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Figure 6. Maja squinado Herbst, 1788 in The larval development of Maja squinado and M. brachydactyla (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae) described from plankton collected and laboratory-reared material

Figure 6. Maja squinado Herbst, 1788, first maxilliped. (A) first zoea; (B) second zoea; (C) megalopa. Scale bars5250 Mm.

Figure 7. Maja squinado Herbst, 1788 in The larval development of Maja squinado and M. brachydactyla (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae) described from plankton collected and laboratory-reared material

Figure 7. Maja squinado Herbst, 1788, second maxilliped. (A) first zoea; (B) second zoea; (C) megalopa. Scale bars5250 Mm.

Figure 7 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 7. Imogine zebra parental care: (A) covering newly laid eggs, (B) attacking a gastropod near a recently laid egg plate, scale bars, 1 mm. Imogine zebra, ventral views: (C) before oviposition, showing egg-filled uteri (u), filled ventral glands (gl), and gonopore (gp), scale bar 5 mm; (D) immediately after oviposition, showing marked decrease in gland contents, scale bar 2 mm.

Figure 4 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 4. Relationship between adult length (in mm) and (A) egg production and (B) the number of egg batches in Pleioplana atomata and Imogine zebra.

Figure 5 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 5. Imogine zebra, developmental stages. (A) egg blebbing, (B) two-cell to eight-cell stage, (C) 16-cell stage, (D) 32-cell stage, (E) solid morulae, (F) gastrulation by epiboly, arrowhead indicates blastopore, (G) embryo with one pair of eyes (arrowheads), (H) embryos with noticeable pharynges, (I) embryo with two pairs of eyes, (J) juvenile worm hatching out of eggshell. Scale bars (C, D, I) 50 mm, all others 100 mm.

Figure 3 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 3. Egg masses: (A) Pleioplana atomata, (B) Imogine zebra. Scale bars, 500 mm. Pleioplana atomata: (C) two eggs per egg capsule, scale bar 150 mm, (D) conjoined hatchlings, scale bar 100 mm.

Figure 1 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 1. Pleioplana atomata reproductive behaviour: (A) initial encounters, (B) and (C) reciprocal prodding of ventral surface, and (D) copulation. Images are video stills.

Figure 8 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 8. Variation in mean hatching rate (¡1 SE) per batch of eggs with and without parental care in Pleioplana atomata and Imogine zebra. (A, C) Treatment 1 – egg hatching rate for all batches per individual; black bars – with parental care, white bars – without parental care, (B, D) Treatment 2 – three egg batches with parental care and three batches without parental care per individual.

Figure 2 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 2. Imogine zebra reproductive behaviour: (A) initial encounter and gliding over each other, (B) prodding of dorsal surface, (C) unilateral sperm transfer, (D) sperm transfer among multiple animals, (E) spermatophores on dorsal surface. Images are video stills.

Figure 6 in Reproduction, development and parental care in two direct-developing flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Acotylea)

Figure 6. Hatchlings (A) Pleioplana atomata and (B) Imogine zebra, arrowheads indicate caudal cilia. Scale bars, 100 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Gut bacterial communities of Lymantria xylina and their associations with host development and diets

The gut microbiota of insects has a wide range of effects on host nutrition, physiology, and behavior. The structure of gut microbiota may also be shaped by their environment, causing them to adjust to their hosts; thus, the objective of this study was to examine variations in the morphological traits and gut microbiota of Lymantria xylina in response to natural and artificial diets using high-throughput sequencing. Regarding morphology, the head widths for larvae fed on a sterilized artificial diet were smaller than for larvae fed on a non-sterilized host-plant diet in the early instars. The gut microbiota diversity of L. xylina fed on different diets varied significantly, but did not change during different development periods. This seemed to indicate that vertical inheritance occurred in L. xylina mutualistic symbionts. Acinetobacter and Enterococcus were dominant in/on eggs. In the first instar larvae, Acinetobacter accounted for 33.52% of the sterilized artificial diet treatment, while Enterococcus (67.88%) was the predominant bacteria for the non-sterilized host-plant diet treatment. Gut microbe structures were adapted to both diets through vertical inheritance and self-regulation. This study clarified the impacts of microbial symbiosis on L. xylina and might provide new possibilities for improving the control of these bacteria.

FIGURE 6 in Learning from Linnaeus: towards developing the foundation for a general structure concept for morphology*

FIGURE 6. The part of the definition of the genus Mandragora that refers to its stamen, taken from Linnaeus's Genera plantarum (1737) and transformed into a RDF graph.

FIGURE 5 in Learning from Linnaeus: towards developing the foundation for a general structure concept for morphology*

FIGURE 5. Implementation of the structure concept in RDF ontology: The trait to be described is represented by the 'Subject' of a RDF triple. The 'property' represents one perceptual category of the structure concept and functions as an empirical question that can only be answered by studying the trait. The answer to the question is represented by the 'Object' of the RDF triple and corresponds with one of the values that are allowed for this category according to the structure concept. One such describing RDF triple represents a morphological datum – the smallest piece of morphological information possible.

FIGURE 4 in Learning from Linnaeus: towards developing the foundation for a general structure concept for morphology*

FIGURE 4. Example of two definitions of concepts expressed in RDF: a) the definition of 'polarized junctioned cell' (for more information see text); b) the definition of 'protonephridium'—a protonoephridium always consists of a nephropore cell, a duct cell, a terminal cell, and extracellular matrix. However, some structures cannot be defined satisfactorily without reference to dispositions of being able to actively participate in specific biological processes. This is also the case for protonephridium, which participates in the process of excretion. This process can be partitioned into different phases, which at their turn have different parts of the protonephridium as their participants.

FIGURE 3 in ZooBank: Developing a nomenclatural tool for unifying 250 years of biological information*

FIGURE 3. Components of an LSID. There does not appear to be a consistent implementation of the version part of the LSID, and it is not incorporated into ZooBank LSIDs.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

The moisture plasticizing effect on enzyme-catalyzed reactions in model and real systems in view of legume ageing and their hard to cook development

Data used for the figures in the article

FIGURE 5 in Early development of fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (Poey 1860) (Teleostei, Centropomidae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Changes of body depth relative proportions to body length for Centropomus parallelus and C. undecimalis. Body length (BL) is presented in notochord length (NL) for smaller specimens (less than 4.0 mm) and standard length (SL) for larger specimens. The C. parallelus specimens, smaller than 5.0 mm, were supplied by the laboratory rearing experiments, and the larger ones were catch in the field.

FIGURE 1 in Early development of fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (Poey 1860) (Teleostei, Centropomidae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. The study area in the Cananeia-Iguape System on the southeastern coast of Brazil. The black spots indicate the stations where Centropomus parallelus larvae were collected.

FIGURE 4 in Early development of fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (Poey 1860) (Teleostei, Centropomidae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Larvae of Centropomus parallelus collected in the field: A, 9.6 mm SL (12.1 TL), postflexion; B, ventral view of F; C, 14.2 mm SL (18.3 mm TL), postflexion; D, ventral view of C; PTS = Posttemporal spines; Bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Early development of fat snook, Centropomus parallelus (Poey 1860) (Teleostei, Centropomidae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Larvae of Centropomus parallelus collected in the field: A, 6.5 mm SL (7.9 TL), postflexion; B, ventral view of A; C, 8.0 mm SL (10.0 mm TL), postflexion; D, dorsal view of C; E, ventral view of C. Bar = 1 mm; Bar = 1 mm.