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FIGS 46 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 46±49. Ateuchotermes sp. nov. 1, everted part of enteric valve. (46) surface view (note membrane on the large ridge), scale bar 5350 mm; (47) detail of main armature on ridge one (note that membrane is broken away from ventral surface), scale bar 550 mm; (48) detail of pectinate armature on ridges two to four, scale bar 5 143 mm; (49) detail of pectinate armature of ridge three, scale bar 518 mm.

FIGS 34 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 34±37. Trichotermes sp., everted part of enteric valve. (34) surface view, scale bar 5 100 mm; (35) side view, scale bar 5100 mm; (36) view into lumen of P1 through centre of valve, scale bar 550 mm; (37) detail of one ridge showing pectinate armature at distal end, scale bar 527 mm. NB, the folding of the ridges is an artifact, due to drying.

FIGS 10 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 10±13. Eburnitermes sp. nov. 1, everted part of enteric valve. (10) side view, scale bar 560 mm; (11) detail of ridges, scale bar 5 20 mm; (12) proximal end of two ridges showing pectinate armature, scale bar 5 23 mm; (13) detail of ridges showing pectinate armature, scale bar 5 18 mm.

FIGS 14 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 14±17. Phoxotermes cerberus, everted part of enteric valve. (14) surface view, scale bar 575 mm; (15) detail of one ridge, scale bar 530 mm; (16) view into lumen of P1 through centre of valve, scale bar 520 mm; (17) detail of pectinate armature on distal end of one scale ridge, scale bar 512 mm.

FIG. 1 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIG. 1. Soil-feeding termite gut, Orthotermes depressifrons (Cubitermes-group Termitinae). Cr, crop; Me, mesenteron; MS, mixed segment; P1, Žrst proctodeal segment; EV, enteric valve, here predominantly in the P1; P3, third proctodeal segment; Di, diverticulum; P4, fourth proctodeal segment; Re, rectum.

FIGS 22 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 22±25. Allognathoterme s hypogeus, everted part of enteric valve. (22) surface view, scale bar 5120 mm; (23) side view, showing the main armature on zone ridge, scale bar 5100 mm; (24, 25) details of main armature, showing elongate pectinate spines, scale bar 525 mm and 15 mm respectively.

FIGS 30 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 30±33. Coxotermes boukokoensis, everted part of enteric valve. (30) side view, scale bar 5100 mm; (31) surface view, showing 3 toothed lobes in lumen, scale bar 575 mm; (32) detail of spatulate armature, showing fringe of spines at the end of each 'spoon', scale bar 523 mm; (33) detail of teeth on lobes in lumen, scale bar 57.5 mm.

FIGS 6 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 6±9. Enteric valves (conventional light microscopy). (6) Coxotermes boukokoensis; (7) Jugositermes tuberculatus; (8) Rostrotermes cornutus; (9) Ateuchotermes sp. nov. For scale see Žgures 30, 21, 38 and 46 respectively.

FIGS 38 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 38±41. Rostrotermes cornutus, everted part of enteric valve. (38) surface view, scale bar 5100 mm; (39) side view, scale bar 560 mm; (40) surface view of one ridge showing spatulate spines of armature, scale bar 5 43 mm; (41) side view of one ridge, scale bar 543 mm.

FIGS 2 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 2±5. Enteric valves (conventional light microscopy). (2) Phoxotermes cerberus; (3) Machadoterme s rigidus; (4) Allognathotermes hypogeus; (5) Apicotermes traghardhi. For scale, see Žgures 14, 18, 22 and 26.

FIGS 18 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 18±21. Machadotermes rigidus, everted part of enteric valve. (18) side view, scale bar 575 mm; (19) detail of distal end of one ridge showing pectinate armature, scale bar 530 mm; (20) detail of proximal end of one ridge, scale bar 530 mm; (21) Jugositermes tuberculatus, everted part of enteric valve, surface view, scale bar 575 mm.

FIG. 51 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIG. 51. Stylized Allognathotermes enteric valve in situ. The large and small arrows represent the paths taken by the coarse and Žne material, respectively.

FIGS 26 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIGS 26±29. Apicotermes traghardi, everted part of enteric valve. (26) surface view, scale bar 5120 mm; (27) side view, scale bar 5136 mm; (28) face view of one ridge, scale bar 560 mm; (29) side view detail of distal end of one ridge, scale bar 530 mm.

FIG. 50 in A morphological study of the enteric valves of the Afrotropical Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

FIG. 50. Generalized Apicotermes-group enteric in situ. The large and small arrows represent the paths taken by the coarse and Žne material, respectively.

FIGURES 53–58. Representative valves from size class 2 in Climate-related morphological changes in Pantocsekiella (Mediophyceae) spanning 0-1.2 Ma in the Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russia including Pantocsekiella elgygytgynensis sp. nov.

