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FIGURE 8 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages

FIGURE 8. Female genitalia of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Dissected genitalia (scale bar = 200 µm); B, Detail of the pores of spermatheca (scale bar = 10 µm); C, Detail of hispid integument (HT) of genital lip (scale bar = 20 µm); D, Posterior genital lip showing thick setae with blunt tips (Tb) (scale bar = 50 µm); E, Detail of the thick setae with blunt tips (Tb) on wall of genital lip (scale bar = 10 µm).

FIGURE 3 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages

FIGURE 3. Male of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Carapace, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); B, Cucullus, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); C, Abdomen, dorsal view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); D, Right femur I, retrolateral view (scale bar = 0.2 mm); E, Right femur I, prolateral view (scale bar = 0.2 mm); F, Right leg III, retrolateral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm); G, Right leg III, prolateral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 2 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages

FIGURE 2. Habitus of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Male, dorsal view (scale bar = 1 mm); B, Female, dorsal view (scale bar = 2 mm); C, Male, ventral view (scale bar = 1 mm); D, Female, ventral view (scale bar = 1 mm).

FIGURE 6 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages

FIGURE 6. Integumental structures on legs of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov. A, Thumb-like papillae seta (TS) on basifemur IV, female (scale bar = 20 µm); B, Detail of margin of thumb-like papillae seta (TS) (scale bar = 2 µm); C, Lamellar seta (LS) on tibia I, female (scale bar = 20 µm); D, Detail of lamellar seta (LS) (scale bar = 5 µm); E, Long curved-tip setae (Lc) on telotarsus IV, female (scale bar = 200 µm); F, Detail of long curved-tip setae (Lc) (scale bar = 20 µm); G, Barbed seta (BS) on telotarsus II, female (scale bar = 10 µm); H, Barbed seta (BS) and sigmoid seta with smooth shaft (SiS) on telotarsus IV, female (scale bar = 5 µm).

FIGURE 1 in A new Amazonian species of Cryptocellus (Arachnida, Ricinulei), with descriptions of its integumental structures and all free-living life stages

FIGURE 1. Satellite image of the type locality of Cryptocellus muiraquitan sp. nov., Juruti, Pará state, Brazil. Round symbols on the map indicate the collecting sites.

FIGURE 6 in Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)

FIGURE 6. The host plants, Pariana sp. and Pariana lunata, and illustrations of the shelter structures of each immature stage of Thoon ponka: a) close-up view of Pariana sp. stem; b) small Pariana sp. plant; c) Pariana sp. plants in situ; d) view of Pariana lunata leaves with inflorescence; e) close-up view of inflorescence; f) Pariana lunata plant in situ; g) shelter structure during the first instar; h) shelter structure during the second and third instars; i) shelter structure during the fourth instar; j) shelter structure during the fifth instar.

FIGURE 4 in Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)

FIGURE 4. Thoon ponka life stages: a) egg in dorsal and lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0049); b) first instar in dorsolateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0049); c) second instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0049); d) third instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0281); e) fourth instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0049); f) fifth instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0281); g) pupa in dorsal view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0281); h) pupa in ventral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0281); i) adult in dorsal and ventral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0049).

FIGURE 3 in Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)

FIGURE 3. The host plant, Lasiacis ligulata, and illustrations of the shelter structures of each immature stage of Troyus phyllides: a) close-up view of leaves; b) close-up view of inflorescence; c) plant in situ; d) shelter structure during the first instar; e) shelter structure during the second instar; f) shelter structure during the third instar; g) shelter structure during the fourth instar; h) shelter structure during the fifth instar.

FIGURE 2 in Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)

FIGURE 2. Head capsule illustrations of Troyus phyllides (based on 2021-FLP-IMM-0366): a) first instar in frontal view; b) second instar in frontal view; c) third instar in frontal view; d) fourth instar in frontal view; e) fifth instar in frontal view.

FIGURE 1 in Immature stages, new host plant records and shelter structures of Troyus phyllides (Röber, 1925) and Thoon ponka Evans, 1955 in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini)

FIGURE 1. Troyus phyllides life stages: a) egg in dorsal and lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0116); b) first instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0366); c) second instar in lateral view, note that the larva had recently molted and the previous head capsule is visible nearby (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0367); d) third instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP- IMM-0367); e) fourth instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0366); f) fifth instar in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP- IMM-0366); g) prepupa in lateral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0116); h, i) pupa in ventral and dorsal view (photo of 2021- FLP-IMM-0366); j) adult in dorsal and ventral view (photo of 2021-FLP-IMM-0116).

