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FIGURE 6 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 6. Chloeia flava (Pallas, 1766). A. Illustration of complete specimen from Pallas (1766). B. Anterior end, dorsal view. C. Pigmentation pattern from median segments (Photo: Elizabeth Borda). D. Neurochaeta from median chaetigers. E–G. Notochaetae, black arrows indicate position of spurs (Li: lips, LL: lateral (plicated basal) lobes, MA: median antenna, ML: median (plicate) lobe, Pa: palps, PA: paired antennae). Scale bars: B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm; D–F, 20 μm; G, 10 μm.

FIGURE 5. Chloeia euglochis Ehlers, 1887 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 5. Chloeia euglochis Ehlers, 1887, reinstated, and C. viridis Schmarda, 1861, restricted. A. Juvenile of C. viridis (UF 4308), dorsal view. B. Same, close-up of middorsal pigmentation pattern. C. Juvenile of C. euglochis (UF 4308a), dorsal view. D. Same, close-up of middorsal pigmentation pattern. E. Another juvenile of C. euglochis (UF 682), anterior region, dorsal view, most chaetae broken. F. Another juvenile of C. euglochis (UF 4350), greenish variant, anterior region, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 1.3 mm; B, 0.5 mm, C, 1.4 mm; D, 0.7 mm; E, 1.5 mm; F, 1.2 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 9. Chloeia paulayi sp. n. A. Holotype (UF 493), chaetiger 1, notochaetal tips. B. Paratype (UF 493b), chaetiger 16, notochaetae. C. Holotype, chaetiger 4, neurochaetae. Scale bars: A: 45 µm, B: 90 µm, C: 30 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 1. Living specimens of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas. A. Chloeia euglochis Ehlers, 1887, non-relaxed. B. Chloeia pinnata Moore, 1911, relaxed. C. Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922, relaxed. D. Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861, non-relaxed (Photos: A, Paul Humann; B, Greg Rouse; C, Art Anker; D. Jean-Michel Sutour).

FIGURE 14. Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861, restricted. A. Complete live specimen from Florida, dorsal view. B in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 14. Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861, restricted. A. Complete live specimen from Florida, dorsal view. B. Another specimen from Florida (USNM 4532), anterior end, dorsal view (LL: lateral (plicated basal) lobes, MA: median antenna, ML: median (plicate) lobe, PA: paired antennae). C. Illustration from Schmarda (1861). D. Specimen from Colombia (UMML 22.913), pigmentation pattern from median segments. E. Specimen from Puerto Rico (USNM 15919), neurochaeta from first chaetiger. F, G. Same, neurochaetae from median chaetigers. H, I. Same, notochaetae from median chaetigers. Scale bars: B, 1 mm; D, 2 mm; E, F, 20 μm; G, 50 μm; H, I, 10 μm (Photo A: Eric Vaandering).

FIGURE 4. Chloeia euglochis Ehlers, 1887, reinstated. A in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 4. Chloeia euglochis Ehlers, 1887, reinstated. A. Syntype complete (MCZ ANNa-720), dorsal view. B. Same, illustration from Ehlers (1887). C. Same, extract from Haeckel's plates (1904, Pl. 96). D. Another syntype (MCZ ANNa-3), oblique lateral view. E. Notochaeta. F, G. Neurochaetae (from Ehlers 1887) (Photo: D, Elizabeth Borda).

FIGURE 3. Chloeia entypa Chamberlin, 1919. A in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 3. Chloeia entypa Chamberlin, 1919. A. Holotype (USNM 19346), ventral view; B. Prostomium and caruncle (Li: lips; MA: median antenna; ML: medial lobe; Pa: palps; PA: paired antenna). C. Neurochaeta from first chaetiger. D. Neurochaeta from chaetiger 10. E. Notochaeta from first chaetiger. F. Notochaeta from chaetiger 10. G. Holotype and original label (photo: Elizabeth Borda). Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, D, 5 μm; E, 2 μm; F, 10 μm.

FIGURE 8 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 8. Chloeia paulayi sp. n. A. Holotype (UF 493), dorsal view, depressed by glass slide, after Methyl Green staining. B. Same, anterior region, dorsal view. C. Same, left lateral view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Paratype (UF 493b), anterior region, dorsal view. F. Same, close-up of anterior end. Scale bars: A, E 2.2 mm; B, F, 1.3 mm; C, 0.9 mm; D, 1.8 mm.

