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MUSES Leaf Area Index (LAI) Monthly Global 1km SIN Grid in 2000

The MUltiscale Satellite remotE Sensing (MUSES) product suite includes products with different spatial and temporal resolutions for parameters such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Near-Infrared Reflectance of Vegetation (NIRv), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Fractional Vegetation Coverage (FVC), Gross Primary Production (GPP), Net Primary Production (NPP). For more information about the MUSES products, please refer to this website (<a href="https://muses.bnu.edu.cn/">https://muses.bnu.edu.cn/</a>). This dataset is the MUSES global LAI product at 1 km spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution. The MUSES LAI product is provided on a Sinusoidal grid and spans from 2000 to 2019 (continuously updated). It was generated from time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance product using general regression neural networks (GRNNs)  (Xiao et al., 2014; Xiao et al., 2016). The MUSES LAI product is spatially complete and temporally continuous. This dataset is the MUSES LAI product in 2000. Please <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7892048#.ZFMTMHZByUk">click here</a> to download the MUSES LAI product in 2001. Dataset Characteristics: <ul> <li>Spatial Coverage: Global</li> <li>Temporal Coverage: 2000</li> <li>Spatial Resolution: 1 km</li> <li>Temporal Resolution: 1 month</li> <li>Projection: Sinusoidal</li> <li>Data Format: HDF</li> <li>Scale: 0.01</li> <li>Valid Range: 0 – 1000</li> </ul> Citation (Please cite this paper whenever these data are used): <ol> <li>Xiao Zhiqiang, et al. (2014). Use of General Regression Neural Networks for Generating the GLASS Leaf Area Index Product From Time-Series MODIS Surface Reflectance. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 52, 209-223.</li> <li>Xiao Zhiqiang, et al. (2016). Long-time-series global land surface satellite leaf area index product derived from MODIS and AVHRR surface reflectance. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54, 5301-5318.</li> <li>Xiao Zhiqiang, Jinling Song, Hua Yang, Rui Sun and Juan Li. (2022). A 250 m resolution global leaf area index product derived from MODIS surface reflectance data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 43(4), 1199-1225.</li> <li>Xiao Zhiqiang, et al. (2017). Evaluation of four long time-series global leaf area index products. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 246, 218-230.</li> </ol> If you have any questions, please contact Prof. Zhiqiang Xiao (zhqxiao@bnu.edu.cn).

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Coffee Leaf Rust monitoring data on Hawaii Island

CLR was detected in Hawaii for the first time in 2020 and quickly spread across the state. We initiated a CLR monitoring program in Kona, West Hawaii Island to track the spread of this new invasive disease across a broad elevational gradient. The goals of the program were to assist growers in the early detection of CLR, to characterize patterns of disease incidence across the region, and to collect information on farm agronomics, management practices, and costs to apply fungicides, all of which can be used to develop IPM strategies for this pathogen. We monitored 30 coffee lots in Kona, located between 204 and 875 m elevation. Average CLR incidence remained below 4% early in the season and increased to 36% during harvest. We observed no significant difference in CLR incidence between low-, mid- and high-elevation farms. A significant reduction in the number of leaves per branch was observed at the end of the harvest season, and a significant negative correlation was found between the number of leaves per branch and maximum CLR severity. Mean disease incidence and mean severity were observed to have a significant positive correlation. Incidence increased above threshold levels (5%) despite most growers applying preventative fungicides 3-10 times throughout the season, suggesting that improved coverage and timing of applications is needed along with the addition of systemic fungicides. Our study provides the first insights into CLR disease patterns under the unique and variable conditions under which Hawaiian coffee is grown and will aid in the development of IPM programs that can be used to sustain Hawaii's coffee industry under this new threat.

opencc-byMay 2023View details →

Potato Leaf data set

A Collection of potato images.  Some with manual annotation of leaf areas in .json format.   Some with physically measured leaf area and leaf biomass measurements contained in the csv file. pot_data_withimgnames_fullset.csv contains information about which plants correspond to which images and the physical ground truth data.  Full details of data gathering can be seen in paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09418">here</a>.  Please cite the paper if you use our data.

Dataset- Creating a Virtual Leaf

Serial block face images and corresponding segmented labels to recreate the renders from "Creating a virtual leaf". Any issues please email richardwilliamharwood@gmail.com.

