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Reef fishes can recognize bleached habitat during settlement: sea anemone bleaching alters anemonefish host selection
<p>Dataset accompanies: Scott A, Dixson DL (2016) Reef fishes can recognise degraded habitat during settlement: sea anemone bleaching alters anemonefish host selection. Proceedings the Royal Society B 283: 20152694, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2694</p>
FIGURE 3 in A new species and a new host record of Pseudoberkleasmium (Pseudoberkleasmiaceae, Dothideomycetes) from Cocos nucifera and Zea mays in northern Thailand
FIGURE 3. Pseudoberkleasmium chiangraiense (MFLU 21–0291, holotype). a–c. The appearance of conidiomata on the host substrate. d–g. Conidia with basal cell (arrows indicate micronematous). h. A colony on PDA from above and below. i–l. Conidia (arrows indicate micronematous). m. A germinated conidium. Scale bars: d, e, m = 30 µm, f, g, i–l = 20 µm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species and a new host record of Pseudoberkleasmium (Pseudoberkleasmiaceae, Dothideomycetes) from Cocos nucifera and Zea mays in northern Thailand
FIGURE 2. Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense (MFLU 21–0290, new host record). a, b. Appearance of conidiomata on host substrate. c–g. Conidia attached to conidiogenous cells (arrows indicate conidiogenous cells). h–l. Conidia. Scale bars: a =1000 µm, b = 300 µm, c–d = 50 µm, e–m = 20 µm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species and a new host record of Pseudoberkleasmium (Pseudoberkleasmiaceae, Dothideomycetes) from Cocos nucifera and Zea mays in northern Thailand
FIGURE 1. RAxML tree based on analyses of combined LSU, SSU, ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 dataset. The tree is rooted with Lophiostoma crenatum (CBS 629.86) and L. arundinis (CBS 621.86). Bootstrap values for ML ≥ 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95 are labelled on the nodes. The newly obtained sequences are indicated in red, while type strains are in black/red bold.
Evolution of parasitoid host preference and performance in response to an invasive host acting as evolutionary trap
<p>The invasion of a novel host species can create a mismatch in host choice and offspring survival (performance) when native parasitoids attempt to exploit the invasive host without being able to circumvent its resistance mechanisms. Invasive hosts can therefore act as evolutionary trap reducing parasitoids' fitness and this may eventually lead to their extinction. Yet, escape from the trap can occur when parasitoids evolve behavioural avoidance or a physiological strategy compatible with the trap host, resulting in either host-range expansion or a complete host-shift. We developed an individual based model to investigate which conditions promote parasitoids to evolve behavioural preference that matches their performance, including host-trap avoidance, and which conditions lead to adaptations to the unsuitable hosts. The model was inspired by solitary endo-parasitoids attacking larval host stages. One important aspect of these conditions was reduced host survival during incompatible interaction, where a failed parasitization attempt by a parasitoid resulted not only in death of her offspring but also in host killing. This non-reproductive host mortality had a strong influence on the likelihood of establishment of novel host-parasitoid relationship, in some cases constraining adaptation to the trap host species. Moreover, our model revealed that host-search efficiency and genetic variation in host-preference play a key role in the likelihood that parasitoids will include the suboptimal host in their host range, or will evolve behavioural avoidance resulting in specialization and host-range conservation, respectively. Hence, invasive species might change the evolutionarily trajectory of native parasitoid species, which is important for predicting biocontrol ability of native parasitoids towards novel hosts.</p>
Fig. 6 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Fig. 6. The co-phylogenetic scenarios revealed by JANE analysis. Thin black lines are the Analges phylogenetic tree, wide grey lines are the bird tree. The legend shows the cost of each event (in parentheses) near every co-phylogenetic event and the number of reconstructed events. A, original analysis with the full set of taxa in multi-host Analges–bird associations.? – after speciation, the ancestral species still exists. B, dated best-cost scenarios of the multi-host associations reduced to a single host species and supplemented by spread events for remaining host species. Clades in multi-host species remained as in the original analysis, i.e. originated by failure to speciate. The circles near Analges species names designate the components of host nests: black circles, fine feathers and/or down in nest material; white circles, no feathers in nest material (after Gotzman & Jablonski, 1972 and Beuch, 2013).
