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FIGURES 13–14 in Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURES 13–14. Effect of tylenchid parasites on morphological structures of male Tachytrechus sanus. 13. Non-infected male. 14. Infected male. Note signs of demasculinization including shorter antenna with smaller apical lamella (left arrow), darker legs (middle arrow) and smaller, poorly rotated genitalia (right arrow). Scale bars: 13 = 1.5 mm; 14 = 1.6 mm.

FIGURES 9–12. Parasitylenchus myiophagus n in Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURES 9–12. Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. 9. Head of first generation parasitic female. 10. Head of male. 11. Male tail. 12. Tip of first generation parasitic female showing location of nerve ring. Abbreviations: B= bursa; N = nerve ring; O= tip of ovary; S= stylet; Sp = spicules; T= tip of testis. Scale bars: 9 = 64 µm; 10 = 25 µm; 11 = 10 µm; 12 = 58µm.

FIGURES 5–8. Second generation parasitic Parasitylenchus myiophagus n in Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURES 5–8. Second generation parasitic Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. 5. Female. 6. Male, arrowhead shows stylet. 7. Spicules (arrows) of male. 8. Newly hatched second generation juvenile. Scale bars: 5 = 70 µm; 6 = 50 µm; 7 = 7 µm; 8 = 12 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURE 4. Clusters containing eggs, developing juveniles and second generation adults of Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. Scale bar: 100 µm.

FIGURES 2–3 in Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURES 2–3. First generation parasitic female of Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. 2. Female removed from the abdomen of Tachytrechus sanus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), arrow shows nerve ring. 3. Head, arrow shows tip of extended ovary with developing eggs, arrowhead shows stylet. Scale bars: 2 = 380 µm; 3 = 34 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURE 1. Male Tachytrechus sanus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) parasitized by Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. Arrow shows exposed portion of abdomen containing first and second generation adult nematodes. Scale bar: 1.4 mm.

FIGURE 3 in First record of the parasitic barnacle Anelasma squalicola Darwin, 1852 (Pollicipedomorpha: Pollicipedidae) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and a new host report: Etmopterus benchleyi Vásquez, Ebert & Long, 2015 (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae)

FIGURE 3. Anelasma squalicola (UCR 3711-001) found as parasite of the Ninja lanternshark, Etmopterus benchley. A. Specimen of ~28.8 mm TL, parasite of a female shark of 43.5 cm TL (see Fig. 1); Ovigerous specimen of ~29.1 mm TL parasite of a male shark of 52.5 cm TL (see Fig. 2); the arrowhead points towards the eggs within the mantle cavity. The peduncular bulbous structure covered with fine and root-like filaments was not properly removed from the shark tissue and, therefore, is not illustrated in the figure. Scale bar 2 cm.

FIGURE 2 in First record of the parasitic barnacle Anelasma squalicola Darwin, 1852 (Pollicipedomorpha: Pollicipedidae) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and a new host report: Etmopterus benchleyi Vásquez, Ebert & Long, 2015 (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae)

FIGURE 2. Etmopterus benchleyi (UCR 2906-002), male (52.5 cm TL), infected by the parasitic barnacle Anelasma squalicola. A. Lateral view of the entire specimen prior to removing the parasite (Figure 3B); B. Lateral view of the entire specimen after removing the parasite; and C. Lateral view of the infected area (the basis of the left pectoral fin), prior to removing one parasite, showing a double infection. Scale bar 2 cm.