Annona squamosa Leaf Extract Inhibit Migration of Human Cervical Cancer Cells Through MMP-9 Expression

Figure 1. a.Annona squamosa leaf . b.Simplicia powder of Annona squamosa leaves Figure 2. Annona squamosa leaves ethanol    extract. Figure 3. FTIR spectrophotometer results of acetogenin compounds of Annona squamosa leaves extract Figure 4. The cytotoxic test of HeLa cells at 24 hours.  The combination of ASL (Annona squamosa leaf Extract) 12.5 mg/ml + cisplatin was very effective compared with  a single therapy.  *P < 0.05Figure 4. The cytotoxic test of HeLa cells at 24 hours.  The combination of ASL (Annona squamosa leaf Extract) 12.5 mg/ml + cisplatin was very effective compared with  a single therapy.  *P < 0.05 Figure 5. The percentage of living cells of HeLa cells were cultured with different concentrations of Annona squamosa leaf extract. Figure 6. The combination therapy of ASL with cisplatin reduced the expressions of MMP-9 in HeLa cells. a. A significant concentration for cytotoxicity was a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL ASL + 5 μg/mL Cisplatin. b. The number of MMP-9 positive cells. *P< 0.005. Figure 7. The combination therapy of ASL and Cisplatin inhibit cell migration. a. HeLa cells were treated with single cisplatin or in combination with ASL 12.5; 25, 50, and a single dose of ASL 75 mg/mL. b.  Percentage area of cells undergoing migration. *P<0.005.

Dataset for geometrical digital twins of the as-built microstructure of three-leaf stone masonry walls with laser scanning

This repository contains the dataset from the geometrical digital twinning of the as-built microstructure of three-leaf stone masonry walls of 700mm x 700 mm x 400 mm (Height x Length x Width) with laser scanning. It includes raw and processed data and data analysis scripts. A Readme file explains the structure of the dataset and the contents of each folder. The dataset corresponds to the journal paper Geometrical digital twins of the as-built microstructure of three-leaf stone masonry walls with laser scanning published on Scientific data https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02417-3. Please, cite as: Saloustros, S., Settimi, A., Ascencio, A.C., Gamerro, J, Weinand, Y., Beyer, K. Geometrical digital twins of the as-built microstructure of three-leaf stone masonry walls with laser scanning. Sci Data 10, 533 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02417-3

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Transcriptome data from silica-preserved leaf tissue reveals gene flow patterns in a Caribbean bromeliad

Transcriptome sequencing is a cost-effective approach that allows researchers to study a broad range of questions. However, to preserve RNA for transcriptome sequencing, tissue is often kept under special conditions, such as immediate ultracold freezing. Here, we demonstrate that RNA can be obtained from six-month-old, field-collected samples stored in silica gel at room temperature. Using these transcriptomes, we explore the evolutionary relationships of the genus Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae) in the Dominican Republic and infer barriers to gene flow.

Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer

Raw data of the article: "Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer", DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35448-2 -->see Read Me file

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Effects of tree species diversity and conspecific seedling density on insect herbivory and pathogen infection on big-leaf mahogany seedlings

The Janzen-Connell Hypothesis (JCH) predicts that attack by specialist enemies on seedlings increases with conspecific seedling density, but studies have rarely experimentally tested for the contingency of such effects on tree community context (e.g., diversity, composition) and measured responses by different enemies (e.g. herbivores, pathogens). We conducted a field study in a large-scale system evaluating tree species diversity and conspecific density effects on leaf damage on mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seedlings. We established quadrats of eight levels of seedling density across mahogany tree monocultures and species polycultures including mahogany, and recorded percent leaf damage by insects and percent leaf necrosis by a pathogenic fungus on mahogany seedlings. We found contrasting effects of tree species diversity on insects and pathogens. Whereas diversity did not affect leaf damage by insects, it had a significant negative effect on leaf necrosis by pathogens. On average, percent leaf necrosis on mahogany seedlings in polyculture was half of that observed in monoculture. We discuss the potential influences of changes in mahogany tree density vs. frequency (relative to other tree species) driving this diversity effect. Unexpectedly, we found no effect of seedling conspecific density on either leaf insect or pathogen damage (i.e., density-independent attack). Likewise, we found no significant tree diversity by seedling density interaction, indicating that attackers were consistently unresponsive to variation in seedling density across two levels of tree diversity. Overall, this study provides a unique test of the JCH by experimentally evaluating seedling density and tree diversity effects on contrasting plant enemies, shedding light on enemy controls over plant recruitment.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Geographical variation and discrimination of social calls in male great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats: Do functionally similar calls have similar patterns?