FIGURE 13. Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 13. Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861, restricted, syntypes (NMW 442), most ethanol removed. A. Largest, complete syntype, dorsal view. B. Same, anterior region, dorsal view. C. Smallest complete syntype, dorsal view. D. Same, anterior region, dorsal view. E. Label. Scale bars: A, C, 5 mm; B, D, 1 mm (Photos: Pedro Frade).

FIGURE 11. Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 11. Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922, holotype (ZMH V-7466). A. Dorsal view. B. Oblique, dorsal view. C. Anterior end, dorsal view. D. Labels. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 0.4 mm; C, 0.7 mm (Photos: Alexandra Kerbl).

FIGURE 10. Chloeia pinnata Moore, 1911 in Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae)

FIGURE 10. Chloeia pinnata Moore, 1911, holotype (USNM 16842). A, Anterior end, dorsal view. B. Segment 3. C. Prostomium and caruncle. D. Segments 3 and 4. E. Pigmentation pattern from median segments. F. Neurochaeta from first chaetiger. G. Long neurochaeta from chaetiger 10. H. Short neurochaeta from same chaetiger. I. Notochaeta from first chaetiger, insert shows the serrated inner border. J. Notochaeta from chaetiger 10. C. Paratype, all other holotype; B, C. White arrows show branchiae (Li: lips, LL: lateral lobes, MA: median antenna, ML: median lobe, Pa: palps, PA: paired antennae). Scale bars: A, C, D, 1 mm; B, E, 0.5 mm; F–H, 10 μm; I, 40 μm (inset 25 μm); J, 50 μm.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Diurnal rainfall response to the physiological and radiative effects of CO2 in tropical forests in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model v1

Necessary outputs and scripts for recreating the figures for the journal article with the same title.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: The influence of historical dispersal on the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in the tropical Andes

We test for evidence of the Tropical Niche Conservatism or the Out of The Tropics hypotheses in structuring patterns of tree community composition along a 2000+ meter elevational gradient in the northern tropical Andes. By collecting and integrating data on the presence-absence of tree species within plots with phylogenetic information, we analyzed: 1) patterns of phylogenetic dispersion and species diversity along the elevational gradient based on indexes of net relatedness, nearest taxon relatedness, and species richness (α-diversity); and 2) the replacement of lineages along the gradient using the PhyloSorensen metric (β-diversity). More specifically, we established 20 0.25-ha permanent tree inventory plots between 750 and 2802 m asl where all individuals with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We then used a series of linear models to test for changes in α and β diversity between plots in relation to elevation. Neither the net relatedness index nor the nearest taxon index showed a significant relationship with elevation. However, there was greater phylogenetic over-dispersion at intermediate elevations; this likely reflects the mixing of species with contrasting origins from tropical and temperate lineages. β-diversity between plots was negatively related to the corresponding difference in elevation, indicating that closely related lineages occupy similar ranges of elevation and temperature. We conclude that the immigration of lineages from extra-tropical regions have significant effects in determining the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in tropical Andean forests.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Demographic rates and stature of tree species in 13 sub-tropical forests: annual growth, annual survival, annual recruitment >( 1 cm dbh), stature (max dbh)

Organisms of all species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among tree species, evolution has resulted in different life-history strategies for partitioning resources to these key demographic processes. Life-history strategies in tropical forests have often been shown to align along a trade-off between fast growth and high survival, i.e. the well-known fast-slow continuum. In addition, an orthogonal trade-off has been proposed between tall stature – resulting from fast growth and high survival – and recruitment success, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. However, it is not clear if these two independent dimensions of life-history variation structure tropical forests worldwide. We used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest monitoring plots in three continents to explore the principal trade-offs in annual growth, survival and recruitment as well as tree stature. These forests included relatively undisturbed forests as well as typhoon-disturbed forests. Life-history variation in twelve forests was structured by two orthogonal trade-offs, the growth−survival trade-off and the stature−recruitment trade-off. Pairwise Procrustes analysis revealed a high similarity of demographic relationships among forests. The small deviations were related to differences between African and Asian plots. Synthesis. The fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring many, but not all tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and life-history strategies across different forest types from three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Dung beetles maintain phylogenetic divergence but functional convergence across a highly fragmented tropical landscape

