 50:0). Unlike Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis, the distal carina, pointed by the green arrows, is here strongly displaced labially (char. 48:1). F. Isolated premaxillary crown of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (AMNH 5356) in lingual (F1) and distal (F2) views showing the concave area on the lingual side of the crown and adjacent to the mesial carina only (char. 42:3), and the strongly twisted mesial carina (char. 46:1) terminating at the level of the cervix (char. 50:1). Like Acrocanthosaurus, the distal carina, designated by the green arrow, is strongly displaced labially (char. 48:1). G. Isolated lateral tooth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UC PV6) in lingual (G1), mesial (G2) and labial (G3) views showing the weak constriction between root and crown at the lateral margin (char. 64:2), the weakly sigmoid distal profile of the crown due to the convex apical half of the tooth (char. 68:3), the pronounced and well-visible marginal undulations (char. 112:1) adjacent to both carinae (char. 113:2), and the mesial carina terminating well beneath the cervix (char. 80:2) and extending further basally than the distal carina (char. 79:1; the basal extension of carinae are represented by green bars). H. Lateral teeth of Genyodectes serus (MLP 26-39) in linguodistal (H1) and apical (H2) views showing the concave surface adjacent to the distal carina (char. 71:1) and the wide mesiodistally concave area on the basal part of the labial margin of the crown and giving a bean-shape outline of the cross-section (char. 72:2). I. Tenth left maxillary tooth of Rugops primus (MNN IGU1) in labial views showing the slightly concave, roughly straight distal margin of the crown (char. 68:1), the apically hooked denticles on the distal carina (char. 88:2), and the parabolic margin of apical denticles on the mesial carina (char. 89:1), having a vertical subrectangular shape (char. 91:0). J. Maxillary tooth of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in labial view showing the convex, almost straight mesial (char. 69:1) and distal (char. 68:2) margins of the crown. K. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the first left maxillary crown of Erectopus superbus (MNHN 2001-4) in lateral view showing the narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0), and the short interdenticular sulci (char. 105:1) in between the denticles. L. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the height right maxillary tooth of Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) in laterodistal view showing the broad interdenticular space (char. 103:1) and the welldeveloped interdenticular sulci (char. 105:2) in between the denticles. M. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the third right maxillary tooth of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2278) in lateral view showing the apically hooked denticles (char. 88:2), the narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0), and the well-developed interdenticular sulci (char. 105:2).

FIGURE A6 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A6. Strict consensus cladogram of 10 most parsimonious trees recovered from the analysis of a data matrix of dentition based characters. Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a data matrix comprising 141 characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor) and 59 nonavian theropod taxa. Tree length = 681 steps; CI = 0.338; RI = 0.56. Bremer support values are in bold and bootstrap values are in italic.

FIGURE A3 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A3. States of denticle-based characters. A. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UC unlabelled) in lateral view showing the asymmetrically convex (char. 88:1) and parabolic (char. 90:0) margin of subquadrangular (char. 92:0) and apically inclined (char. 96:1) denticles, as well as a narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0). B. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Afrovenator abakensis (UC unlabelled) in lateral view showing the symmetrically convex (char. 88:0) and semi-circular (char. 90:2) margin of horizontal subrectangular (char. 92:1) denticles, perpendicular to mesial margin (char. 96:0), as well as a narrow interdenticular space (char. 103:0). C. Distal denticles of the fourth left maxillary tooth of Eodromaeus murphi (PVSJ 561) in lateral view displaying the mid-crown denticles vertically subrectangular in shape (char. 92:2) and having a convex external margin (char. 90:0) on the distal carina. D. Third left maxillary tooth of Scipionyx samniticus in lateral view displaying an unserrated mesial carina (char. 76:1), mid-crown denticles vertically subrectangular in shape (char. 92:2) and having a flattened margin (char. 90:1) on the distal carina, and a serrated distal carina extending well-beneath the crown apex (char. 102:1). E. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth belonging to an indeterminate abelisaurid (MUCPv 482) in lateral view showing apically hooked denticles (char. 88:2) with a parabolic margin (char. 90:0), subquadrangular in shape (char. 92:0) and apically inclined (char. 96:1) from the distal margin, as well as a narrow interdenticular space between the denticles (char. 103:0). F. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the third right premaxillary tooth of Eoraptor lunensis (PVSJ 512) in lateral view showing the apically hooked denticles (char. 55:2). G. Basal and mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Troodon formosus (DMNH 22837) in lateral view showing subquadrangular (char. 92:0), apically hooked and strongly variable in size (char. 88:2) denticles, apically inclined (char. 96:1) from the distal margin, as well as a broad interdenticular space (char. 103:1) between them. H. Apical denticles on the mesial carina of an isolated tooth of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (SMU 74646) in lateral view showing the subquadrangular (char. 91:1) and apically inclined (char. 95:1) denticles with a flattened margin (char. 89:1). I. Apical denticles on the mesial carina of an isolated lateral crown belonging to Megalosaurus bucklandi (NHM R234, tooth in matrix) in lateral view showing the apically inclined (char. 95:1) and biconvex denticles (char. 94:1). J. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of the ninth right maxillary tooth of Allosaurus fragilis (AMNH 851) in lateral view showing the symmetrically convex (char. 88:0), horizontal subrectangular (char. 92:1) and apically inclined (char. 96:1) denticles, as well as the broad interdenticular space (char. 103:1). K. Mid-crown denticles on the distal carina of an isolated tooth of Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN G73-3) in lateral view showing the serrated carina (char. 78:0) with minute denticles (char. 86:0) of irregular size along the carina (char. 93:1) and a veined enamel texture (char. 117:2). L. Distal carina at mid-crown in an isolated tooth of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (MSNM V6422) in laterodistal view showing an unserrated carina (char. 78:1) and a deeply veined enamel surface texture (char. 117:2) curving basally in the vicinity of the carina (char. 118:1). M. Distal carina at mid-crown of a maxillary tooth of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in lateral view showing an unserrated carina (char. 78:1) and the smooth enamel surface texture (char. 117:0).

