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1,154 results for “Extant”
Supporting code, tables and data for: Megafrugivores as fading shadows of the past: Extant frugivores and the abiotic environment as the most important determinants of the distribution of palms in Madagascar
<p>The extinction of all Madagascar's megafrugivores ca. 1000 years ago, may have left its signature on the current distribution of vertebrate-dispersed plants across the island, due to the loss of effective seed dispersal. In this study, we dissect the roles of extinct and extant frugivore distributions, abiotic variables, human impact and spatial predictors on the compositional turnover, or beta-diversity, of palm (Arecaceae) species and their fruit sizes across 40 assemblages on Madagascar. Variation partitioning showed that palm beta-diversity is mostly shaped by the distribution of extant frugivores (8 lemur, 3 bird, 2 rodent and 1 bat species) and the abiotic environment (e.g., forest cover, slope and temperature), and to a lesser extent by the distribution of extinct frugivores (5 giant lemur and 3 elephant bird<i> </i>species)<i>. </i>However, the contribution of these variables differed between dry western assemblages and wet eastern assemblages, with a more prominent role, albeit still small, of extinct megafrugivores in the west. These results suggest that palm distributions in the dry west of Madagascar, where megafrugivores were probably most abundant in the past, still show signatures of past interactions. With a fourth-corner analysis we observed that the distribution of palm species with relatively large fruits and seeds was negatively associated with home range of extant mammalian frugivores and frugivore richness of both past and extant communities, and positively associated with the hand-wing index (HWI) – a proxy for dispersal ability - of extant bird communities. This suggests that palm species with relatively large fruits tend to occur in places with fewer, small-ranged mammalian frugivores, which may indicate dysfunctional seed dispersal, although a few wide-ranging bird species may compensate this loss by dispersing the seeds of small-to medium-sized palm fruits. Our results shed new light on anachronisms in Madagascar, and how defaunation and past interactions may underlie current plant distributions.</p>
Extirpated prairie species demonstrate more variable phenological responses to warming than extant congeners
<p><i>Premise of the study. </i>Shifting phenology in response to climate is one mechanism that can promote population persistence and geographic spread; therefore, species with limited ability to phenologically track changing environmental conditions may be more susceptible to population declines. Alternatively, apparently, nonresponding species may demonstrate divergent responses to multiple environmental conditions experienced across seasons.</p> <p><i>Methods. </i>Capitalizing on herbarium records from across the Midwestern United States and detailed botanical surveys documenting local extinctions over the past century, we investigate whether extirpated and extant taxa differ in their phenological responses to temperature and precipitation experienced during winter and spring (during flowering and the growing season prior to flowering) or in their magnitude of flowering time shift over the past century.</p> <p><i>Key results. </i>Although warmer temperatures across seasons advanced flowering, extirpated and extant species differed in the magnitude of their phenological responses to winter and spring warming. Extirpated species demonstrated inconsistent phenological responses to warmer spring temperatures. Meanwhile, extant species consistently advanced flowering in response to warmer spring temperatures. In contrast, extirpated species advanced flowering more than extant species in response to warmer winter temperatures. Greater spring precipitation tended to delay flowering for both extirpated and extant taxa. Finally, both extirpated and extant taxa delayed flowering over time.</p> <p><i>Conclusions. </i>This study highlights the importance of understanding phenological responses to seasonal warming and indicates that extirpated species may demonstrate more variable phenological responses to temperature than extant congeners, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that appropriate phenological responses may reduce species' likelihood of extinction.</p>
Figure 33 in Extinct or extant? A new species of Termitodius Wasmann, 1894, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini) with a short review of the genus
Figure 33. Distribution of Termitodius species.
Figure 26. Large copal piece with about 100 T in Extinct or extant? A new species of Termitodius Wasmann, 1894, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini) with a short review of the genus
Figure 26. Large copal piece with about 100 T. woodruffi paratypes (FSCA).