Understanding how human-modified landscapes affect the phylogenetic composition and assembly mechanisms of biological communities is critical for effectively managing and restoring tropical ecosystems. We evaluated how forest coverage loss, fragmentation, and landscape heterogeneity affect the phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles and their assembly mechanisms in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, a protected but highly fragmented tropical landscape. We calculated Faith's phylogenetic diversity, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance, and mean nearest taxon distance for 5,388 individuals in 36 species. The standardised effect sizes of these metrics were estimated to control their correlation with species richness. Phylogenetic diversity was also assessed separately for each dung beetle functional group. Finally, we compared the mean functional and phylogenetic pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance and measured the phylogenetic signal among dung beetle functional traits to determine the influence of niche conservatism on the phylogenetic structure of species assemblages. Faith's phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles was positively correlated with forest coverage, while their mean phylogenetic and nearest taxon distance values decreased with increasing landscape fragmentation. Necrophagous beetles and forest specialists responded most negatively to forest coverage loss and fragmentation. Alpha and beta diversity values showed phylogenetic overdispersion but functional convergence and weak phylogenetic signals in their functional traits, suggesting low niche conservatism. Landscapes with moderate forest coverage (≥ 40%) favoured higher phylogenetic beta diversity, whereas phylogenetic and functional beta diversity decreased significantly in landscapes with low forest coverage (< 30%). Synthesis and applications: Forest habitats in fragmented landscapes are essential for safeguarding the evolutionary history of dung beetles, reducing biotic homogenisation processes by favouring phylogenetic overdispersion and complementarity between sites. Therefore, to secure the phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles within fragmented tropical reserves, we recommend protecting the existing forests, preventing further fragmentation of continuous forest areas, and increasing matrix quality by implementing biodiversity-friendly production systems. Finally, managers should consider assessing different functional groups in other species, as their response to landscape disturbance may not be phylogenetically similar. The above will allow more effective management practices to protect the species most susceptible to disturbances.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil

<ol> <li>In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought-avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested. </li> <li>We examined (1) tolerance to water stress, measured by pre-dawn and mid-day leaf water potential; (2) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ13C; and (3) access to soil water, measured via stem water δ18O.</li> <li>We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group. </li> <li>Synthesis. Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species-level differences. </li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

The datasets used in the manuscript named "Fidelity of Global Tropical Cyclone Activity in a High-Resolution Reanalysis Dataset CRA40 in Comparison with Multiple Other Reanalysis Datasets"

The datasets after tracking the TC events in five reanalyses: ERA5, JRA55, CFSR, MERRA2, CRA40.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Seasonality of host immunity in a tropical disease system

Infectious disease systems frequently exhibit strong seasonal patterns, yet the mechanisms that underpin intra-annual cycles are unclear, particularly in tropical regions. We hypothesized that host immune function fluctuates seasonally, contributing to oscillations in infection patterns in a tropical disease system. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a key host defense of amphibians against a lethal fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We integrated two field experiments in which we perturbed amphibian skin secretions, a critical host immune mechanism, in Panamanian rocket frogs (Colostethus panamansis). We found that this immunosuppressive technique of reducing skin secretions in wild frog populations increased Bd prevalence and infection intensity, indicating that this immune defense contributes to resistance to Bd in wild frog populations. We also found that the chemical composition and anti-Bd effectiveness of frog skin secretions varied across seasons, with greater pathogen inhibition during the dry season relative to the wet season. These results suggest that the effectiveness of this host defense mechanism shifts across seasons, likely contributing to seasonal infection patterns in a lethal disease system. More broadly, our findings indicate that host immune defenses can fluctuate across seasons, even in tropical regions where temperatures are relatively stable, which advances our understanding of intra-annual cycles of infectious disease dynamics.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Distribution. Restricted to arid areas of inland Australia S of Tropic of Capricorn, in SW Western Australia, S Northern Territory, South Australia, SW Queensland, W New South Wales, and NW Victoria; distribution is disjunct, with Western Australian population isolated from C & E population by treeless areas of Nullarbor Plain. in Molossidae

Distribution. Restricted to arid areas of inland Australia S of Tropic of Capricorn, in SW Western Australia, S Northern Territory, South Australia, SW Queensland, W New South Wales, and NW Victoria; distribution is disjunct, with Western Australian population isolated from C & E population by treeless areas of Nullarbor Plain.