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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Supplementary Tables: Host cellular immunity and nutrition respond to intracellular symbiont abundance in an obligate deep-sea symbiosis

Contains supplementary tables for the pre-print manuscript: Host cellular immunity and nutrition respond to intracellular symbiont abundance in an obligate deep-sea symbiosis

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Comprehensive Evaluation of End-Point Free Energy Techniques in Carboxylated-Pillar[6]arene Host-guest Binding: I. Standard Procedure

All the initial structures as well as the Autodock docked ligand poses used and the computational results.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Data from: Faster speciation of fig-wasps than their host figs leads to decoupled speciation dynamics

The genus Ficus (Moraceae) is best known for its obligate mutualism with pollinating fig-wasps (Agaonidae), where species are thought to reciprocally trigger genetic differentiation resulting in tight co-speciation. Here, we used nextRAD DNA sequencing to study the population structure of multiple fig species and their corresponding fig-wasps along an elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. Contrary to the expected one-to-one species specificity in this mutualism we find evidence of multiple pollinating wasp species, which through limited dispersal abilities along the gradient, likely limit pollen flow and influence fig population structure along these slopes. In two cases, where the fig species studied have wide distribution along the mountain, we found between three and four wasp species pollinating closely related populations of fig species. In the case of one fig subspecies complex, we identified two fig-wasp species according to the distribution of their host subspecies. Finally, in a parapatric, three sister species complex, we identified three individual wasp species, each corresponding to its host fig species. Fig-wasps appear to speciate more rapidly through faster generation times, faster rates of local adaptation and/or weak dispersal abilities compared to figs. This in turn restricts pollen movement between fig ecotypes, strengthening reproductive barriers and so facilitating their speciation. Fig speciation along the gradient and wasp lineage extinction may eventually restore the one-to-one rule in this mutualism through split and sort speciation dynamics.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Premating isolation is determined by larval rearing substrates in cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis. X. Age-specific dynamics of adult epicuticular hyrdocarbon expression in response to different host plants

Analysis of sexual selection and sexual isolation in Drosophila mojavensis and its relatives has revealed a pervasive role of rearing substrates on adult courtship behavior when flies were reared on fermenting cactus in preadult stages. Here, we assessed expression of contact pheromones comprised of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) from eclosion to 28 days of age in adults from two populations reared on fermenting tissues of two host cacti over the entire life cycle. Flies were never exposed to laboratory food and showed significant reductions in average CHC amounts consistent with CHCs of wild-caught flies. Overall, total hydrocarbon amounts increased from eclosion to 14–18 days, well past age at sexual maturity, and then declined in older flies. Most flies did not survive past 4 weeks. Baja California and mainland populations showed significantly different age-specific CHC profiles where Baja adults showed far less age-specific changes in CHC expression. Adults from populations reared on the host cactus typically used in nature expressed more CHCs than on the alternate host. MANCOVA with age as the covariate for the first six CHC principal components showed extensive differences in CHC composition due to age, population, cactus, sex, and age × population, age × sex, and age × cactus interactions. Thus, understanding variation in CHC composition as adult D. mojavensis age requires information about population and host plant differences, with potential influences on patterns of mate choice, sexual selection, and sexual isolation, and ultimately how these pheromones are expressed in natural populations. Studies of drosophilid aging in the wild are badly needed.

opennotspecifiedJun 2022View details →

Plate I in First description of the male of Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) with details of new host Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Rubus ellipticus (Rosaceae) from Himalayas

Plate I: Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal. Female on card (NIM (ICAR- NBAIR)) figures (1−3) 1. Female in habitus; 2. Antenna; 3. Fore wing.

opennotspecifiedJun 2022View details →

Plate II in First description of the male of Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) with details of new host Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Rubus ellipticus (Rosaceae) from Himalayas

Plate II. Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal. Female on slide (ZDAMU) figures (4−9) 4. Head, 5. Head showing raised reticulate sculpture; 6. Mesoscutum setae; 7. Scutellum setae; 8 & 9. Ovipositor

opennotspecifiedJun 2022View details →

Plate III. Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal. Male on card (ZDAMU) figures (10−15) 10. Mandible; 11. Antenna; 12. Scape and pedicel sculpture; 13. Fore wing; 14. Metasoma; 15. Axillae and scutellum in First description of the male of Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) with details of new host Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Rubus ellipticus (Rosaceae) from Himalayas