FIGURE A5 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE A5. States of crown undulation-based characters and distribution of transversal and marginal undulations in nonavian Theropoda. A. Fifth? left maxillary tooth of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (formerly Sanjuansaurus gordilloi, PVSJ 605) in lateroventral view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown. B. Fifth or sixth left maxillary tooth of Ceratosaurus nasicornis (USNM 4735) in labial view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown. C. Second left maxillary tooth of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (FMNH PR 2278) in medioposterior view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown, as well as the subrectangular maxillary alveoli (char. 23:1). D. Isolated lateral tooth of Megalosaurus bucklandii (OUMNH J.29866) in lateral view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) and numerous and closely packed (char. 110:1) transversal undulations on the crown. E. Fifth and sixth right maxillary teeth of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (NCSM 14345) in lateral view displaying the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations, that cannot be confused with the pronounced (char. 112:1) and mesiodistally elongated (char. 111:2) marginal undulations adjacent to the distal carina. F. Eighth left maxillary tooth of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (AMNH 5356) in medial view showing the well-visible (char. 109:2) but few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown. G. Isolated lateral tooth of Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (UC unnumbered) in laterodistal view showing the elongated (char. 111:2), pronounced (char. 112:1) and mesio-distally oriented (char. 114:0) marginal undulations adjacent to the distal carina. H. Mesial margin of a left maxillary tooth in labialo-mesial view (H1) and distal margin of a right maxillary tooth in labialo-distal view (H2) of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) displaying the elongated (char. 111:2) and mesio-distally oriented (char. 114:0) marginal undulations adjacent to the mesial carina, and the diagonally oriented marginal undulations (char. 114:1), adjacent to the distal carina. I. Isolated lateral tooth of Megalosaurus bucklandi (OUMNH J.23014) in latero-distal view displaying the tenuous (char. 109:2) and few (char. 110:0) transversal undulations on the crown, as well as the short (char. 111:1) and diagonally oriented (char. 114:1) marginal undulations, adjacent to the distal carina only (char. 113:1). J. Isolated lateral tooth of Afrovenator abakensis (UC UBA1) in latero-mesial view displaying the short (char. 111:1) marginal undulations, adjacent to the mesial carina only (char. 113:0). K. Isolated lateral tooth of Neovenator salerii (MIWG 6348) in labial view displaying the concave surface adjacent to the distal carina (char. 71:1), the elongated (char. 111:2), mesio-distally oriented (char. 114:0) marginal undulations, adjacent to the distal carina only (char. 113:1). L. Fourth left maxillary tooth of Ceratosaurus nasicornis (USNM 4735) in mesial view showing the short (char. 111:1) marginal undulations adjacent to the mesial carina only (char. 113:0).

FIGURE 6 in Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth

FIGURE 6. Plots of CHR versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 21 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 20 denticles were considered.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Tree-ring data from panel painting Cadmus sawing dragon's teeth (SK-A-4051) of the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

This dataset comprises raw tree-ring series (ring widths) measured with CooRecorder (Cybis Elektronik & Data AB) from 15 X-ray computed tomography (CT) images obtained at the FleXray Laboratory of the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica in Amsterdam from the oak (Quercus sp.) back panel of the Cadmus sawing dragon's teeth painting (Rijksmuseum <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.5320">http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.5320</a>). The CT images have been uploaded into Zenodo as three separate datasets: Dataset1: 10.5281/zenodo.4334010 Dataset2: 10.5281/zenodo.4336495 Dataset3: 10.5281/zenodo.4338421 Besides the individual tree-ring series obtained from each image, the average curve resulting from merging them has also been included in this dataset (keycode Cadmus). It covers the span 1380-1548. For more information refer to the published article DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0255792 .

opennotspecifiedNov 2014View details →

FIGURE 1. A–B. Octoblepharum albidum. C–I. O. pocsii. A, D. Capsule mouths with peristome teeth. B, E in Octoblepharum pocsii (Calymperaceae), a recently described African moss species new to Laos and Asia

FIGURE 1. A–B. Octoblepharum albidum. C–I. O. pocsii. A, D. Capsule mouths with peristome teeth. B, E. Outer (dorsal) surfaces of peristome teeth. C. Leaf apex. F. Median laminal cells. G. Basal sheath laminal cells. H. Cross section of leaf. I. Stoma. A–B from He 43942 (MO). C–I from He 43921 (MO).

