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Fig. 1 in Relative competence of native and exotic fish hosts for two generalist native trematodes

Fig. 1. Mean worm size, number of eggs and egg volume of the trematodes Telogaster opisthorchis (a, c, e) and Stegodexamene anguillae (b, d, f) naturally infecting exotic salmonids (Lake Pearson) and native longfin eel (Lake Sumner). Error bars indicate standard error, ‡‡‡ Significant differences (P <0.0001).

Fig. 1 in Testing the robustness of transmission network models to predict ectoparasite loads. One lizard, two ticks and four years

Fig. 1. Transmission networks generated with (a) a short time window of infection; and (b) a long time window of infection, from the GPS location data of the lizards in the study population in 2010. Nodes represent individual lizards and edges between nodes are directed towards the lizard that is at risk of infection. The edges are weighted as described in the main text and the thicker the line the more weight is associated with that edge.

Fig. 1 in Haemogregarine infections of three species of aquatic freshwater turtles from two sites in Costa Rica

Fig. 1. Satellite image of Selva Verde and surrounding area showing the property of Selva Verde (outlined in yellow) with the creek site marked with narrow arrow and the pond marked with the thick arrow. White bar is 100 m. Inset: map of Costa Rica showing location of Selva Verde (black box) and La Pacifica (black star).

Fig. 2 in Haemogregarine infections of three species of aquatic freshwater turtles from two sites in Costa Rica

Fig. 2. Haemogregarines from black river turtles, Rhinoclemmys funera (A–C) all parasites shown are premeronts except for a meront in B (arrow), white-lipped mud turtle, Kinosternon leucostomum (D–E) premeronts; (F) early meront (arrow), and scorpion mud turtle, K. scorpioides (G–I) all premeronts. Scale bar in panel I is 10 µm and applies to all micrographs.

Fig. 2 in Tegumental topography and molecular characterisation of two trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Kenya

Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Glossidium pedatum. (A) Round oral sucker, (B) spine surrounding the oral sucker (C) location of the genital pore and a protruding cirrus, (D) structure of the cirrus sac (abbreviations: pl-papillae like lappet; os-oral sucker; pp-papillae; dp-dome papillae; vs-ventral sucker; gp-genital pore; c -cirrus; rp-rows of small papillae).

Fig. 5 in Tegumental topography and molecular characterisation of two trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Kenya

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Tylodelphys mashonensis (Sudarikov, 1971) to other Diplostomidae based on cox1. Phylogram was reconstructed using Bayesian Inference (BI) with Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) as an outgroup. Nodal values <0.90 (BI) are indicated by dashes (sequences of the present study are highlighted in bold).

Fig. 3 in Tegumental topography and molecular characterisation of two trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Kenya

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Glossidium pedatum Loos, 1899 to other members of Plagiorchioidea based on 28S rDNA. Phylogram was reconstructed using Bayesian Inference (BI) with Alloglossidium corti (Lamont, 1921) as an outgroup. Nodal values <0.90 (BI) are indicated by dashes (sequences of the present study are highlighted in bold).

Fig. 1 in Tegumental topography and molecular characterisation of two trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Kenya

Fig. 1. Geographical location of the study area: A– Kenya shaded on the African continent; B – shows position of Nyandarua County in Kenya; C – indicates the position of the Lake Ol'Bolossat and the sampling sites (S1–S3).

Fig. 4 in Tegumental topography and molecular characterisation of two trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in Kenya

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Tylodelphys mashonensis. (A) ventral surface ultrastructure, (B) sensory papillae surrounding the oral sucker (C) ventral sucker surrounded by small and large papillae, (D) well organized holdfast organ with spines (abbreviations: ps-pseudo suckers, os-oral sucker, ho- holdfast organ, vs-ventral sucker, pp-papillae, sp-symmetrical papillae, lp- large papillae, hf-holdfast fissure).

Fig. 3. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 3. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Dorsal view of ovarian complex. Mehlis' gland cells and eggs are omitted. Abbreviations: anterior testis, at; Laurer's canal, Lc; ovary, ov; oviduct, od; ootype, oo; posterior testis, pt; proximal uterus, pu; seminal receptacle, sr; vitelline follicle, vf; vitelline reservoir, vr.

Fig. 4 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 4. Comparison of fully grown gametocytes of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) from the blood of Curruca communis (A, B), Haemoproteus sittae (unknown lineage) from the blood of Sittae europaea (C, D) and Haemoproteus dolniki (unknown lineage) from the blood of Fringilla coelebs (E, F). Note: the elongate and markedly attenuated nuclei of infected erythrocytes containing advanced gametocytes of the new species (A, B), which is not the case in other Haemoproteus parasites (C–F). All images are from type specimens of these species. Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 6 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 6. Ventral view of Heterorchis cf. crumenifer from the intestine of the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen). Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; dorsal opening to excretory bladder, do; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; distal uterus, du; excretory bladder, eb; excretory duct, ed; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; left testis, lt; metraterm, m; ootype, oo; ovary, ov; pars prostatica, pp; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps; proximal uterus, pu; right testis, rt; seminal receptacle, sr; vitelline follicle, vf; vitelline reservoir, vr.

