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Distribution. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal to China, Mainland SE Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and many ssa small islands. Also scattered records in Sulawesi, Moluccan Is, Timor, and the Aru Is, probably resulting from introductions. Presence uncertain in Papua New Guinea. Introduced to Japan in the late 1800s. in Viverridae

Distribution. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal to China, Mainland SE Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and many ssa small islands. Also scattered records in Sulawesi, Moluccan Is, Timor, and the Aru Is, probably resulting from introductions. Presence uncertain in Papua New Guinea. Introduced to Japan in the late 1800s.

Subspecies and Distribution. H. m. malayanus Raffles, 1822 — Bangladesh, NE India, and S China (Yunnan) through SE Asia to Malaysia, and Sumatra. H. m. euryspilus Horsfield, 1825 — Borneo. in Ursidae

Subspecies and Distribution. H. m. malayanus Raffles, 1822 — Bangladesh, NE India, and S China (Yunnan) through SE Asia to Malaysia, and Sumatra. H. m. euryspilus Horsfield, 1825 — Borneo.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. t. trivirgata Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo; also found on several small Indonesian Is. A. t. leucotis Horsfield, 1851 — NE India (Assam), Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), and Mainland SE Asia to the Isthmus of Kra. A. t. tnilineata Wagner, 1841 — Java. in Viverridae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. t. trivirgata Gray, 1832 — Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo; also found on several small Indonesian Is. A. t. leucotis Horsfield, 1851 — NE India (Assam), Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), and Mainland SE Asia to the Isthmus of Kra. A. t. tnilineata Wagner, 1841 — Java.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826 — SE Asia from India, S China, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java. L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957 — Iraq and possibly bordering Iran. L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940 — Afghanistan and Pakistan. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. p. perspicillata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826 — SE Asia from India, S China, and Mainland SE Asia to Borneo, Sumatra, and E Java. L. p. maxwelli Hayman, 1957 — Iraq and possibly bordering Iran. L. p. sindica Pocock, 1940 — Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Distribution. Wide distribution in the Palearctic: from Europe to Russian Far East, North and South Korea, and Japan; also N Africa, Middle East, C Asia, Sub-Himalayan zone, S India, Sri Lanka, C, E & S China, Taiwan, Indochina, and Sumatra. in Mustelidae

Distribution. Wide distribution in the Palearctic: from Europe to Russian Far East, North and South Korea, and Japan; also N Africa, Middle East, C Asia, Sub-Himalayan zone, S India, Sri Lanka, C, E & S China, Taiwan, Indochina, and Sumatra.

Distribution. Mainland SE Asia in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, and PeninsularMalaysia; also Borneo and Sumatra. in Mustelidae

Distribution. Mainland SE Asia in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, and PeninsularMalaysia; also Borneo and Sumatra.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. c. cinereus Illiger, 1815 — S & SE China (including Hainan), Mainland SE Asia, Philippines (Palawan), Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. A. c. concolor Rafinesque, 1832 — Sub-Himalan zone in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and SW China. A. c. nirnai Pocock, 1940 — SW India. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. c. cinereus Illiger, 1815 — S & SE China (including Hainan), Mainland SE Asia, Philippines (Palawan), Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. A. c. concolor Rafinesque, 1832 — Sub-Himalan zone in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and SW China. A. c. nirnai Pocock, 1940 — SW India.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

NESEA-Rice10: high-resolution annual paddy rice maps for Northeast and Southeast Asia from 2017 to 2019

This dataset provides annual paddy rice maps of Northeast and Southeast Asia from 2017 to 2019. *** The data file is in “.tif" format *** Spatial extent: Northeast and Southeast Asia *** Temporal Resolution: Yearly *** Pixel size: 10 m *** Projection information: EPSG: 4326 *** CropType: Paddy rice. *** Year: Values from 2017 to 2019 *** The file name consists of year (Y), latitude range (N/S), and longitude range (E). For example, the file name '2019Y_40_45N_140_145E' means the map of paddy rice in the range of 40-50 degrees North and 140-145 degrees East for 2019.