FIGURE 16 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 16. Phylogenetic hypothesis among Characiform taxa based on morphological evidence modified from Buckup (1998). Numbers refer to the apomorphic characters discussed in the text.

FIGURE 12 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 12. Phenacogaster franciscoensis (Eigenmann, 1911) MCP 34619, 32.12 mm SL - A: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, frontal view. B: Teeth premaxilla, left side, frontal view, apical region detail. C: Teeth premaxilla, left side, frontal view, median region detail. D: Teeth premaxilla, left side, frontal view, teeth-premaxilla bone attachment detail. E: Premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, median region, labiolingual direction.

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 9. Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) MCP 14385, 174.89 mm SL A. Dentary, cross section (10x). B and C: Replacement teeth, 10x and 40x respectively. D: Functional teeth embedded in epithelial tissue (20x). E. Dentary, cross section, showing the pre-eruptive rotations of germs of replacement teeth; arrow points the apical region of the replacement teeth. DE=dentary; DF=functional teeth; DN=dentin; DS=replacement teeth; ES=enamel; LP=periodontal ligament; PA=dental papilla; PO=pulp; TC=connective tissue; TE=epithelial tissue.

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 8. Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) MCP 14385, 174.89 mm SL - A: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, frontal view. B: Left premaxilla teeth, frontal view, apical region detail. C: Left premaxilla teeth, frontal view, median region. D: Left premaxilla teeth, teeth-premaxilla bone contact, frontal view. E: Premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, labiolingual direction.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 5. Leporinus reinhardti (Lütken, 1875). MCP 17146, 82.72 mm SL – A: Dentary, cross section (10x). B: Arrows point to the apical region of replacement teeth. C: Replacement tooth (40x). D: Attachment region of functional teeth (20x). E: Dentary, cross section, detail of the tissue supporting the functional teeth. AM=ameloblasts; DE=dentary; DF=functional teeth; DN=dentin; DS=replacement teeth; ES=enamel; OD=odontoblasts; PA= dental papilla; PO=pulp; TC=connective tissue; TE=epithelial tissue; TO=bone tissue.

FIGURE 11 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 11. Hemiodus ternetzi (Myers, 1997) MCP 22074, 70.88 mm SL – A: Premaxilla, cross section (10x). B and C: Replacement teeth, 10x and 40x, respectively. In B, arrow points to the apical region. D: Functional teeth (40x); E: Premaxilla, cross section, showing that the tissue supports and fixes the functional teeth; arrows point to the connective tissues surrounding sets of replacement teeth(20x). AM=ameloblasts; DF=functional teeth; DN=dentin; DS=replacement teeth; ES=enamel; LP=periodontal ligament; OD=odontoblasts; PA=dental papilla; PO=pulp; PMX=premaxilla; TC=connective tissue; TE=epithelial tissue; TO=bone tissue.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 4. Leporinus reinhardti (Lütken, 1875) MCP 17146, 82.72 mm SL – A: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, medial view. B: Premaxilla and teeth, medial view, contact detail of tooth-premaxilla surface.

FIGURE 7 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 7. Caenotropus labyrinthicus (Kner, 1858) MCP 22515, 54.28 mm SL – A: Premaxilla, cross section (10x). Small arrow points the connective tissue surrounding each tooth. B: Replacement row teeth (20x). Small arrows points to the apical region of the replacement teeth. C: Replacement tooth (40x); D: Contact region of the functional teeth (20x). E: Premaxilla, cross section, functional teeth, showing that most of the tooth is embedded in epithelial tissue. AM=ameloblasts; DF=functional teeth; DN=dentin; DS=replacement teeth; ES=enamel; LP=periodontal ligament; OD=odontoblasts; PA= dental papilla; PO=pulp; PMX=premaxilla; TA=adipose tissue; TC=connective tissue; TE=epithelial tissue; TO=bone tissue.

FIGURE 10 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 10. Hemiodus ternetzi (Myers, 1997) MCP 22074, 70.88 mm SL – A: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, frontal view. B: Premaxilla tooth, left side, frontal view, apical region detail. C: Premaxilla tooth, left side, frontal view, median region detail. D: Premaxilla tooth, left side, teeth-premaxilla bone attachment detail, frontal view. E: Premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, labiolingual direction.

FIGURE 15 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 15. Phenacogaster franciscoensis (Eigenmann, 1911) MCP 34619, CP 32.12 mm A: Dentary, cross section (10x). B: Replacement teeth detail (10x); arrows point to the apical replacement teeth region. C: Replacement teeth (40x). D: Functional teeth attachment region detail (20x), arrows point to the teeth-bone boundary. E: Dentary, cross section, showing the compact osseous tissue. AM=ameloblasts; DE=dentary; DF=functional teeth; DN=dentine; DS=replacement teeth; ES=enamel; LP=periodontal ligament; OD=odontoblasts; PA=dental papilla; PO=pulp; TC=connective tissue, TE=epithelial tissue; TO=bone tissue.