A tale of four bears: Environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns within the extant Ursus species
<p>Aim: Assessing the relevance of niche evolution in the diversification patterns and geographical distribution of species driven by climate remains a challenge. We apply an integrative approach to evaluate the role of the environment on the phylogeography of bear species, incorporating fossil data to characterize the changes in the ecological niche through time. We evaluate our approach with the four extant species of bears within Ursus, the best represented taxon in the fossil record of the family Ursidae.</p> <p>Location: Eurasia and North America.</p> <p>Taxa: Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus; American black bear, U. americanus; Brown bear, U. arctos; and Polar bear, U. maritimus.</p> <p>Methods: We built a genetic and a geographical database from all published mitochondrial DNA sequences and of species occurrence records. We defined the most significant climatic variables based on each species ecological realm using correlation matrices, and characterized the ecological niches and existing environmental conditions with ellipsoid models. We inferred their current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ecological niche modellings (ENMs) and compared the results with the fossil record. We estimated the times of divergence (d‐loop sequences) of lineages and applied a phyloclimatespace approach to discern the phylogeographical patterns along each species' ecological space.</p> <p>Results: Ecological niche modelling showed wider niches for U. thibetanus and U. americanus encompassing higher temperature and precipitation, while U. arctos and<br> U. maritimus showed an opposite pattern. LGM models were consistent with the fossil record, predicting 55%–89% of the fossil occurrences (within their suitability<br> areas). The phyloclimatespace revealed different degrees of environmental signal in the lineages' phylogeographical patterns and ecological trajectories associated with<br> LGM climatic conditions. Results indicated habitat tracking and ecological expansion since the LGM towards more extreme precipitation and temperature conditions for<br> three species, except U. maritimus that showed ecological niche reduction.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: Incorporating fossil information from the LGM improved our characterization and interpretation of ecological models, by enabling definition of the limits of the climatic conditions explored by the species in the past. Our approach also provided insights about the existing set of environmental conditions shaping the ecological niche divergence of Ursus bears. We were able to depict key features of the lineages' evolutionary history, ecology and distribution, revealing the dynamics of niche occupation and the environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns of Ursus.</p>
Data from: Combined analysis of extant Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda) using morphological and molecular data
Independent molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses have often produced discordant results for certain groups which, for fossil-rich groups, raises the possibility that morphological data might mislead in those groups for which we depend upon morphology the most. Rhynchonellide brachiopods, with more than 500 extinct genera but only 19 extant genera represented today, provide an opportunity to explore the factors that produce contentious phylogenetic signal across datasets, as previous phylogenetic hypotheses generated from molecular sequence data bear little agreement with those constructed using morphological characters. Using a revised matrix of 66 morphological characters, and published ribosomal DNA sequences, we performed a series of combined phylogenetic analyses to identify conflicting phylogenetic signals. We completed a series of parsimony-based and Bayesian analyses, varying the data used, the taxa included, and the models used in the Bayesian analyses. We also performed simulation-based sensitivity analyses to assess whether the small size of the morphological data partition relative to the molecular data influenced the results of the combined analyses. In order to compare and contrast a large number of phylogenetic analyses and their resulting summary trees, we developed a measure for the incongruence between two topologies, and simultaneously ignore any differences in phylogenetic resolution. Phylogenetic hypotheses generated using only morphological characters differed amongst each other, and with previous analyses, while molecular-only and combined Bayesian analyses produced extremely similar topologies. Characters historically associated with traditional classification in the Rhynchonellida have very low consistency indices on the topology preferred by the combined Bayesian analyses. Overall, this casts doubt on the use of morphological systematics to resolve relationships among the crown rhynchonellide brachiopods. However, expanding our dataset to a larger number of extinct taxa with intermediate morphologies is necessary to exclude the possibility that the morphology of extant taxa is not dominated by convergence along long branches.
Extant and extinct bilby genomes combined with indigenous knowledge improve conservation of a unique Australian marsupial
<p>The Ninu (Greater bilby, <em>Macrotis lagotis</em>) is a desert-dwelling, culturally and ecologically important marsupial. In collaboration with Indigenous rangers and conservation managers, we generated the first Ninu chromosome-level genome assembly (3.66 Gbp) and genome sequences for the extinct Yallara (Lesser bilby, <em>Macrotis leucura</em>). We developed and tested a scat SNP panel, based on our genomic datasets, to inform current and future conservation actions, to undertake future ecological assessments, and improve our understanding of Ninu genetic diversity in managed and wild populations. We also assessed the beneficial impact of targeted conservation actions, like translocations, in the contemporary metapopulation (N=363 Ninu). Resequenced genomes (temperate Ninu=6; semi-arid Ninu=6; Yallara=4) revealed two major population crashes during global cooling events for both species and differences in Ninu genes involved in anatomical and metabolic pathway adaptations to aridity. Despite their 45-year long captive history, Ninu have fewer long runs of homozygosity than other larger mammals, which may be attributable to their boom-bust life-history. We also investigated the unique Ninu biology using 12 tissue transcriptomes revealing expression of all 115 conserved eutherian chorioallantoic placentation genes in the uterus; an XY<sub>1</sub>Y<sub>2</sub> sex chromosome system generated by fusion of the X with a large telocentric autosome; and expansions in olfactory receptor genes. Together, we demonstrate the holistic value of genomics in improving key conservation management actions, understanding unique biological traits, and developing tools for Indigenous rangers to monitor remote wild populations.</p>
Figure 4 in A new species of the extant genus Bulasconotus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae)
Figure 4. Extant Bulasconotus solomon Ślipiński & Lawrence. (A) NHMUK015543699, holotype, dorsal view. (B) NHMUK015543700, paratype, ventral view. Photography by Keita Matsumoto. © Natural History Museum, London, licensed under CC BY 2.0.
