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Figure 4 in Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part II. Bushehr Province

Figure 4: Map of Bushehr province showing distribution of Androctonus crassicauda and Buthacus macrocentrus collected in this study.

Figure 59 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 59: Large-scale range of Calchas gruberi, sp. nov. (open circles). See general Calchas map in Fig. 38.

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Figure 6 in Constellation array in scorpion genera Paruroctonus, Smeringurus, Vejovoidus, and Paravaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 6: Constellation array topology charts for vaejovid genera Paruroctonus, Smeringurus, Vejovoidus, and Paravaejovis. Open circles depict sensilla, closed circles depict major and minor landmark setae (connected by black lines) and the triangle depicts outer (OD) denticle-1. Vertical arrow provides alignment perspective for landmark setae ms2 and Ms, and the sensilla. Individual charts within genera are ordered by increasing number of distal median (MD) denticles (i.e., the number of MD denticles located between OD–1 and the distal denticle tip of the chelal fixed finger). It is important to note here in these charts (unlike those images show in figures Figs. 2–5, 7–22, 27) the fixed finger denticle edge is aligned horizontally, therefore perpendicular to the vertical arrow.

Figure 23 in Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part II. Bushehr Province

Figure 23: Map of Bushehr province showing distribution of Orthochirus farzanpayi, O. iranus, O. stockwelli and Razianus zarudnyi collected in this study.

Figure 35 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 35: Sternopectinal area in Calchas species showing the genital operculum, prepectinal plate (in female), and genital papillae (in male). Note, in the male, the large long subtriangular shaped genital operculum with separated sclerites exposing significant genital papillae, as compared to the female, we see a narrow operculum with fused sclerites. Top-Left. C. nordmanni, female, Tortum, Turkey. Top-Right. C. birulai, sp. nov., female, Mardin, Turkey. Bottom-Left. C. gruberi, sp. nov., female, 12 km S. Akseki, Turkey. Bottom-Right. C. nordmanni, male, Turkey.

Figure 34 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 34: External surface of the chela highlighting trichobothria positional differences in Calchas species. Four specific areas (A–D) are delineated showing major trichobothrial location differences between species C. gruberi as compared to C. birulai and C. nordmanni. A: in C. gruberi trichobothrium eb is placed considerably more distally on finger than in the other two species. B: in C. gruberi the pattern formed by trichobothria Et3–Et5–db essentially forms a straight line with db more distally placed, situated parallel to the finger juncture; in addition, trichobothrium Et4 is located considerably dorsally of Et3. C & D: in C. gruberi trichobothrium Dt and Db are positioned considerably more distally than in the other two species.

Figure 21 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 21: Close-up of the telson of Calchas showing two different placements of the subaculear setal pair (SSP) with respect to the vesicle/aculeus juncture. Top. Calchas birulai, sp. nov., female, Nemrut Dağı, Turkey, SSP placed on aculeus base, distal of the juncture. Bottom. C. gruberi, sp. nov., female, Anamur, Turkey, SSP placed at juncture. Ves/Acu = vesicle/aculeus juncture, VDSP = ventral distal setal pair, DDSP = dorsal distal setal pair.

Figure 24 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 24: Right hemispermatophore of Iurus dufoureius, Antalya, Turkey. Dorsal and ventral views, and close-up of capsular area from a internoventral view. Note the significantly developed acuminate process with a truncated distal tip visible from the internal and ventral perspectives.

Figure 4 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 4: Sternopectinal area of Calchas birulai, sp. nov., female, Nemrut Dağı, Turkey, showing sternum, genital operculum, prepectinal plate, basal piece, and pectines.

Figure 3 in Etudes on iurids, II. Revision of genus Calchas Birula, 1899, with the description of two new species (Scorpiones: Iuridae)

Figure 3: Carapace and close-up of median and left lateral eyes in Calchas gruberi, sp. nov., female, Antalya, Turkey. Lateral eyes and mediolateral ocular carina indicated.

Figures 67–73 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 67–73: Right hemispermatophore of genera of subfamily Vaejovinae. Dotted line indicates position of ventral trough. 67. Pseudouroctonus williamsi, Santa Ysabel Reserve, San Diego Co., California, USA, dorsal and dorsoexternal views. Note secondary lamellar hook (sh) (indicated by arrow). 68. Pseudouroctonus minimus castaneus, Vista, San Diego Co., California, USA, dorsal and internal views. 69. Pseudouroctonus reddelli, Gem Cave, Comal Co., Texas, USA, dorsal and internal views. 70. Uroctonites huachuca, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, USA, dorsal and internal views. 71. Vaejovis lapidicola, Williams, Coconino Co., Arizona, USA, dorsal view. 72. Vaejovis carolinianus, Athens, Georgia, USA. 73. Vaejovis janssi, Isla Socorro, Mexico.