Fig. 5 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Fig. 5. Character tracing of two key morphological characteristics of Analges: finger-like process on tarsi III in males (A) and chelate hypertrophied legs III in heteromorph males (B). Changes were traced onto the final tree (Fig. 4) using likelihood asymmetrical two-parameter Markov model with differently estimated forward/backward rates of character state changes.
Fig. 4 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Fig. 4. Diversification of Analges through time. A, dated maximum clade credibility tree revealed by BEAST analysis from concatenated COI, 16S and 28S sequences for Analges species and their outgroups. Intensity of node colouration designates PP of Bayesian analysis. The chronostratigraphic scale is given with absolute geological ages (MYA, million years ago). The node bars indicate credibility intervals (± 95% highest posterior densities HPD). Two columns of coloured squares on the right designate two taxonomic hypotheses of intrageneric groupings. The category 'ungrouped' describe male Analges without both chelate legs III and finger-like processes on tarsi III. B, lineages through time (LTT) plot for Analges. The upturn around 23 Mya reflects an acceleration in the rate of speciation which coincides with the origin of the crown in the Analges clade.
Fig. 3 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic conflict in the BI post-burnin trees reconstructed from concatenated sequences of COI, 16S and 28S as shown by consensus network analyses for threshold values 0.3 (A) and 0.012 (B). The hypothesized Analges corvinus–A. sturninus clade is depicted in red, the hypothesized Analges sp.n. 6–A. sturninus clade is depicted in blue. The numbers near splits are confidence values for alternate hypotheses.
Fig. 1 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Fig. 1. Morphological characteristics applied in two different intrageneric groupings in the Analges genus. A, general view of male, Analges corvinus, ventral side; B, hypertrophied leg III in males of the passerinus species group, A. passerinus, dorsal side; C, hypertrophied leg III in males of the chelopus species group, A. spiniger, ventral side; D, male tarsus III with ventral finger-like process bearing seta w in Analgopsis subgenus, A. poppei, dorsal side; E, male tarsus III lacking the ventral process in Analges subgenus, A. corvinus, ventral side.
Fig. 2 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Fig. 2. Neighbour-joining tree with sequence groups of putative Analges species recovered by automatic barcode gap discovery from COI barcode sequences.
Parasites, niche modification and the host microbiome: A field survey of multiple parasites
<p>Parasites can affect and be affected by the host's microbiome, with consequences for host susceptibility, parasite transmission, and host and parasite fitness. Yet, two aspects of the relationship between parasite infection and host microbiota remain little understood: the nature of the relationship under field conditions, and how the relationship varies among parasites. To overcome these limitations, we performed a field survey of the within-leaf fungal community in a tall fescue population. We investigated how diversity and composition of the fungal microbiome associate with natural infection by fungal parasites with different feeding strategies. A parasite's feeding strategy affects both parasite requirements of the host environment and parasite impacts on the host environment. We hypothesized that parasites that more strongly modify niches available within a host will be associated with greater changes in microbiome diversity and composition. Parasites with a feeding strategy that creates necrotic tissue to extract resources (necrotrophs) may not only have different niche requirements, but also act as particularly strong niche modifiers. Barcoded amplicon sequencing of the fungal ITS region revealed that leaf segments symptomatic of necrotrophs had lower fungal diversity and distinct composition compared to segments that were asymptomatic or symptomatic of other parasites. There were no clear differences in fungal diversity or composition between leaf segments that were asymptomatic and segments symptomatic of other parasite feeding strategies. Our results motivate future experimental work to test how the relationship between the microbiome and parasite infection is impacted by parasite feeding strategy and highlight the potential importance of parasite traits.</p>
The impacts of host association and perturbation on symbiont fitness
<p><span>Symbiosis benefits hosts in numerous ways, but much less is known about how host-association affects symbionts. While symbiont fitness can be mediated by host, symbiont, and/or environmental factors, recent works indicate that symbiont performance can depend on whether the symbiont is needed by the host, suggesting that symbiosis is not always beneficial for symbionts. To determine the impact of symbiosis on symbionts across the Tree of Life, we conducted a meta-analysis across 83 unique host-symbiont pairings under a range of spatial and temporal contexts. Specifically, we asked how symbiont fitness is altered outside of symbiosis, when host-symbiont interaction is under suboptimal conditions, or as hosts age. We found that intracellular symbionts associated with protists tend to have greater fitness outside of symbiosis, with the opposite trend for animal hosts. This result suggests that animals may be better at maintaining symbionts. Symbiont fitness also generally increased as hosts grow older. Moreover, symbionts that can proliferate in- and outside host cells performed better than those found exclusively inside or outside cells, suggesting that flexibility in growing location may help symbionts thrive. We discuss these fitness patterns in light of host-driven factors, where hosts exert influence over symbionts to suit their needs.</span></p>
FIGURE 4 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 4. Canonical variables (CVA) analysis of male Paracentrobia of the segments measured by traditional morphometry (● Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata, Argentina, x Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis, Argentina, □ Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, Mexico).