FIGURE 1 in First record of the parasitic barnacle Anelasma squalicola Darwin, 1852 (Pollicipedomorpha: Pollicipedidae) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and a new host report: Etmopterus benchleyi Vásquez, Ebert & Long, 2015 (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae)

FIGURE 1. Etmopterus benchleyi (UCR 2906-002), female (43.5 cm TL), infected by the parasitic barnacle Anelasma squalicola. A. Lateral view of the entire specimen after removing the parasites; B. Lateral view of the infected area showing an imbibed parasite; C. Laterodorsal view of the infected area, after removing the parasite, showing a double infection. Scale bar 2 cm.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Data for: The long-term impacts of deer herbivory in determining temperate forest stand and canopy structural complexity

1. Ungulates place immense consumptive pressure on forest vegetation globally, leaving legacies of reduced biodiversity and simplified vegetative structure. However, what remains unresolved is whether browse-induced changes occurring early in succession ultimately manifest themselves in the developed forest canopy. Understanding the development and persistence of these legacies is critical as canopy structure is an important determinant of forest ecosystem functions like carbon sequestration and wildlife habitat. 2. We measured how white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browse during stand initiation affected canopy structure, tree species richness, diversity, stem density, and basal area on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau using a portable canopy LiDAR system. We capitalized on an historic deer enclosure experiment where forests were subjected to four deer densities (4, 8, 15, and 25 deer/km2) for ten years following stand initiation. 3. Deer browsing impacts on the forest canopy are apparent nearly four decades since stand initiation. The highest deer density treatment experienced a significant reduction in tree species diversity, density, and basal area with stands becoming dominated by black cherry (Prunus serotina). Reductions in overstory diversity and tree density resulted in a more open canopy with low leaf area and high horizontal leaf variability. Canopies were tallest at the lowest and highest deer densities. 4. Synthesis and Applications: Using a portable canopy LiDAR system and a former deer enclosure experiment, we show that high deer browsing pressure during stand initiation can have a decades-long impact on stand and canopy structure. High deer densities led to stands with lower species diversity and tree density, which resulted in canopies that were taller and less dense. Managers should consider the lasting legacy of ungulate herbivory on canopy structure, as canopy structure influences several important management goals, such as forest carbon sequestration, maintenance of diverse understory communities, and creation of wildlife habitat.

opennotspecifiedNov 2013View details →

FIGURE 2 in Nomenclatural issues in ornithology: the incredible controversy on the identity of a long overlooked Brazilian bird

FIGURE 2. Maps based on known collecting localities for all the Brazilian species of Scytalopus. Environmental suitability for each one of the six species was estimated through ecological niche modeling, where warmer colors (red) indicate higher suitability. The original collecting locality of the type specimen of S. speluncae is indicated with a black triangle, but that locality was excluded from all of the analysis. A: light-grey taxon described in 2010 as S. petrophilus; B: dark-grey taxon described in 2006 as S. notorius; C: S. diamantinensis; D: S. iraiensis; E: S. novacapitalis; F: S. pachecoi. Abbreviations of the names of Brazilian states indicated in figure C are as follows: BA: Bahia; ES: Espírito Santo; GO: Goiás; MG: Minas Gerais; PR: Paraná; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; RS: Rio Grande do Sul; SC: Santa Catarina; SP: São Paulo. Brasília, the type locality of S. novacapitalis, is the square in the state of Goiás.

opennotspecifiedNov 2013View details →

FIGURE 1 in Nomenclatural issues in ornithology: the incredible controversy on the identity of a long overlooked Brazilian bird

FIGURE 1. Map of Eastern Brazil with collecting localities of the species of Scytalopus (based on data from Maurício et al., 2010). Purple circle, S. diamantinensis Bornschein, Maurício, Belmonte-Lopes, Mata & Bonatto, 2007; light-blue circle, S. iraiensis Bornschein, Reinert & Pichorim, 1998; white circle, S. novacapitalis Sick, 1958, grey circle, S. pachecoi Maurício, 2005. The type locality where the original specimen of S. speluncae (Ménétriés, 1835) was obtained is indicated with a black triangle. Collecting localities of the dark-grey form recently described as S. notorius Raposo, Stopiglia, Loskot & Kirwan, 2006 is indicated with dark-blue circles and the light-grey form recently described as S. petrophilus Whitney, Vasconcelos, Silveira & Pacheco, 2010 is indicated with olive-green squares. Either S. notorius or S. petrophilus is a subjective junior synonym of S. speluncae. Habitat elevation is indicated in intervals of 400m with dark green being ground level and up to 400m.