Distribution. Throughout mainland SE Asia, from C & S Myanmar to W & SE Thailand, C & S Laos, Cambodia, C & S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia; also present in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and several adjacent small islands. Most likely extinct from E Bangladesh, where it has not been reported for more than 40 years. Northern and western limits of its range are poorly known. in Manidae

Distribution. Throughout mainland SE Asia, from C & S Myanmar to W & SE Thailand, C & S Laos, Cambodia, C & S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia; also present in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and several adjacent small islands. Most likely extinct from E Bangladesh, where it has not been reported for more than 40 years. Northern and western limits of its range are poorly known.

Subspecies and Distribution. B. j. javanicus d'Alton, 1823 — Java, perhaps Bali. B. j. birmanicus Lydekker, 1898 — Asian mainland including Myanmar, S China (S Yunnan, current presence uncertain), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and N Peninsular Malaysia. B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912 — Borneo. The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N Australia, New Guinea, and on various islands of Indonesia (Bali, Sangihe, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B. j. javanicus d'Alton, 1823 — Java, perhaps Bali. B. j. birmanicus Lydekker, 1898 — Asian mainland including Myanmar, S China (S Yunnan, current presence uncertain), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and N Peninsular Malaysia. B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912 — Borneo. The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N Australia, New Guinea, and on various islands of Indonesia (Bali, Sangihe, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages. in Suidae

Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages.

Distribution. Malayan Tapirs occur in two disjunct and isolated populations, one on mainland SE Asia in peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar, and the other in the S & C Sumatra, in Indonesia. in Tapiridae

Distribution. Malayan Tapirs occur in two disjunct and isolated populations, one on mainland SE Asia in peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar, and the other in the S & C Sumatra, in Indonesia.

Subspecies and Distribution. D.s.sumatrensisFischer,1814—SumatraandPeninsularMalaysia. D.s.harrissoniGroves,1965—Borneo. D. s. lasiotis Buckland, 1872 — South-east Asia (could be extinct). in Rhinocerotidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D.s.sumatrensisFischer,1814—SumatraandPeninsularMalaysia. D.s.harrissoniGroves,1965—Borneo. D. s. lasiotis Buckland, 1872 — South-east Asia (could be extinct).

FIGURES 22–24 in Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus and species of Pentatomidae from East Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

FIGURES 22–24. Cervicoris omeiensis Hsiao & Cheng, 1977, holotype. 22, dorsal view; 23, ventral view; 24, labels. © Nankai University, Tianjin. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 14–21 in Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus and species of Pentatomidae from East Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

FIGURES 14–21. Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype. 14, genital capsule, dorsal view; 15, same, posterior view; 16, lateral projection of genital capsule, posterolateral view; 17–18, right paramere, two different aspects; 19, phallus, lateral view; 20, same, posterodorsal view (articulatory apparatus not shown); 21, cp-II, ventral view. Arrows in Figs. 14 and 19 indicate aspects of Figs. 16, 20 and 21, respectively. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 9–13 in Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus and species of Pentatomidae from East Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

FIGURES 9–13. Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype. 9, middle portion of thorax and base of abdomen in ventral view; 10, posterior end of body, dorsal view; 11, same, ventral view; 12, same, posterior view; 13, same, lateral view. Scales in mm.

FIGURES 4–8 in Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus and species of Pentatomidae from East Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

FIGURES 4–8. Zhengica cornuta gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype. 4, anterior part of body, anterodorsal view (most exposed view of head and pronotum); 5, same, dorsolateral view; 6, lateral view; 7, left pterothoracic pleuron, hypocostal lamina and base of abdomen, ventrolateral view (in most exposed view of pleuron); 8, left scent gland ostiole and peritreme. Podomeres distad of coxae digitally removed in Figs. 5 and 6. Scales in mm.