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FIGURE 3. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 3. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n. sp., SEM, female paratype, ZFMK MYR005. A: left mandible, ov; B: mandible, detail; C: ocellaria; D: male leg pair 2, overview; E: coxae of male leg pair 2 with gonopore; F: male gonopore, detail; G: male left leg 9, posterior view. Abbreviations: 3iT = 5-combed inner tooth; Cx = coxa; eT = external tooth; Fem = femur; Fem-Pr = femoral process; Go = gonopore; iA =intermediate area; LT = lateral tooth; mp = molar plate; pL = pectinate lamellae; O1–O7 = ocelli 1–7; Pre = prefemur; Post = postfemur; Tar = tarsus; Tib = tibia.

FIGURE 2. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 2. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n. sp., multi-layer photographs and SEM, paratype, ZFMK MYR005. A: habitus of female, lateral view; B: anal shield, dorsal view; C: head, frontal view; D: head, fronto-ventral view; E: thoracic shield (2nd tergite), fronto-lateral view; F: collum (1st tergite), dorsal view. Abbreviations: A1–A7 = antennomere 1–7; AF = antennal fossa; AS = anal shield; Co = collum (tergite 1); Gn = gnathochilarium; h = head; IL = incisura lateralis; Imp = impression; L = labrum; Md = mandible; m-str = marginal stria; O = ocellaria; T3–T11 = tergite 1–11; th-sh = thoracic shield (tergite 2); str1–str3 = striae 1–3; TO = organ of Tömösváry. A and B not to scale.

FIGURE 1 in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution and diversification of the American Glomerida. A: Distribution map, modified after Shelley & Golovatch 2011; B: single, shortest length maximum parsimony tree, support values>50 % of the bootstrap analysis given next to nodes; C: Maximum likelihood tree after the HKY+G model, bootstrap support values given next to nodes. Symbols refer to the exact locality of the specimens used for the molecular analysis, empty rectangles refer to Nearctomeris sites were no DNA was extracted.

FIGURE 4. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 4. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n. sp., drawings, holotype, ZFMK MYR008. A: male leg 1, posterior view; B: male leg 17, anterior view; C: male leg 18 ('paratelopod'), anterior view; D: telopod, posterior view; E: telopod, anterior view; F: syncoxite of telopod with central lobe, posterior view; G: syncoxite, anterior view. Abbreviations: Apo = coxal apodeme; cL = central lobe; Cx = coxa Fem = femur; Fem-Pr = femoral process; Fem-Tri = femoral trichostele; h = 'inner horn', lateral process; Pre = prefemur; Post = postfemur; Tar = tarsus; Tib = tibia.

FIGURE 6. Fast distance based analysis tree for 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Note total genetic uniformity among 28 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster

FIGURE 6. Fast distance based analysis tree for 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Note total genetic uniformity among 28 individuals of G. locorojo from eight "localities" on three continents. See Appendix A for specimen source data.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 7. Life history of Phyllocnistis tethys: (A) Passiflora organensis shoot twining around on a fern at the type locality, showing several leaves with leaf mines at different development stages; (B) leaf mine on abaxial leaf surface (open and closed arrows, respectively, indicate empty chorion on leaf surface, and sap-feeding larva seen through transparent mine); (C) egg containing developing embryo; (D) freshly hatched larva (indicated by closed arrow; open arrow indicates green frass lines left within the egg chorion; (E) third-instar (sap-feeding) larva; (F) detail of frass lines and damage on leaf parenchyma, left by the larva within the mine; (G) fourth-instar (spinning) larva; (H) Passiflora organensis containing several pupae, seen by transparency (indicated by arrows); (I) a pupal chamber in detail, showing a pupa by transparency; (J) pupa, lateral view; (K) pupal exuvium protruded (arrow) from mine exit hole, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 100, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 1, 1, 1, 20, 5, 0.5, 2 mm, respectively.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys egg and third larval "sap-feeding" instar: (A) egg, on abaxial surface of a Passiflora organensis leaf; (B–D) head, lateral, anterior and dorsal views; (E) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; (F) antenna, anterior view; (G) head, ventral view; (H) labium, ventral view (arrow indicates the spinneret); (I) abdominal lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 100, 50, 10, 100, 50, 20 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light microscopy: (A) first larval ("sap-feeding") instar, dorsal and ventral views; (B) third larval ("sap-feeding") instar, dorsal and ventral views; (C) fourth larval ("cocoon-spinning") instar, dorsal and ventral views; (D–F) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views. Scale bars = 100, 400, 400, 300 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys pupal cocoon and pupa: (A) weaving pattern of lower surface of pupal cocoon; (B) head, lateral view; (C) cocoon-cutter, lateral view; (D) head, ventral view; (E) cocoon-cutter, ventral view; (F) frons, ventral view; (G) abdominal segments 4 and 5, dorsal view; (H) spines on tergum 5, dorsal view; (I) spines on tergum 4, lateral view; (J) spiracle (arrow) and lateral seta on A5, dorsal view; (K) spiracle A3, lateral view; (L) spiracle A8, lateral view; (M–O) last abdominal segments in ventral, dorsal and posterior views, respectively Scale bars = 100, 100, 50, 150, 50, 50, 200, 25, 25, 25, 10, 5, 100, 100, 100 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 9. Maximum-likelihood tree of Pyllocnistis species based on 639 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support higher than 60%; branch lengths are indicated below. Asterisks indicate bootstrap values <60% and branch lengths <0.001. Species of Bucculatricidae (Bucculatrix canadensisella) and Gracillariidae (Acrocercops and Caloptilia) were used to root the tree, according to the phylogeny proposed by Kawahara et al. (2011); see Table 1 and text for further description.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 8. Diaphanized portion and histological sections of a Passiflora organensis leaf, showing by transparency the organization levels of a Phyllocnistis tethys mine in relation to larval ontogeny: (A) general aspect of the mine, containing a third-instar "sap-feeding" larva; asterisk indicates feeding area of the first instar; Roman numerals indicate larval instar numbers and corresponding positions of head capsules in the mine; open and closed arrows indicate the limit areas of nongranular frass lines left by second- and third-instar larvae, respectively; (B) detail of head capsule shed by the second-instar larva (bar indicates position for measurement of head-capsule width); C) transverse section of a mine; (D) transverse section of intact portion of leaf lamina (indicated by left arrow in C); (E) transverse section of mined portion of leaf lamina (indicated by right arrow in C). Ab, abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad, adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm, leaf mine; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Sp, spongy parenchyma. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 25, 50 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 1. Phyllocnistis tethys adult: wings spread, pinned, dorsal view (A); wings folded, on Passiflora organensis leaf, in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) views. Scale bars = 0.5, 1.0 mm, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B–C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and genetic differentiation of heteromorphy in Labidocera rotunda (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pontellidae)

FIGURE 3. Labidocera rotunda female variant: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, right lateral view; C, urosome, ventral view; D & E, fifth leg.

FIGURE 5.Cladograms for 16S in Morphological and genetic differentiation of heteromorphy in Labidocera rotunda (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pontellidae)

FIGURE 5.Cladograms for 16S rRNA (A) and mtCOI (B) between individual females of Labidocera rotunda and L. japonica based on NJ analysis. Pontellosis yamadae and Pontella chierchiae are outgroups. Numbers at branch point indicate bootstrap values for NJ/ML/MP/BP analyses among 1000 pseudoreplicates.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological and genetic differentiation of heteromorphy in Labidocera rotunda (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pontellidae)

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of female genital area: A & B, L. rotunda; C & D, L. rotunda variant. Scale bars indicate 100 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and genetic differentiation of heteromorphy in Labidocera rotunda (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pontellidae)

FIGURE 2. Labidocera rotunda male: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, right lateral view; C, right antennule; D, ancestral segments XIX to XXIV of right antennule; E, fifth leg.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological and genetic differentiation of heteromorphy in Labidocera rotunda (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pontellidae)

FIGURE 1. Labidocera rotunda female: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, habitus, right lateral view; C, urosome, ventral view; D, antennule; E fifth leg.

FIGURE 1. Map showing collection localities for L in Morphological diversity and genetic structure within Lerista kalumburu Storr, 1976 (Squamata: Scincomorpha: Sphenomorphidae) — taxonomic implications

FIGURE 1. Map showing collection localities for L. kalumburu. Type locality (Kalumburu) in red, collection locality for twotoed specimens (Theda Station) in yellow. Locality lacking tissue sample (Doongan Station) indicated with hollow symbol. (Google © 2010; Image NASA © 2012 Cnes/Spot Image Data S10, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, CEBCO).