Geographical variation in animals' acoustic signals has received much attention. However, few studies have compared the patterns and underlying selective forces driving geographical divergence of vocalizations with similar and different functions within the same species. Also, the social consequences of geographical divergence in acoustic signals are still rather poorly understood. Here we recorded three types of social calls of male great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros armiger) across eight colonies in China. Two calls share similar functions and the third has a function distinct from the other two. We examined the patterns and causes of geographical variation of each of these calls. We found that all three calls had significant geographic variation with similar patterns of spatial variation. Only one of the two social calls with similar functions was found to be affected by genetic drift, while the other two calls were not affected by selection and drift, or morphological constraints. Furthermore, we found that bats could discriminate between vocalizations of their own colony and those of an allopatric colony. Overall, these results suggest that acoustic signals with similar functions may be shaped by different driving forces and acoustic signals with different functions may exhibit similar geographical patterns. This study expands our limited knowledge of the patterns of geographical variation of vocalizations emitted at different emotional states and highlights the importance of comparing simultaneously patterns and causes of geographical divergence of vocalizations with similar and different functions.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Leaf traits of understory woody species in the Congo Basin forests changed over a 60 years period

Data collected in Yangambambi (DR Congo) and used to prepare the article accepted for publication in the journal Plant Ecology and Evolution.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Data from: Multi-locus genomic signatures of local adaptation to snow across the landscape in California populations of a willow leaf beetle

Organisms living in mountains contend with extreme climatic conditions, including short growing seasons and long winters with extensive snow cover. Anthropogenic climate change is driving unprecedented, rapid warming of montane regions across the globe, resulting in reduced winter snowpack. Loss of snow as a thermal buffer may have serious consequences for animals overwintering in soil, yet little is known about how variability in snowpack acts as a selective agent in montane ecosystems. Here we examine genomic variation in California populations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis, an emerging natural model system for understanding how organisms respond to climate change. We used a genotype-environment association approach to identify genomic signatures of local adaptation to microclimate in populations from three montane regions with variable snowpack and a coastal region with no snow. We found that both winter-associated environmental variation and geographic distance contribute to overall genomic variation across the landscape. We identified non-synonymous variation in novel candidate loci associated with cytoskeletal function, ion transport and membrane stability, cellular processes associated with cold tolerance in other insects. These findings provide intriguing evidence that variation in snowpack imposes selective gradients in montane ecosystems.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Data from: leaf functional diversity and environmental filtering in a tropical dry forest: comparison between two geological substrates

The role of geological substrate in shaping plant community functional diversity remains poorly understood. Considering the involvement of leaves in the energy, water and nutrient economics of plants, we hypothesized that leaves experience geology-related filtering, impacting functional attributes and functional leaf community diversity on different substrates. We studied tropical dry forest communities on limestone and siliciclastic phyllite-derived soils, comparing their functional diversity and soil physico-chemical properties. We predicted the most benign habitat (less severe filter) to be associated with higher leaf functional diversity and an acquisitive strategy prevalence, while the more stressful habitat should show conservative leaf traits and lower leaf functional diversity. We measured six traits in 31 common tree species (representing ~80% of community crown cover): leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content, petiole length, and leaf blade narrowness. Leaf functional diversity was assessed through the functional trait dispersion metric. Intraspecific functional variation was examined in 25 species shared between substrates. The limestone substrate was more fertile (higher phosphorous) with higher water retention, while phyllite had higher nitrogen and lower humidity. Principal component analysis segregated plots by substrate, with limestone plots being more clustered. Community leaf functional diversity was higher in the limestone forest. Most species examined showed inter-substrate trait differences in at least one leaf functional trait. The two substrates constituted distinct growth environments, with the more benign substrate associated to higher community functional leaf diversity. The intraspecific analysis revealed the prevalence of acquisitive traits in the more benign and more conservative traits in the more stressful habitat. This study advances our understanding of the role of geological substrate as an environmental filter in tropical dry forest, influencing leaf functional responses and emphasizing the importance of intraspecific functional variation.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Morphology, anatomy and photosynthesis data for two leaf types of Ficus pumila