Plate III. Anagyrus almoriensis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal. Male on card (ZDAMU) figures (10−15) 10. Mandible; 11. Antenna; 12. Scape and pedicel sculpture; 13. Fore wing; 14. Metasoma; 15. Axillae and scutellum

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

The overlooked complexity of avian brood parasite–host relationships

The interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts have become widely recognised as model systems for studying coevolutionary processes. These systems have traditionally been viewed as relationships between one species of brood parasite and one species of host; however, with most brood parasites being known to parasitise multiple species of host and hosts often being subject to parasitism by multiple brood parasite species, opportunities to examine the ecology and evolution of multispecies interactions have generally been overlooked. Here, we compile data on all known brood parasite–host relationships and investigate where and how multiple species of brood parasites and hosts coexist. Considering these relationships as interactions in ecological networks, we find that complex brood parasite–host systems (i.e. those that include multiple species of brood parasites and hosts) exhibiting highly connected networks are found globally, with increased prevalence at lower latitudes in tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems. We also examine patterns of past research, outline the disparity between global patterns of network complexity and past research emphases, and discuss spatial and temporal factors that may be associated with these observed patterns. Drawing on insights gained from the handful of brood parasitism studies involving more complex scenarios and other biological systems that have embraced the use of a multispecies framework, we highlight the potential benefits of considering brood parasite–host interactions as ecological networks and brood parasitism as a model system for studying multispecies interactions. Overall, our results provide new insights into the diversity of these relationships when considered in a multispecies framework, highlight the stark mismatch between past research efforts and global patterns of system complexity, and draw attention to the opportunities that the study of more complex arrangements offers for examining how species interactions shape global patterns of biodiversity.

FIGURE 6 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating

FIGURE 6. Dated phylogeny obtained through Maximum Likelihood for endosymbiont ciliates of the Trichostomatia subclass. The red vertical line represents the radiation period of the Caprinae subfamily (Ropiquet & Hassanin 2005 a, b). The green circles represent the nodes and the possible period in millions of years of diversification of the Isotrichidae (4.3–15.5) and Ophryoscolecidae (1.0–5.7) families. My—Millions of years.

FIGURE 4 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating

FIGURE 4. Interaction network between ciliate protozoa species associated with goats and other hosts. The bars in grey and black represent some hosts that associate with ciliates and the ciliate protozoa species, respectively. The colored arrows (ranging from black to red) represent the associations between hosts and ciliate species. The size of the grey and black bars represents the hosts and ciliate species with greater or lower association, respectively (Dogiel 1928; Dehority 1974; Vasily & Mitchell 1974; Wilkinson & Van Hoven 1976; Kleynhans & Hoven 1976; Van Hoven et al. 1979; Dehority 1987; Towne et al. 1988; Dehority 1995; Selim et al. 1996; Dehority 1997; Wright & Lynn 1997; Selim et al. 1999; Dehority et al. 1999; Franzolin & Dehority 1999; Su et al. 2000; Imai et al. 2004; Talar et al. 2004; De la Fuente et al. 2006; Obanda et al. 2008; Del Valle et al. 2008; Martinele & D'Agosto 2008; Mishima et al. 2009; Booyse & Dehority 2012; Baraka 2012; Booyse et al. 2014; Booyse et al. 2015; Cerón Cucchi et al. 2016; Cedrola et al. 2016; Cedrola et al. 2017; Kimura et al. 2017; Gürelli 2017; Gürelli 2018; Cedrola et al. 2018).

FIGURE 5 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree obtained through Maximum Likelihood representing evolutionary relationships of some species of ciliates, based on 18S rDNA sequences. The red color represents species observed in studies with rumen samples from goats. Subclass Haptoria was chosen as outgroup. The values in each node of the tree mean, respectively: Maximum Likelihood (ML) bootstrap and Bayesian inference (BI) values of posterior probability. Scale bar represents 3 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

FIGURE 2 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating

FIGURE 2. Schematic representation of the association of ciliate protozoa genera and the host species of the Caprinae subfamily. The numbers around the circle represent the number of times a genus has been observed in a host. The colors red, pink, caramel and dark orange of the bars represent, respectively, the hosts Capra hircus, Rupicapra rupicapra, Capra pyrenaica, and Capra ibex, and the genera associated with them. The lines within the circle indicate the association between host species and the genera.