Figures 27–30 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 27–30: Photographs of female genital operculi with sclerites raised from mesosoma exposing genital aperture and the internal structure beneath the plates. Arrow indicates aperture in Figs. 27–28. 27. Syntropis aalbui, holotype, Cataviña, Baja California, Mexico. Sclerites, raised 90º, are connected at the extreme posterior margin and show no medial separation. 29–30. Pseudouroctonus williamsi, Santa Ysabel Reserve, San Diego Co., California, USA. 28. Sclerites, raised 135º, are separated considerably at the posterior margin. 29. In this specimen (collected in a pit trap) post-insemination spermatophore mating plugs were found protruding from the genital aperture, only the plug bases are visible. 30. Mating plugs extracted from aperture, arrow points to smooth distal barb of one plug.

Figure 8 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 8: Trichobothrial pattern of Serradigitus wupatkiensis, female, Wupatki Ruin, Wupatki National Monument, Coconino Co., Arizona, USA.

Figure 16 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 16: Trichobothrial pattern of Franckeus peninsularis, male, San Raymundo, Baja California Sur, Mexico (after Soleglad and Fet, 2005: figs. 10–16, in part). Solid circle shown in patella is an accessory trichobothrium depicting neobothriotaxy in the esb series.

Figure 40 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 40: Hemispermatophore terminology and methods of measurement for family Vaejovidae (from a right hemispermatophore perspective). Dotted line depicts position of ventral trough from the dorsal side.

Figures 5–7 in Etudes on iurids, I. The orthobothriotaxic pattern of Iuridae, with observations on neobothriotaxy in genus Iurus (Scorpiones: Iuroidea)

Figures 5–7: Positional differences in patellar trichobothria between genera Calchas and Iurus. 5. Trichobothrium i is positioned external (i.e., right in the figure) of dorsointernal carina (DI) in Calchas on the dorsal surface whereas, in Iurus i is positioned internal of DI carina (i.e., left in figure). 6. Trichobothrium et3 is positioned dorsal (i.e., left in the figure) of exteromedian carina (EM) in Calchas, whereas in Iurus et3 is positioned ventral of EM carina (i.e., right in figure). 7. Trichobothrium esb2 is positioned dorsal (i.e., left in the figure) of the exteromedian carina (EM) in Calchas, whereas in Iurus esb2 is positioned ventral of the EM carina (i.e., right in figure).

Figure 18 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 18: Pedipalp femur trichobothrial configurations for subfamily Smeringurinae. Top figure shows each configuration clustered, anchored at trichobothrium d, the other trichobothria clusters are plotted from this trichobothrium. All species of Paravaejovis, Smeringurus, and Vejovoidus are shown; 15 species of Paruroctonus are included. In genus Paruroctonus, we see some variability in the placement of trichobothrium e, the more distal locations seen in species P. hirsutipes, P. surensis, P. luteolus, P. borregoensis, and P. ventosus. In Smeringurus and Vejovoidus, the configurations are nearly identical. Bottom figure presents histograms showing femoral trichobothria positions with respect to femur length. Multiple specimens were measured in Smeringurus, Vejovoidus, and Paravaejovis. The trichobothrium i relative position is clearly the same for all four genera; however, trichobothria d and e are considerably more distal on the femur in Paravaejovis. In Paruroctonus, Smeringurus, and Vejovoidus, trichobothrium d is clearly proximal to i, whereas in Paravaejovis, it is distal. Distance to trichobothria measured from femur base. Abbreviations of trichobothria: i = internal; d = dorsal; e = external. See Fig. 1 for explanation of histogram components.

Figures 44–46 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 44–46: Right hemispermatophore of Kochius punctipalpi punctipalpi, Los Aripes, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 44. Dorsal view; dotted line indicates position of ventral trough, see Fig. 46. 45. Internal view showing partial view of embedded mating plug and close-up of bifurcated lamellar hook. 46. Ventral view showing embedded mating plug partially visible on distal aspect, barb on left pointing inwards into capsular area. See Fig. 76 for extracted mating plug, dorsal view (barb pointing outward), showing toothed (12 teeth) distal barb.

Figure 1 in Rare or poorly known scorpions from Colombia. II. Redescription of Tityus columbianus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Figure 1: Large adult male of Tityus columbianus from Chiquinquirá: a) entire dorsal view; b) entire ventral view.