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FIGURE 1 in Seed morphology of Boschniakia sensu lato (Orobanchaceae) and its taxonomical implications

FIGURE 1. Micromorphology of seeds of the studied species in SEM micrographs (surfaces). A–E: Boschniakia rossica. F–J: B. himalaica. K–O: Kopsiopsis hookeri. P–T: K. strobilacea. A,B,F,G,K,L,P,Q: general habit of seeds selected to show the variability of external shape (K,L,P,Q—seeds with most of the diaphragms still present). C–E, H–J, M–O, R–T: enlargements of cells and reticulate sculpture (C,H,M,R—seeds with interrupted diaphragms); black arrows indicate the diaphragms; white arrows beginning with an 'x' indicate the shaft between cells in B. rossica (D); normal white arrows show the narrow trough continuous in B. himalaica (I), K. hookeri (N) and K. strobilacea (S). Scale bars 1 μm (E), 10 μm (B–D,I,J,O,S,T), 100 μm (A,F–H,K–N,P–R).

FIGURE 6 in Phylogeny of the Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae, a Guayanan-centered clade of Rubiaceae: implications for morphological evolution

FIGURE 6. One of the most parsimonious trees from the cpDNA (trnL-F and rps16) sequence data showing character-states reconstruction of A. Number of ovules per locule; B, Fruit type.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeny of the Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae, a Guayanan-centered clade of Rubiaceae: implications for morphological evolution

FIGURE 5. One of the most parsimonious trees from the cpDNA (trnL-F and rps16) sequence data showing character-states reconstruction of A. Habit; B, Pollen Catapult mechanism.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogeny of the Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae, a Guayanan-centered clade of Rubiaceae: implications for morphological evolution

FIGURE 4. Strict consensus tree from the parsimony analysis of: A. ITS sequence data; B. Morphological data; C. Combined analysis of molecular data (ITS, trnL-F, and rps16); D. Total combined analysis of molecular (ITS, trnL-F, and rps16) and morphological data. Bootstrap support values and posterior probabilities from the Bayesian analysis are indicated above and below branches respectively.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogeny of the Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae, a Guayanan-centered clade of Rubiaceae: implications for morphological evolution

FIGURE 2. Morphological diversity in the Posoquerieae. A. Posoqueria latifolia, flowers; B. Posoqueria sp. 1, fruits and seeds; C–E, P. velutina; C, detail of the anther head before pollen release; D, pin playing the role of a pollinator; E, detail of the central stamen after triggered the pollen on the pins head; F, P. williamsii, detail of the anther head before anthesis; G, P. latifolia, upper part of the corolla, detail of the anther head; H, Posoqueria sp. 1, detail of the anther head, before (bottom) and after (top) pollen

FIGURE 1 in Phylogeny of the Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae, a Guayanan-centered clade of Rubiaceae: implications for morphological evolution

FIGURE 1. Morphological diversity in the Henriquezieae. A, Platycarpum decipiens, habit; B–C, P. schultesii; B, habit; C, flowers; D, P. decipiens, fruit; E, Henriquezia nitida, fruit; F, P. decipiens, seeds inside the fruit; G, P. schultesii, glands on petiole bases. Photos, R. Cortés-B.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogeny of the Henriquezieae-Posoquerieae-Sipaneeae, a Guayanan-centered clade of Rubiaceae: implications for morphological evolution

FIGURE 3. Strict consensus tree from the parsimony analysis (left) and the majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis (right) based on the combined data set of cpDNA (trnL-F and rps16). Numbers indicate bootstrap support above 50% (left) and posterior probabilities (right). Tribe names abbreviation: ALE, Aleisanthieae; COF, Coffeeae; CON, Condamineeae; GAR, Gardenieae; HEN, Henriquezieae; IXO, Ixoreae; MUS, Mussaendeae; OCT, Octotropideae; PAV, Pavetteae; POS, Posoquerieae; RET, Retiniphylleae; SCY, Scyphiphoreae; SIP, Sipaneeae; VAN, Vanguerieae.