FIGURE 3 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating

FIGURE 3. Geographic and quantitative distribution of the ciliate protozoa species associated with goats. Some regions in the map (Spain, former Czechoslovakia, Italy, South Korea and Japan), were amplified for better visualization of the geographic boarders (Lubinsky 1955; Christl 1958; Imai et al. 1978; Lee 1979; Crha et al. 1985; Fernandez-Galiano & Campos 1992; Ito et al. 1995; Gurung et al. 2002; Göçmen & Atatur 2002; Göçmen et al. 2002; Mermer et al. 2003; Rastgeld & Göçmen 2003; Göçmen & Rastgeldi 2004; Talar et al. 2004; Göçmen et al. 2005; Göçmen & Karaoðlu 2005; De la Fuente et al. 2006; Mermer et al. 2006; Göçmen & Sezgin 2006; De la Fuente et al. 2009; Baraka 2012; Gürelli 2014; Gürelli et al. 2016; Mohamed 2017).

FIGURE 1 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating

FIGURE 1. Schematic drawings of the rumen ciliate species described in goats (Christl 1958; Fernandez-Galiano & Campos 1992; Göçmen & Rastgeldi 2004; Göçmen et al. 2005). A. Entodinium alpinum; B. Entodinium ibicis; C. Entodinium couturier; D. Entodinium wertheimi; E. Entodinium salmani; F. Ophryoscolex monoacanthus. G-H: frequent species in observations of caprine rumen samples; G. Isotricha prostoma; H. Dasytricha ruminantium; I. Entodinium dubardi; J. Entodinium caudatum; K. Entodinium exiguum; L. Entodinium minimum; M. Entodinium simplex; N. Entodinium longinucleatum; O. Epidinium ecaudatum. Abbreviations: ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; CV, contractile vacuole; CS, caudal spine; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; Ve, vestibulum; Sk, skeletal plate. Scale bar:10μm.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Closely related parasitic plants have similar host requirements and related effects on hosts

The performance of root hemiparasites depends strongly on host species identity, but it remains unknown whether there exist general patterns in the quality of species as hosts for hemiparasites and in their sensitivity to parasitism. In a comparative approach, the model root-hemiparasites Rhinanthus minor and R. alectorolophus were grown with 25 host species (grasses, forbs and legumes) at two nutrient levels. Hosts grown without parasites served as a control. Host species identity strongly influenced parasite biomass and other traits and both parasites grew better with legumes and grasses than with forbs. The biomass of R. alectorolophus was much higher than that of R. minor with all host plants and R. alectorolophus responded much more strongly to higher nutrient availability than R. minor. The performance of the two species of Rhinanthus with individual hosts was strongly correlated, and it was also correlated with that of R. alectorolophus and the related Odontites vulgaris in previous experiments with many of the same hosts, but only weakly with that of the less closely related Melampyrum arvense. The negative effect of R. minor on host biomass was less strong than that of R. alectorolophus, but stronger relative to its own biomass, suggesting that it is more parasitic. The impact of the two parasites on individual hosts did not depend on nutrient level and was correlated. Several legumes and grasses were tolerant of parasitism. While R. minor slightly reduced mean overall productivity, R. alectorolophus increased it with several species, indicating that the loss of host biomass was more than compensated by that of the parasite. The results show that closely related parasites have similar host requirements and correlated negative effects on individuals hosts, but that there are also specific interactions between pairs of parasitic plants and their hosts.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Implications of climate change for environmental niche overlap between five Cuscuta pest species and their two main host crop species

Some parasitic plants are major pests in agriculture, but how this might be affected by climate change remains largely unknown. In this study, we assessed this for five generalist holoparasitic Cuscuta species (Cuscuta approximata, C. australis, C. chinensis, C. europaea, C. japonica) and two of their main Leguminosae host crop species (Glycine max and Medicago sativa). For each of the five Cuscuta species and the two crop species, we ran MaxEnt models, using climatic and soil variables to predict their potential current distributions and potential future distributions for 2070. We ran species distribution models for all seven species for multiple climate-change scenarios, and tested for changes in the overlap of suitable ranges of each crop with the five parasites. We found that annual mean temperature and isothermality are the main bioclimatic factors determining the suitable habitats of the Cuscuta species and their hosts. For both host species, the marginally to optimally suitable area will increase by 2070 for all four RCP scenarios. For most of the Cuscuta species, the marginally to optimally suitable area will also increase. As the suitable area for both the hosts and the parasites will overall increase, Schoener's D, indicating the relative overlap in suitable area, will change only marginally. However, the absolute area of potential niche overlap may increase up to six-fold by 2070. Overall, our results indicate that larger parts of the globe will become suitable for both host species, but that they could also suffer from Cuscuta parasitism in larger parts of their suitable ranges.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Host-driven subspeciation in hedgehog fungus, Trichophyton erinacei, an emerging cause of human dermatophytosis