FIGURES 53–58. Representative valves from size class 2 (5–10 µm) and size class 3 (10–15 µm). Fig. 53) size class 2 external valve from 1.029 Ma (DC1600)showing flat valve face and large central area with many fovi, Fig. 54) size class 2 external valve 1126 ka (DC1750) with dissolution, Fig. 55) size class 3 external valve from 1.3 ka (LZ31) showing four depressions with small central area, Fig. 56) size class 3 external valve 70.2 ka (LZ688) showing five depressions, Fig. 57) size class 3 external valve 198.2 ka (LZ9-155) with flat valve face, granules, and scattered central fultoportulae, Fig. 58) size class 3 internal valve 214.2 ka (LZ10-65) showing scattered central fultoportulae.

FIGURES 47–52. Representative external valves from size class 2 in Climate-related morphological changes in Pantocsekiella (Mediophyceae) spanning 0-1.2 Ma in the Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russia including Pantocsekiella elgygytgynensis sp. nov.

FIGURES 47–52. Representative external valves from size class 2 (5–10 µm). Fig. 47) Valve from 0.075 ka (LZ23) showing one central fultoportula (cf) and flat valve face with four depressions, Fig. 48) Valve from 29.12 ka (LZ491) showing flat valve face with three depressions, Fig. 49) Valve from 190.5 ka (LZ9-138) showing flat valve face with numerous fovi, Fig. 50) Valve from 198.2 ka (LZ9-155) showing flat valve face with five scattered central fultoportulae (cf), Fig 51) Valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 238.5 ka (LZ10-227), Fig. 52) Valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 417.4 ka (DC570) with white circles highlighting the clusters of central fultoportulae within the large depressions.

FIGURES 59–64. Representative valves from size class 3 in Climate-related morphological changes in Pantocsekiella (Mediophyceae) spanning 0-1.2 Ma in the Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russia including Pantocsekiella elgygytgynensis sp. nov.

FIGURES 59–64. Representative valves from size class 3 (10–15 µm). Fig. 59) external valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 278.8 ka (LZ11- 125), Fig. 60) external valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 333.2 ka (LZ12-176), Fig. 61) external valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 484.1 ka (DC680), Fig. 62) external valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 406.7 ka (DC550), Fig. 63) internal valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 406.7 ka (DC550), Fig. 64) internal valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 302.5 ka (LZ12-54).

FIGURES 41–46. Representative external valves from size class 1 in Climate-related morphological changes in Pantocsekiella (Mediophyceae) spanning 0-1.2 Ma in the Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russia including Pantocsekiella elgygytgynensis sp. nov.

FIGURES 41–46. Representative external valves from size class 1 (3–5 µm). Fig. 41) Valve from 1.029 Ma (DC1600) showing numerous fovi and two central fultoportulae (cf), Fig. 42) Valve from 952.6 ka (DC1480) showing the rimoportula placement, Fig. 43) Valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 406.7 ka (DC550) showing the rimoportula placement,, Fig. 44) Valve of P. elgygytgynensis from 302.5 ka (LZ12- 54) showing three depressions and three central fultoportulae, Fig. 45) Valve from 119.3 ka (LZ6-60) showing less distinct depressions, and Fig. 46) Valve from 8.28 ka (LZ366) showing P. ocellata morphology.

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FIGURES 103–110. Nitzschia tarangensis. SEM except Fig. 103 DIC, all from Y26C. Fig. 103. Holotype specimen, valve view. Fig. 104 in New species of benthic marine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from the Western Pacific islands of Guam and Yap

FIGURES 103–110. Nitzschia tarangensis. SEM except Fig. 103 DIC, all from Y26C. Fig. 103. Holotype specimen, valve view. Fig. 104. Whole valve in SEM, external view. Fig. 105. Internal view of valve fragment showing fibula density (details in Figs 109, 110). Fig. 106. External aspect of apex showing keel extension (long arrow), broad hyaline border of valve (short arrow), and numerous apical pores (arrowhead). Fig. 107. Mid portion of valve showing ribs along edge of valve depression (arrow) and each side of the raphe, and differing pattern of peri-raphe pores on opposite sides of the raphe (arrowheads). Figs 108–110. Internal views of valves showing apices (different valves) and a mid-portion. Arrow on Fig. 108 points to keel extension, arrow on Fig. 109 points to rimate striae near apex. Arrow on Fig 110 points to line of elongate foramina under the rib along the edge of the valve depression. Arrowheads on Figs 108–110 point to periraphe pores visible in the keel. Scale bars: Fig. 105 = 20 µm, Figs 103, 104 = 10 µm, Figs 106–109 = 5 µm, Fig. 110 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 19–21 SEM, internal valve views. Fig. 19 in Cymbella xiaojinensis sp. nov., a new cymbelloid diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from high altitude lakes, China

FIGURES 19–21 SEM, internal valve views. Fig. 19. Internal view of entire valve. Fig. 21. Internal view of valve apex with prominent helictoglossa deflecting to the dorsal side. Fig. 20. Showing the valve centre and 1–2 stigmata as elongated furrows connected to the striae. Scale bars = 2 μm.