Figure 2 in A new species of the extant genus Bulasconotus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae)
Figure 2. General habitus of Bulasconotus carinisternus Li, Ślipiński & Cai sp. nov., holotype, NIGP203566, under confocal microscopy. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. Scale bars: 500 μm.
Figure 3 in A new species of the extant genus Bulasconotus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae)
Figure 3. Details of Bulasconotus carinisternus Li, Ślipiński & Cai sp. nov., holotype, NIGP203566, under confocal microscopy. (A) Head, ventral view. (B) Prothorax, dorsal view. (C) Prothorax, ventral view, with arrowhead indicating the median carina on the prosternal process. (D) Fore leg. (E) Abdominal base, ventral view. (F) Abdominal apex, ventral view. (G) Elytral base, dorsal view. (H) Head, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a2-11 = antennomeres 2-11; amc = admedian carina; el = elytron; lbp = labial palp; md = mandible; mtc = metacoxa; mtes = metanepisternum; mtv = metaventrite; mxp = maxillary palp; ps = prosternum; ptb = protibia; pts = protarsus; sc = scutellum; slc = sublateral carina; v1-5 = ventrites 1-5. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figure 1 in A new species of the extant genus Bulasconotus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae)
Figure 1. General habitus of Bulasconotus carinisternus Li, Ślipiński & Cai sp. nov., holotype, NIGP203566, under incident light. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. Scale bars: 500 μm.
Figure 5 in Fregetta lineata (Peale, 1848) is a valid extant species endemic to New Caledonia
Figure 5. Principal Component Analysis showing contribution of variables to axes 1 and 2.
Figure 2 in The extant fauna of Neuroptera (Insecta) from Brazil: diversity, distribution and history
Figure 2 Number of Neuroptera species recorded from Brazil by year (1825-2022).
Fig. 2 in The Blue Dyeing Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates tinctorius (Dendrobates azureus, Hoogmoed 1969): extant in Suriname based on a rapid survey
Fig. 2. Dendrobates tinctorius from Sipaliwini savanna, Suriname.
FIGURE 4 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket
FIGURE 4. Humeral insertions in a basal neodiapsid, Nothosaurus and Cryptoclidus.
FIGURE 3 in The oldest species of the relic extant genus Mesochria from Eocene Fushun amber of China (Diptera: Anisopodidae: Mycetobiinae)
FIGURE 3. Geographical distribution of fossil and extant species of the genus Mesochria.
Data from: Ecomorphological and phylogenetic controls on sympatry across extant bats
Aim: Macroecological patterns of sympatry can inform our understanding of how ecological and evolutionary processes govern species distributions. Following speciation, both intrinsic and extrinsic factors may determine how readily sympatry occurs. One possibility is that sympatry most readily occurs with ecological divergence, especially if broad-scale co-occurrence is mediated by niche differentiation. Time since divergence may also predict sympatry if hybridization and gene flow lead to the collapse of species boundaries between closely-related taxa. Here, we test for ecological and phylogenetic predictors of sympatry across the global radiation of extant bats. Location: Global Taxon: Bats (Order Chiroptera) Methods: We used a combination of linear mixed modeling, simulations, and maximum-likelihood modeling to test whether phylogenetic and ecomorphological divergence between species predict sympatry. We further assess how these relationships vary based on biogeographic realm. Results: We find that time since divergence does not predict sympatry in any biogeographic realm. Morphological divergence is negatively related to sympatry in the Neotropics, but shows no relationship with sympatry elsewhere. Main conclusions: We find that bats in most biogeographic realms co-occur at broad spatial scales regardless of phylogenetic similarity. Neotropical bats, however, appear to co-occur most readily when morphologically similar. To the extent that pairwise phylogenetic and morphological divergence reflect ecological differentiation, our results suggest that abiotic and environmental factors may be more important than species interactions in determining patterns of sympatry across bats.
Figure 3 in Deforestation affects biogeographical regionalization: a case study contrasting potential and extant distributions of Mexican terrestrial mammals
Figure 3. Mexican regionalization based on consensus cladogram of t1.
Fig. 5 in The Phylogenetic Resolving Power of Discrete Dental Morphology Among Extant Hedgehogs and the Implications for Their Fossil Record
Fig. 5. Atelerix albiventris (AMNH 165804) upper and lower jaw.
Fig. 7 in The Phylogenetic Resolving Power of Discrete Dental Morphology Among Extant Hedgehogs and the Implications for Their Fossil Record
Fig. 7. Hemiechinus auritus (AMNH 85309) upper and lower jaw.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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