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Fig. 11 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 11. Dendrogram drawn from the results of the cluster analysis. Statistical level of confidence for a node decreases toward the right (i.e., similarities between taxa increase toward the left). The results of the cluster analysis reveal that Morphotype 1 is very similar to Dromaeosaurus albertensis and Deinonychus antirrhopus while Masiakasaurus knopfleri (including Morphotype 2) is more similar to Saurornitholestes langstoni, Velociraptor mongoliensis, and Richardoestesia gilmorei. Morphotypes 1 and 2 are clearly different from Majungatholus atopus.

Fig. 1. A in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 1. A. Map of Madagascar showing the position of the Mahajanga Basin. B. Geologic map of the Mahajanga Basin with location of Berivotra study area.

Fig. 6 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 6. Theropod teeth from Berivotra, Mahajanga Basin, northern Madagascar; Anembalemba Member, Maevarano Formation (Campanian?– Maastrichtian). A. Morphotype 3 (MSMN V3342) in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views; A3, basal cross section; A4, mesial denticles. B. Morphotype 4 (MSMN V5518) in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views; B3, basal cross section. C. Morphotype 5 (MSMN V5368) in labial (C1) and lingual (C2) views; C3, basal cross section.

Fig. 4. Morphotype 1, specimen MSNM V5373 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 4. Morphotype 1, specimen MSNM V5373. Berivotra, Mahajanga Basin, northern Madagascar; Anembalemba Member, Maevarano Formation (Campanian?–Maastrichtian). A. Mesial denticles from the posterior carina. B. Labial view. C. Lingual view. D. Basal cross−section.

Fig. 5. Morphotype 2, specimen MSMN V5378 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 5. Morphotype 2, specimen MSMN V5378. Berivotra, Mahajanga Basin, northern Madagascar; Anembalemba Member, Maevarano Formation (Campanian?–Maastrichtian). A. Mesial denticles from the posterior carina. B. Labial view. C. Lingual view. D. Basal cross section.

Fig. 7 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 7. Premaxilla of Majungatholus atopus Sues and Taquet, 1979 (FMNH PR 2100) in ventral view showing alveoli and associated tooth basal cross−section.

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Tabl. 2 in The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon

<p>Tabl. 2 - Characters used in determining the relationships of Aublysodon. Caractères utilises pour determiner la position systématique Ae Aublysodon.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>character</th><th>plesiomorphic/apomorphic</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1. premaxillary teeth D-shaped in section</th><td>a</td></tr><tr><th>2. premaxillary teeth not serrate</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>3. premaxillary teeth with low ridge on posterior face</th><td>a</td></tr><tr><th>4. cheek teeth relatively large (with respect to depthof muzzle and jaw)</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>5. muzzle long and low</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>6. frontals longer than wide</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>7. two or three prongs of nasal overlap frontal</th><td>a</td></tr><tr><th>8. dorsolaterally directed prefrontal contact on frontal</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>9. socket for prefrontal on frontal</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>10. elongate contact for prefrontal on frontal</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>11. orbital rim on frontal very short</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>12. frontal-prefrontal suture expanded</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>13. pronounced buttress at frontal-postorbital contact</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>14. parietal process separates frontal posteriorly</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>15. sagittal crest extends onto frontals</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>16. frontals essentially flat between orbits</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>17. nasals smooth</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>18. anterior margin of antorbital fossa v-shaped</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>19. acute angle of premaxillary-maxillary contact withventral margin of snout</th><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>20. ventral margin of symphysis only slightly inclinedto horizontal</th><td>p</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Characters 1 to 8, 10, and 17 to 20 discussed in text, characters 9 and 11 to 16 from Currie (1987).</p>

Figure 12A–E in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 12A–E. Dockum neotheropod, distal portion of left tibia, TTU-P14786. A. Partial tibia in anterior view. B. Lateral view. C. Posterior view. D. Medial view. E. Distal view. Abbreviations: af, articular facet; pp, posterior process; r, posterior ridge. Proximal and distal views share the 1 cm. scale bar. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. Arrow indicates anterior side for the distal (E) view.

Figure 11A–F in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 11A–F. Dockum neotheropod, right tibia, TTU-P10534. A. Tibia in proximal view. B. Anterior view. C. Lateral view. D. Posterior view. E. Medial view. F. Distal view. Abbreviations: af, articular facet for astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; g, groove; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pp, posterior process; r, posterior ridge; tn, tibial notch. Proximal and distal views share the 3 cm. scale bar. Hatching indicates the damaged areas; portions in grey represent cellulose sculpting medium. Arrow indicates anterior side for the proximal (A) and distal (F) views.

Figure 2 in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 2. Simplified columnar section of the Dockum Group in Garza County, Texas, including the stratigraphic positions of the dinosaur-bearing quarries in bold (modified after Martz 2008, Martz et al. 2013).

Figure 7A–E in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 7A–E. Dockum herrerasaurid, proximal end of right femur, TTU-P12531X. A. Partial femur in proximal view. B. Anterior view. C. Medial view D. Posterior view. E. Lateral view. Abbreviations: amt, anteromedial tuber; tf, trochanteric fossa; sfl, sulcus for femoral ligament. Proximal view has its own scale. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. Arrow indicates anterior side for the proximal (A) view.

Figure 6A–D in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 6A–D. Two interpretations for the postacetabular process of Dockum herrerasaurid (TTU-P10082). A, B. The reconstruction in previous works of Nesbitt and Chatterjee (2008) and Martz et al. (2013), in lateral and medial views. C, D. The reconstruction in this study in lateral and medial views. Note that the dashed lines in yellow demonstrate the discontinuous ventral margin and the non-horizontal alignment of the sacral vertebrae; whereas the black dashed lines suggest a more plausible morphology, as discussed in the text.