Fig. 7 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 7. High gametocytaemia of Haemoproteus palloris (lineage hWW1) from the blood of a willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus. Note that young gametocytes are absent, and the parasitaemia consists exclusively of mature fully grown macro- and microgametocytes, indicating a synchronous parasite development and probable absence of recent maturation of tissue meronts, which are the only source of merozoites for young gametocyte development during Haemoproteus infections. Triangle arrowhead – macrogametocytes; triangle wide arrowheads – microgametocytes. Long arrows – parasite nuclei. Giemsa-stained preparations. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 2. Gametocytes of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) from the blood of its type host, the common whitethroat Curruca communis: A-H – macrogametocytes, I-L – microgametocytes. Note: the markedly attenuated width of infected erythrocytes (D–G) containing advanced gametocytes, compared to uninfected erythrocytes, and the presence of predominantly oval or elongate pigment granules in fully grown gametocytes (F–H, J-L). All images are from the hapantotype. Long arrows – parasite nuclei. Short arrows – vacuoles. Arrowheads – pigment granules. Short simple wide arrow – nucleolus. Long triangle wide arrows – unfilled spaces between erythrocyte nuclei and gametocytes. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 7 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of excretory system of Heterorchis cf. crumenifer from intestine of the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen). Abbreviations: cd; collection ducts, ep; excretory pore, ms; main stem of excretory bladder, ob; oval or elongated bladders, os; oral sucker, vs; ventral sucker.

Fig. 6 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 6. Bayesian Inference tree (A) based on partial (478 bp) cytb sequences of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and the 20 closest related Haemoproteus lineages. Bayesian posterior probabilities and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values were indicated above and below nodes, respectively. For each lineage, representative GenBank accession numbers and MalAvi lineage codes (if available) are indicated as well as the most common bird host. The scale bar indicates the expected mean number of substitutions per site according to the model of sequence evolution applied. Images B and C show the Median-Joining DNA haplotype network of partial (478 bp) cytb sequences of H. angustus hCWT7 and the 20 closest related Haemoproteus lineages. The upper image (B) shows the host distribution, and the lower image (C) depicts the geographic distribution according to the United Nations geoscheme. Each circle represents a unique haplotype/lineage. The frequency of each lineage is indicated for all haplotypes with more than one record and roughly corresponds to the size of circles. Bars on branches indicate the number of substitutions between two haplotypes. Small white circles represent median vectors, which are hypothetical (often ancestral or unsampled) sequences required to connect existing haplotypes with maximum parsimony.

Fig. 3 in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 3. Comparison of fully grown gametocytes of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) from the blood of Curruca communis (A–D), H. belopolskyi (lineage hHIICT1) from the blood of Hippolais icterina (E–H) as well as H. parabelopolskyi (hSYAT2) (I–L), H. pallidulus (hSYAT3) (M–P), H. homogeneae (hSYAT16) (Q–T) and H. majoris (hWW2) (U–X) from the blood of Sylvia atricapilla. Note: the markedly attenuated gametocytes of the new species (A–D), which are not present in other Haemoproteus parasites (E–X); the fully grown gametocytes of H. belopolskyi (F, H) and H. parabelopolskyi (J, L) are bigger than those of H. angustus n. sp.; the pigment granules are predominantly roundish and small in H. pallidulus (M–P); the fully grown gametocytes are small and do not reach poles of infected erythrocytes in H. homogeneae (R, T); the erythrocyte nuclei are displaced laterally by H. majoris (V, X) – all these feature are not characteristic of H. angustus sp. nov. Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed using partial cytochrome b in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree constructed using partial cytochrome b sequences of 61 lineages of Haemoproteus, 4 lineages of Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon sp. lSISKIN2 as outgroup. Posterior probabilities higher than 0.8 are indicated close to the respective nodes. Red font indicates the parasite lineage described in this publication. Vertical bars (A–D) show groups of closely related lineages, which complete development and produce gametocytes only in non-passerines (A, D), both non-passerines and passerines (B), and only passerines (C). Blue font indicates Haemoproteus species, which develop in non-passerine avian hosts, which are indicated by symbols (● – Psittaciformes; ∎ - Coraciiformes; ▴ - Strigiformes; ◆ - Anseriformes; ★ - Charadriiformes; ♥ - Pelecaniformes; ⋄ - Piciformes; ⊠ - Sphenisciformes; Ω - Musophagiformes; § - Trochiliformes; Ψ – Falconiformes; Σ – Columbiformes; Φ - Galliformes). Lineage names were provided (according to MalAvi database), followed by parasite species names and sequence GenBank accession numbers.

Fig. 8 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 8. Estimated phylogeny inferred from Bayesian analysis of aligned fragments of the lsrDNA sequences from 40 species of digeneans comprising the ingroup plus one outgroup taxon (Lissorchis kritskyi). Species names are followed by the GenBank accession number for the sequence. New sequences represented by the three studied species are in bold. Posterior probabilities are reported on branches. Scale bar indicates a 5% nucleotide difference.

Fig. 5. Haemoproteus angustus n in Unexpected absence of exo-erythrocytic merogony during high gametocytaemia in two species of Haemoproteus (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), including description of Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) and a report of previously unknown residual bodies during in vitro gametogenesis

Fig. 5. Haemoproteus angustus n. sp. (lineage hCWT7) gametogenesis (A–H) and ookinete development (I–L) in vitro: A, B – initial stages of rounding up of gametocytes after the exposure of infected blood to air; C, E – rounded up macrogametocyte (C) and microgametocyte (E); F – the exflagellation; G – microgamete; H – fertilization; I – initial stage of ookinete development; J – medium differentiated ookinete; K – nearly mature ookinete with a residual body; L – mature ookinete without residual body. Note: the presence of several small residual bodies in erythrocytes containing gametocytes, which were preparing to escape from infected erythrocytes (A-C, E) – a unique character of this species during the initial stage of gametogenesis. Short triangle wide arrows – residual bodies; triangle arrowhead – macrogamete; triangle wide arrowheads – microgametes; short barbed arrows – finger-like outgrowth; long barbed arrows – apical end of developing ookinete; simple wide arrowhead – residual body of ookinete. Other symbols as in Fig. 2. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.