FIGURE 3. Pietrosia laevitomentosa. A. Infertile fruit with corolla tube and pappus remains. B in First mature fruit description of Pietrosia laevitomentosa (Asteraceae) and its implications to the taxonomic position of the genus Pietrosia

FIGURE 3. Pietrosia laevitomentosa. A. Infertile fruit with corolla tube and pappus remains. B. Comparison of infertile (left) and fertile fruit (right). Bar scale 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in First mature fruit description of Pietrosia laevitomentosa (Asteraceae) and its implications to the taxonomic position of the genus Pietrosia

FIGURE 5. Matured fruit structure of Pietrosia laevitomentosa. A. Fruit fragment. B. Small rib detail. Bar scale 20 μm.

FIGURE 2 in First mature fruit description of Pietrosia laevitomentosa (Asteraceae) and its implications to the taxonomic position of the genus Pietrosia

FIGURE 2. Fertile achenes of Pietrosia laevitomentosa. A. Photograph. B. Drawing. C. Fertile seed. D. Mature fruit split to expose the seed. Bar scale 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in First mature fruit description of Pietrosia laevitomentosa (Asteraceae) and its implications to the taxonomic position of the genus Pietrosia

FIGURE 4. SEM microphotographs of achenes of Pietrosia laevitomentosa. A. Infertile achene apex. B. Fertile achene apex. C. Fertile achene sculpture. D. Detail of a granular pattern.

FIGURE 1. A in First mature fruit description of Pietrosia laevitomentosa (Asteraceae) and its implications to the taxonomic position of the genus Pietrosia

FIGURE 1. A. Habitat of Pietrosia laevitomentosa. B. Synflorescences of Pietrosia laevitomentosa in fruit.

FIGURE 7 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 7. Cross section of selected seed of Thalictrum petaloideum (A, B), T. rochebruneanum (C, D), T. simplex (E, F), T. uchiyamae (G, H), T. tuberiferum (I, J), T. minus (K, L). Abbreviations: end, endosperm; ext, exotesta; mst, mesotesta; vb, vascular bundle. Scale bars: 500 μ (A, C, E, G, I and K), 50 μ (B, D, F, H, J and L).

FIGURE 6 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 6. Cross section of selected seed of Thalictrum actaefolium (A, B), T. aquilegiifolium (C, D), T. baicalense (E, F), T. coreanum (G, H), T. filamentosum (I, J) and T. minus var. hypolecum (K, L). Abbreviations: end, endosperm; ext, exotesta; mst, mesotesta; vb, vascular bundle. Scale bars: 500 μ (A, C, E, G, I and K), 50 μ (B, D, F, H, J and L).

FIGURE 3 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 3. Morphological relationships among the Thalictrum species as displaced by MDA canonical discriminant functions (A, species numbers as in figure 2) and UPGMA cluster diagram (B). Different colors represent different sections: · = Physocarpum, · = Erythrandra, · = Thalictrum, · = Camptonotum, and · = Tripterium

FIGURE 1 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 1. Seed contour shape drawn using Fourier coefficients estimated under principal component score (+2SD, zero, and -2SD).

FIGURE 2 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 2. Boxplots of four selected seed features among the Thalictrum species. 1. T. actaefolium, 2. T. aquilegiifolium, 3. T. filamentosum, 4. T. rochebruneanum, 5. T. simplex, 6. T. uchiyamae, 7. T. baicalense, 8. T. coreanum, 9. T. minus var. hypolecum, 10. T. petaloidium, 11. T. tuberiferum, and 12. T. minus.

FIGURE 5 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 5. SEM micrograph of selected seed of Thalictrum petaloideum (A, B), T. rochebruneanum (C, D), T. simplex (E, F), T. uchiyamae (G, H), T. tuberiferum (I, J), T. minus (K, L). Scale bars: 600 μ (A, C, G, I and K), 400 μ (E), 50 μ (B, D, F, H, J and L).

FIGURE 4 in Seed morphology of 12 taxa of the genus Thalictrum L. (Thalictroideae, Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

FIGURE 4. SEM micrograph of selected seed of Thalictrum actaefolium (A, B), T. aquilegiifolium (C, D), T. baicalense (E, F), T. coreanum (G, H), T. filamentosum (I, J) and T. minus var. hypolecum (K, L). Scale bars: 1 mm (C), 600 μ (A, E, G, I and K), 50 μ (B, D, F, H, J and L).