Plants that display heteroblasty possess conspicuous variations in leaf morphology between their juvenile and adult phases, with certain species retaining juvenile-like leaves even in adulthood. Nevertheless, the ecological advantages of maintaining two or more distinct leaf types in heteroblastic plants at the adult stage remain unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the adaptive significance of heteroblastic leaves sampled from branches with divergent functions (sterile and fertile branches) of mature Ficus pumila individuals by comparing their morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics. Leaves on sterile branches (LSs) exhibited a significantly larger specific leaf area, thinner palisade and spongy tissues, lower chlorophyll contents, and lower light saturation points than leaves on fertile branches (LFs). These results demonstrate that LSs are better adapted to low light environments, while LFs are well equipped to take advantages of high light conditions. However, both LFs and LSs have a low light compensation point with no significant difference between them, indicating that they start to accumulate photosynthetic products under same light conditions. Interestingly, significant higher net photosynthetic rate was detected in LFs, showing they have higher photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, LFs produced significant more nutrients compared to LSs, which may associate to their ability of accumulating more photosynthetic products under full light conditions and higher photosynthetic capacity. Overall, we observed a pattern of divergence in morphological features of leaves on two functional branches. Anatomical and physiological features indicate that LFs have an advantage in varied light conditions, providing amounts of photosynthetic products to support the sexual reproduction, while LSs adapt to low light environments. Our findings provide evidence that heteroblasty facilitates F. pumila to utilize varying light environments, likely associated with its growth form as a climbing plant. This strategy allows the plant to allocate resources more effectively and optimize its overall fitness.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Waste of Atta leaf-cutting ants provides nutriment for Leptodactylus rhodonotus tadpoles (Hymenoptera, Formicidae; Amphibia, Leptodactylidae)

Video sequence obtained on 20 November 2019 in rainforest at 915 m a.s.l., Departamento Pasco, Peru, showing the edge of the ants' waste heap at a small roadside ditch, with leaf-cutting ants dropping waste crumbs into the running water and Leptodactylus rhodonotus tadpole feeding on ant waste. Reference to this video has been published in the following article: Köhler, J. & F. Glaw (2023): Waste of Atta leaf-cutting ants provides nutriment for Leptodactylus rhodonotus tadpoles (Hymenoptera, Formicidae; Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Spixiana 46 (1): 20.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Functional traits and drought strategy predict leaf thermal tolerance

Heat stress imposes an important physiological constraint on native plant species – one that will only worsen with human-caused climate change. Indeed, rising temperatures have already contributed to large-scale plant mortality events across the globe. These impacts may be especially severe in cities, where the urban heat island effect amplifies climate warming. Understanding how plant species will respond physiologically to rising temperatures and how these responses differ among plant functional groups is critical for predicting future biodiversity scenarios and making informed land management decisions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of elevated temperatures on a functionally and taxonomically diverse group of woody native plant species in a restored urban nature preserve in southern California using measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of leaf thermotolerance. Our aim was to determine if species' traits and drought strategies could serve as useful predictors of thermotolerance. We found that leaf thermotolerance differed among species with contrasting drought strategies, and several leaf-level functional traits were significant predictors of thermotolerance thresholds. Drought deciduous species with high specific leaf area, high rates of transpiration, and low water-use efficiency were the most susceptible to heat damage, while evergreen species with sclerophyllous leaves, high relative water content, and high water-use efficiency maintained photosynthetic function at higher temperatures. While these native shrubs and trees are physiologically equipped to withstand relatively high temperatures in this Mediterranean-type climate, hotter conditions imposed by climate change and urbanization may exceed the tolerance thresholds of many species. We show that leaf functional traits and plant drought strategies may serve as useful indicators of species' vulnerabilities to climate change, and this information can be used to guide restoration and conservation in a warmer world.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

From green to red: Urban heat stress drives leaf color evolution

Urban environments, occupying approximately 1% of total land area, often impose novel biotic and abiotic selective pressures on organisms and provide valuable opportunities to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics between nature and human societies. Prevalence of impervious surface and resulting higher temperatures in urban areas, known as urban heat islands, comprises prominent characteristics in global cities. However, it is not known whether and how urban plants adapt to such heat stress. This study focused on Oxalis corniculata, which has intraspecific polymorphism in leaf color (green, red), and examined whether the leaf color variation is associated with urban heat stress. Field observations revealed consistent associations between leaf color and habitat types (green vs. urban) at local (< 500m), landscape (< 50km), and global scales. Green-leaved plants were dominant in green habitats, and red-leaved individuals had increased in number in urban habitats. Growth and photosynthesis experiments indicated the adaptive benefit and cost of red/green leaves associated with heat stresses. Red-leaved individuals had higher growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency under heat stress, while green-leaved individuals displayed higher growth rates and photosynthetic efficiency under non-stressful conditions. Genome-wide SNP analysis suggests that the red leaf trait may have evolved multiple times from the ancestral green leaf, rather than spreading from a single origin of red leaf evolution. Overall, the results suggested that the dominance of red leaves of O. corniculata seen in cities worldwide would be evidence of plant adaptative evolution due to urban heat islands.