Trichophyton erinacei is a main cause of dermatophytosis in hedgehogs and is increasingly reported from human infections worldwide. This pathogen was originally described in the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) but is also frequently found in the African four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), a popular pet animal worldwide. Little is known about the taxonomy and population genetics of this pathogen despite its increasing importance in clinical practice. Notably, whether there are different populations or even cryptic species associated with different hosts or geographic regions is not known. To answer these questions, we collected 161 isolates, performed phylogenetic and population-genetic analyses, determined mating-type, and characterised morphology and physiology. Multigene phylogeny and microsatellite analysis supported T. erinacei as a monophyletic species, in contrast to highly incongruent single-gene phylogenies. Two main subpopulations, one specific mainly to Atelerix and second to Erinaceus hosts, were identified inside T. erinacei, and slight differences in the size of microconidia and antifungal susceptibilities were observed among them. Although the process of speciation into two lineages is ongoing in T. erinacei, there is still gene flow between these populations. Thus, we present T. erinacei as a single species, with notable intraspecies variability in genotype and phenotype. The data from wild hedgehogs indicated that sexual reproduction in T. erinacei and de novo infection of hedgehogs from soil are probably rare events and that clonal horizontal spread strongly dominates. The molecular typing approach used in this study represents a suitable tool for further epidemiological surveillance of this emerging pathogen in both animals and humans. The results of this study also highlighted the need to use a multigene phylogeny ideally in combination with other independent molecular markers to understand the species boundaries of dermatophytes.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

No net effect of host density on tick-borne disease hazard due to opposing roles of vector amplification and pathogen dilution

To better understand vector-borne disease dynamics, knowledge of the ecological interactions between animal hosts, vectors and pathogens is needed. The effects of hosts on disease hazard depends on their role in driving vector abundance and their ability to transmit pathogens. Theoretically, a host that cannot transmit a pathogen could dilute pathogen prevalence but increase disease hazard if it increases vector population size. In the case of Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and vectored by Ixodid ticks, deer may have dual opposing effects on vectors and pathogen: deer drive tick population densities but do not transmit B. burgdorferi s.l. and could thus decrease or increase disease hazard. We aimed to test for the role of deer in shaping Lyme disease hazard by using a wide range of deer densities while taking transmission host abundance into account. We predicted that deer increase nymphal tick abundance while reducing pathogen prevalence. The resulting impact of deer on disease hazard will depend on the relative strengths of these opposing effects. We conducted a cross-sectional survey across 24 woodlands in Scotland between 2017 and 2019, estimating host (deer, rodents) abundance, questing Ixodes ricinus nymph density and B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence at each site. As predicted, deer density was positively associated with nymph density and negatively with nymphal infection prevalence. Overall, these two opposite effects cancelled each other out: Lyme disease hazard did not vary with increasing deer density. This demonstrates that, across a wide range of deer and rodent densities, the role of deer in amplifying tick densities cancels their effect of reducing pathogen prevalence. We demonstrate how non-competent host density has little effect on disease hazard even though they reduce pathogen prevalence, because of their role in increasing vector populations. These results have implications for informing disease mitigation strategies, especially through host management.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Supplementary Data for the Project Multiomics and quantitative modelling disentangle diet, host, and microbiota contributions to the host metabolome

Supplementary Tables for the Project "Multiomics and quantitative modelling disentangle diet, host, and microbiota contributions to the host metabolome" Supplementary Table 1. List of 18 genome-sequenced human gut bacteria with metabolic characteristics that were used for community assembly. Supplementary Table 2. Diet composition. Supplementary Table 3. Species relative abundance. Supplementary Table 4. Gene abundance and expression changes. Supplementary Table 5. Gene pathway enrichment results. Supplementary Table 6. Metabolomics data. Supplementary Table 7. Metabolite fold changes, clustering and model parameters. Supplementary Table 8. Description of the intestinal flux model. Supplementary Table 9. Enzymatic paths between substrates and products. Supplementary Table 10. Pearson's correlation coefficients between potential substrates and products, and metagenomics and metatranscriptomic measurements.