FIGURE 1 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 1. Anatomical landmarks used in geometric morphometric analysis of male genitalia of Paracentrobia subflava and Paracentrobia tapajosae (● landmarks, ● semilandmarks).
FIGURE 7 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Paracentrobia specimens from Mexico and Argentina based on the sequence of the ITS2 region. The support of the tree was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates (* Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis and Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, ** Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata).
FIGURE 3 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 3. Canonical variables (CVA) analysis of female Paracentrobia of the segments measured by traditional morphometry (● Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata, Argentina, x Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis, Argentina, □ Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, Mexico).
FIGURE 6 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Paracentrobia specimens from Mexico and Argentina based on the sequence of the COI gene. The support of the tree was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates (* Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis and Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, ** Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata).
FIGURE 5 in Implications of combined taxonomic, morphometric, and molecular characteristics for the species status of Paracentrobia tapajosae and Paracentrobia subflava (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoids of different leafhopper hosts in the Americas
FIGURE 5. Scatter plot of the between-groups principle component analysis (bgPCA) for the geometric morphometric analysis of male genitalia of Paracentrobia. Thin-plate spline (TPS) deformation grids at the extreme of each axis illustrate shape change implied by the corresponding bgPC (● Paracentrobia tapajosae from Tapajosa rubromarginata, Argentina, ○ Paracentrobia tapajosae from Dalbulus maidis, Argentina, ● Paracentrobia subflava from Dalbulus maidis, Mexico).
Why do parasites exhibit reverse latitudinal diversity gradients? Testing the roles of host diversity, habitat, and climate
<p>Aim: The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) – in which species richness decreases from the equator toward the poles – is among the most fundamental distributional patterns in ecology. Despite the expectation that the diversity of parasites tracks that of their hosts, available evidence suggests that many parasites exhibit reverse latitudinal gradients or no pattern, yet the rarity of large-scale datasets on host-parasite interactions calls into question the robustness of such trends. Here, we collected parasitological data from a host group of conservation importance – lentic-breeding amphibians – to characterize the form and direction of relationships among latitude, parasite richness, and parasite load.</p> <p>Location: The contiguous USA. Time period: 2000 to 2014.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Lentic-breeding frogs and toads and their helminth parasites.</p> <p>Methods: We collected information on parasite richness and infection load for 846 amphibian populations representing 31 species. We combined these data with environmental and biological data to test for LDGs and potential mechanisms.</p> <p>Results: Both parasite richness and abundance increased across 20 degrees of latitude – a reverse LDG. For parasite richness, this pattern was partially explained by latitudinal increases in wetland area, landcover diversity, and the richness of waterbirds – which function as definitive hosts for many amphibian parasites. Host body size also correlated positively with latitude and helminth richness, potentially reflecting increased habitat availability, greater host longevity, or a persistent phylogenetic signal. Parasite abundance associated positively with wetland area and landcover diversity, but negatively with amphibian taxonomic richness. Longitude exhibited non-linear relationships with parasite abundance and richness, which we suggest stem from large-scale variation in host availability (e.g., migratory bird flyways).</p> <p>Main conclusions: With growing interest in the distribution of parasites and pathogens, these results highlight the importance of inverse latitudinal gradients while emphasizing the explanatory influence of host body size, habitat availability, and host diversity.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.