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Open forest successional stages and landscape heterogeneity promote wild bee diversity in temperate forests

<p>Recent studies have emphasized forests as crucial habitat for wild bees. In Europe, most forests are managed following the principles of close‐to‐nature silviculture, which combine timber production and nature conservation. However, open late and early successional stages within these forests are largely missing, which could be important for wild bees. This highlights that close‐to‐nature silviculture alone might not be sufficient to conserve bees within temperate forests. Open structures such as canopy gaps and road verges in forests could improve habitat for bees. To provide management recommendations for wild bee conservation in temperate forests, we analyzed how components of bee beta diversity varied between forest management types and tested how open structures, namely clear‐cuts, canopy gaps, and forest road verges influenced bee abundance, richness, and diversity. In addition, we analyzed the abundance and percent of red‐listed bee species at different scales. Bees were sampled using 90 pan traps on 45 (1 ha) plots in 2019 and 2020 in the Black Forest, Germany. Plots were selected in 15 triplets each consisting of three management types related to different successional stages: unmanaged, close‐to‐nature, and small clear‐cut. Beta diversity was not consistently nested highlighting the importance of different management and successional stages within the landscape to support bees in forests. Abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity of bees were highest on clear‐cuts, compared to unmanaged‐ and close‐to‐nature plots. At landscape scale, wild bee abundance increased with canopy openness while wild bee diversity increased with landscape heterogeneity. Abundance‐ and percent of red‐listed bee species increased with the length of forest road verges. We advocate creating habitats at local scales which offer flowering and nesting resources by providing canopy gaps. At landscape scale, heterogeneity created through different forest successional stages is needed to conserve the entire community of wild bees.</p>

FIGURES 25–29 in Additional data on Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina, 2003) from Russian Far East, with a description of preimaginal stages (Diptera: Chironomidae)

FIGURES 25–29. Larva of Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina). 25—labrum; 26—antenna; 27—mandible; 28—maxillary palp; 29—mentum and ventromental plates. Scale bar 50 µm.

FIGURES 13–16 in Additional data on Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina, 2003) from Russian Far East, with a description of preimaginal stages (Diptera: Chironomidae)

FIGURES 13–16. Pupa of Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina). 13—frontal tubercle; 14—tergites I–II; 15—tergites III–V; 16—tergites VI–VIII. Scale bar 50 µm.

FIGURES 17–24 in Additional data on Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina, 2003) from Russian Far East, with a description of preimaginal stages (Diptera: Chironomidae)

FIGURES 17–24. Details of the structure of the larva of Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina). 17—head capsule, dorsal view; 18—head capsule, ventral view; 19—labrum; 120—mandible; 21—antenna; 22—mentum, ventromental plates and maxillary palp; 23—anterior parapods; 24—posterior parapods. Scale bar 20 µm.

FIGURES 7–12 in Additional data on Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina, 2003) from Russian Far East, with a description of preimaginal stages (Diptera: Chironomidae)

FIGURES 7–12. Details of the structure of the pupa of Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina). 7—frontal tubercles; 8—thorax, lateral view; 9—tergites II–III; 10—tergites IV–V; 11—tergites VI–VII; 12—tergites VIII–IX. Scale bar 20 µm.

FIGURES 1–6 in Additional data on Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina, 2003) from Russian Far East, with a description of preimaginal stages (Diptera: Chironomidae)

FIGURES 1–6. Details of the structure of the adult male of Olecryptotendipes secundus (Zorina). 1—head; 2—variations in the structure of the superior volsella; 3, 4—hypopygium, dorsal view; 5, 6—hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bar 20 µm.

FIGURE 11 in Complete mitogenome and phylogenetic significance of Metoecus javanus (Pic, 1913) (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) from Southwest China, with notes on morphological traits of adult and immature stages

FIGURE 11. Ecological photos of M. javanus and its wasp hosts. A Male adult of M. javanus (Lincang). B Female of M. javanus (Chuxiong). C Vespa velutina: host of population from Nujiang. D Vespa bicolor: host of population from Lincang.

FIGURE 9 in Complete mitogenome and phylogenetic significance of Metoecus javanus (Pic, 1913) (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) from Southwest China, with notes on morphological traits of adult and immature stages

FIGURE 9. Pupa of M. javanus. A–C Mature pupa, female (A ventral view; B dorsal view; C lateral view). D–F Pupa of early stages, sex undetermined (D ventral view; E head; F pronotum) (Scale bar: A–D: 5 mm; E, F: 1 mm).

FIGURE 10 in Complete mitogenome and phylogenetic significance of Metoecus javanus (Pic, 1913) (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) from Southwest China, with notes on morphological traits of adult and immature stages

FIGURE 10. Mature larva of M. javanus. A Habitus (lateral view). B–D Head and thorax (B lateral view; C dorsal view; D ventral view). E Head. F Left V spiracle (unmarked arrows represent fleshy tubercles, scale bar: A, B–D: 5 mm; E–F: 2 mm).

FIGURE 8. Male genitalia. A–C Tergite IX, IX in Complete mitogenome and phylogenetic significance of Metoecus javanus (Pic, 1913) (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) from Southwest China, with notes on morphological traits of adult and immature stages

FIGURE 8. Male genitalia. A–C Tergite IX, IX (T9, T10) and sternite IX (S9) of male adult (A left view; B ventral view; C dorsal view). D–G Aedeagus (D dorsal view; E ventral view; F left view; G right view). H Median lobe (left view). I Aedeagus, separated (left on dorsal view) J–M Phallobase and parameres (J dorsal view; K ventral view; L left view; M right view) (Scale bar: A–G, H–M, 1 mm).