Figure 15 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 15. Biology and morphology of Liogma brevipecten. (A) Final-instar larva, dorsolateral view. (B) Prothoracic integument sheltering the head capsule, frontal view. (C) Spinules on a dorsal lobe, dorsolateral view; for ultrastructure, see Fig. 6F. (D) Tracheal branches inserted into a lateral lobe. (E) First-instar larva, lateral view. (F) Female laying an egg onto the abaxial side of a leaf of Bryhnia novae-angliae (Brachytheciaceae). Scale = 1 mm.

Figure 16 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 16. Biology and morphology of Liogma mikado, L. nodicornis, L. serraticornis. (A–C) L. mikado. (A) Late-instar larva, lateral view. (B) First-instar larva (scale = 0.5 mm). (C) Early-instar larva on a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar larva of L. nodicornis, feeding on Plagiomnium ciliare (Mniaceae). (E–I) L. serraticornis. (E) Late-instar larvae with green hue, feeding on Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae). (F) Late-instar larvae with brown hue feeding on Mnium lycopodioides (Mniaceae), found in the same population as the individual shown in (B). (G) Habitus of lateinstar, dorsal view; mesoand metathoracic segments are entirely dark and inverted Y-shaped pattern is evident in abdominal segments I–VII. (H) Characters of head. (I) Characters of anal segment. Black arrows indicate papilla-like, anterior pair of the ventral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dl, dorsal lobe; pr, pronotal ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except B) = 1 mm.

Figure 14 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 14. Biology and morphology of Diogma glabrata. (A) Final instar larva of D. glabrata. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on Bryhnia cf. tenerrima (Brachytheciaceae). (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 9. Histological characterisation of internal structure of anal segment of Liogma brevipecten at first instar, in crosssection. Selected cross-sections of anal segment from anterior (A) to posterior (D), showing spiracular field and surroundings. Black arrowheads denote intrinsic muscles of lateral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; at, atrium chamber; re, rectum; stg, stigmal ring. Scale = 50 µm.

Figure 13 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 13. Ultrastructure of Cylindrotoma japonica final-instar larva, SEM views. (A) larval head loaded with a mass of secretion (presumably silk material); secretion is reticulated and entirely conceals the head capsule but a small, circular opening is present near the centre (white arrowhead), which leads to the mouth underneath. (B) Close-up view of a secretion mass, which provides a cap for the head capsule, revealing delicate reticulated threads. Bright flaring is due to sample charge. (C) Isolated threads of the ventral thoracic segment; note that the diameter is greater than that of head part threads in image B. (D) Ventral lobe on abdominal segment VII, in which the cuticular surface is worn out due to abrasion. Scales as shown in each image.

Figure 6 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 6. Comparative morphology of dorsal elongated cuticular appendages on abdominal segment in cylindrotomine larvae at late instar. (A) Cylindrotoma japonica. (B) Diogma glabrata. (C) Liogma brevipecten. (D) L. mikado. (E) L. nodicornis. (F) L. serraticornis. (G) Triogma kuwanai. (H) Phalacrocera replicata. For C, E and H, body colour is faded away due to preservation in alcohol. Scale = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe. Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments.

Figure 18 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)

Figure 18. Biology and structures of Phalacrocera replicata and P. tipulina. (A–B) P. replicata. (A) Specimen of lateinstar larva preserved in alcohol, dorsal view. (B) Characteristic lobes in anal segment, lateral view. (C–I) P. tipulina. (C) Specimen preserved in alcohol. (D) Late-instar larva curling its posterior body anchored with anal segment the Sphagnum mosses. (E) Late-instar larva floating near water surface with ventral side up, anchoring its mandibles to a moss shoot. (F) Morphological features of anal segment, oblique lateral view. (G) Ultrastructure of ventral lobe in anal segment, SEM view. (H) Ultrastructure of accessory dorsal lobe, SEM view. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except G and H) = 1 mm.