Figure 10A–E in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 10A–E. Dockum basal theropod, proximal end of left femur, TTU-P12587X. A. Partial femur in proximal view. B. Anterior view. C. Medial view. D. Posterior view. E. Lateral view. Abbreviations: alt, anterolateral tuber; amt, anteromedial tuber; flg, femoral ligament (ligament femoris capitis) groove; tf, trochanteric fossa; pmt, posteromedial tuber. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. Arrow indicates anterior side for the proximal (A) view.

Figure 1 in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 1. Exposures of the Dockum Group (highlighted in grey) in western Texas and eastern New Mexico (modified after Lehman 1994a). Borders of all county quadrangles discussed within the text are highlighted in red, whereas the cited fossil localities are marked with yellow-filled circles within the Garza and Howard County quadrangles. The approximate position of Dockum Site 7 General (TMM 41936) in close-up view of Howard County is modified after Nesbitt and Ezcurra (2015).

Figure 5A–D in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 5A–D. Dockum herrerasaurid, pubis and attached pubic peduncle, TTU-P10082. A. Left pubis and pubic peduncle in lateral view. B. Posterior view. C. Medial view. D. Anterior view. Abbreviations: ab, anterior bevel; act, acetabulum; of, obturator fenestra; pb, pubic boot; pub, pubis; pup, pubic peduncle; sac, supraacetabular crest; sym, symphysis for pubic apron. Hatching indicates the damaged areas; portions in grey represent cellulose sculpting medium. this specimen possesses the ancestral state of having only placed anterior to the ischial peduncle, generally around the two sacral vertebrae because of the small size of the postac- acetabular area (Novas 1996, Nesbitt and Chatterjee 2008). etabular process (Long and Murry 1995), where the medial This situation implies that UMMP 8870 might have had three shelf serves as a dorsal support only for the second sacral rib sacrals as well. Unlike the almost horizontal medial shelf of (Langer 2004). However, the two sacral ribs found attached UMMP 8870, the medial shelf of the reconstructed TTUon the postacetabular process indicates that TTU-P10082 P10082 postacetabular process exhibits slight posteroventral possibly had a minimum of three sacral vertebrae since deflection; however, this appears to be a homoplastic trait as the first primordial sacral rib in early theropods is always a similar kind of curvature is also present in medial shelves of

Figure 4A, B in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 4A, B. Dockum herrerasaurid, iliac postacetabular process, TTU-P10082. A. Left postacetabular process in lateral view. B. Medial view. Abbreviations: act, acetabulum; ant, antitrochanter; ip, ischial peduncle; is, ischium; ms, medial shelf; ru, rugose surface; sc, sacral rib. Hatching indicates the damaged areas; portions in grey represent cellulose sculpting medium.

Figure 8A–F in Theropod Fossils from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas, USA, and a Brief Overview of the Dockum Theropod Diversity

Figure 8A–F. Dockum herrerasaurid, posterior dorsal vertebra, TTU-P16789. A. Vertebra in anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Right lateral view. D. Left lateral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Ventral view. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; c, vertebral centrum; hsp, hyposphene; htr hypantrum; lf, lateral fossa; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal; prz, prezygapophysis. Hatching indicates the damaged areas. dromaeosaurids, e.g, Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, 1969 femoral ligament (ligamentum capitis femoris) groove cre- (MCZ 4371, MCZ 4142), Bambiraptor feinbergi Burnham et ates a distinct notch on the anteromedial side of the proxial., 2000 (Burnham 2004) and Mahakala omnogovae Turner mal surface as is typical of a dinosauriform femur (Novas et al., 2007. Unfortunately, the iliac blades of all Triassic orni- 1996, Rauhut 2003: character 197). The helical trochanteric thodirans found in southwestern North America are missing fossa, or fossa trochanterica sensu Langer (2004) is highly different portions and therefore, a taxonomic assignment to developed and expanded over the proximal surface, where it genus for TTU-P10082 cannot be made (Nesbitt and Chat- obliterates the typical longitudinal groove of dinosauriforms terjee 2008, pp. 145–146). on the proximal surface of the femur (Fig. 7A, D). TTU-P12531X—The periphery of the proximal surface of Presence of a trochanteric fossa is a good synapomorphy this right femur is slightly eroded (Fig. 7A). The anteromedial for Dinosauromorpha, but this character occurs homoplastituber of the femoral head (sensu Nesbitt 2011) is small and cally in the proximal femur of shuvosaurids, which differs well rounded (Fig. 7B, C), whereas the posteromedial and from the dinosauromorph femur by possesing a distinctly anterolateral tubera are not visible (Fig. 7D, E). The shallow recurved anteromedial tuber (Nesbitt 2011: characters 300,

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Fig. 3 in The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U.S.A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon

Fig. 3 - Serrations of left sixth maxillary tooth. A, posterior serrations viewed from the left; B, anterior serrations viewed from the right; C, posterior serrations viewed from behind. These serrations are rendered as unworn, not as preserved. Scale bar represents 1.5 mm. hes crénelures de la sixième dent maxijlaire gauche. A, crénelures postérieures vues de la gauche; B, crénelures antérieures vues de la droite; C, les crénelures postérieures vues de l'arrière. Ces crénelures sont figurées sans usure, non telles qu'elles sont conservées. Echelle = 1,5 mm.

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Fig. 1 in The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U.S.A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon

Fig. 1 - Frontals and parietal of Aublysodon cf. A.mirandus (LACM 28471) in dorsal view. Diagonal lines indicate regions of damaged or missing bone surface. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Lcs frontaux et le parietal d'Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (LACM 28471) en vue dorsale. Les parties des ossements endommagées ou absentes sont hachurées. Echelle = 10 mm.