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Fig. 3 in A new species of Lycodon (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Deccan Plateau of India, with notes on the range of Lycodon travancoricus (Beddome, 1870) and a revised key to peninsular Indian forms

Fig. 3. Map showing the type locality and distribution records of Lycodon deccanensis sp. nov. Type locality (Devarayana Durga) marked with a red dot.

Fig. 4 in First record of an infection by tissue cyst-forming coccidia in wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus, Rodentia) of Argentina

Fig. 4. Morphological structure of the cyst wall. Cortical brain photomicrograph shows a thin cyst wall (A). A detailed view shows that the cyst wall is made up of host-nucleated cells indicated by black arrowheads (B). In contrast, tissue cysts seen in organs other than the nervous system show a thicker cystic wall. Such is the case for those tissue cysts observed in the mammary (C–D), adrenal (E) and spleen (F) glands. The most notorious differential feature is the thick collagen outer layer in cysts outside the nervous system (white arrowheads). Bz: bradyzoites. A–B: Giemsa staining; C–D: Masson's trichrome staining. E–F: hematoxilin-eosin staining.

Fig. 2 in First record of an infection by tissue cyst-forming coccidia in wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus, Rodentia) of Argentina

Fig. 2. Cysts localized in adult brain and in an embryonic pituitary gland of plains vizcachas. Representative photomicrographs of histological sections of adult brains of infected vizcachas. Black arrowhead indicates a solitary tissue cyst in the striatum (A). A detailed view shows signs of inflammatory cells infiltration (arrow) (B). Silver impregnation staining allows visualization of the wall of a cortical tissue cyst (white arrowhead)(C). Embryonic pituitary exhibited multiple of cysts per section (black arrowheads) (D). Arrows indicate the radial arrangement of bradyzoites in the cyst wall in a detailed view of the embryo pituitary (E). A–B: Giemsa staining. C: silver impregnation technique. D–E: hematoxilin-eosin staining.

Fig. 1 in First record of an infection by tissue cyst-forming coccidia in wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus, Rodentia) of Argentina

Fig. 1. Tissue cysts in various organs of plains vizcachas. Representative photomicrographs of histological sections of ovary (A–B), uterus (C), mammary gland (D), adrenal (E), spleen (F), and suspension of cysts recovered from the superficial fascia (G), all of them collected from infected adult vizcachas. Suspension of cysts recovered from amniotic sac of an infected embryo (H). Note that while the ovaries, mammary glands, superficial fascia and fluid from amniotic sac show a high density of cysts, the rest of the organs tend to show only one or very few cysts per section. White arrowheads indicate corpora lutea and black arrowheads indicate tissue cysts. A, B, C, E and F: hematoxilin-eosin staining. D: Masson's trichrome staining.

Fig. 3 in First record of an infection by tissue cyst-forming coccidia in wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus, Rodentia) of Argentina

Fig. 3. Morphology of the tissue cyst recorded in plains vizcachas. Mammary gland photomicrograph illustrating a tissue cyst with a thick wall made up of a collagen fibers outer layer and the inner layer consisting of nucleated host cells enclosing thousands of spindle-shaped bradyzoites (Bz). Inset: the bradyzoites showed a conoidal (anterior) and a nonconoidal (posterior) end where the nucleus is located, and they exhibit cluster arrangements where they are ordered parallel to each other. Masson's trichrome staining.

Fig. 9 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 9. Transition of parabolae and flares in Analytoceras hermanni (Gümbel, 1868) (BSPG Man-x) from Bihati river valley south of Baun, SW Timor, Hettangian, Jurassic (compare Hoffmann and Keupp 2010); in ventral (A) and lateral (B) views.

Fig. 8 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 8. Internal structure of parabolae (transversal section) in Choffatia sp. (BSPG MAn-4519) from Dubki near Saratov, SW Russia; Upper Callovian, Jurassic. A. Parabola with notches. B–E. Discontinuity of the parabolae, the primary shell forms slots at the position of the notches. A secondary shell is attached from beneath. The relief is compensated by the dorsal inner prismatic layer. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; ipl, inner prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell.

Fig. 7 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 7. Internal structure of parabolae (median section, growth direction right) in Choffatia sp. (BSPG MAn-4520) from Dubki near Saratov, SW Russia; Upper Callovian, Jurassic. A, B. Discontinuity of the parabola, the primary nacreous layer ends abruptly. A secondary nacreous layer is attached from beneath. The relief is compensated by the dorsal inner prismatic layer. C. Discontinuity of parabolae at the position of the notches. The primary shell bends outwards and has an apertural prismatic coating. The secondary shell is attached from beneath. In front of the free edge of the primary shell a symmetric, prismatic thickening is formed. The dorsal shell compensates the relief. D. Lateral parts of the notches show the typical outward undulation of the new shell of the parabolic node. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; dncl, dorsal nacreous layer; dopl, dorsal outer prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell; opl 1/2, outer prismatic layer of the primary/secondary shell; pt, prismatic thickening; S, septum.

Fig. 6 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 6. Internal structure of a secondary flare (median section, growth direction right) in Argonauticeras besairiei Collignon, 1949 (BSPG MAo- 1802) from Ambatolafia, Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar; Lower Albian, Cretaceous. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; ipl, inner prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell; opl 1/2, outer prismatic layer of the primary/secondary shell; sb, shell bulge.

Fig. 2 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 2. Internal structure of flares (median section, growth direction right) in Argonauticeras besairiei Collignon, 1949 (BSPG MAo-1801) from Ambatolafia, Mahajanga Basin, NW Madagascar; Lower Albian, Cretaceous. A. Complete flare, the primary shell bends outwards and forms a frill. The flare ends in a backward reflection of the shell, i.e., apertural margin. Secondary shell material is attached from beneath and forms a prominent bulge in front of the flare. B. Close-up of A, contact of the primary shell and the secondary shell. The interior of the flares is covered by an apertural prismatic coating. C. Apertural margin of the flare, the primary shell wedges out. The primary outer prismatic layer and the apertural prismatic coating form a vanishing prismatic wedge. Abbreviations: apc, apertural prismatic coating; dipl, dorsal inner prismatic layer; ipl, inner prismatic layer; ncl 1/2, nacreous layer of the primary/secondary shell; opl 1/2, outer prismatic layer of the primary/secondary shell; sb, shell bulge; var, varix.

Fig. 5 in Form and formation of flares and parabolae based on new observations of the internal shell structure in lytoceratid and perisphinctid ammonoids

Fig. 5. Resorption process in flares of Lytoceratoidea. A. A complete flare with mantle cover. B. The retracting mantle begins resorption of shell material at the base of the flare. C. The mantle tissue rounds the flare stump through resorption. D. The retracted mantle begins secretion of secondary shell material. E. The mantle continues secreting the secondary shell. F. The mantle of the subsequent whorl begins to overgrow the flare stump of the preceding whorl. G. The mantle of the subsequent whorl overgrows the complete flare of the preceding whorl and begins its resorption. H. The mantle of the subsequent whorl resorbs the flare stump of the preceding whorl. I. The mantle of the subsequent whorl has smoothed the shell surface of the preceding whorl.

Fig. 4 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 4. Detail of the right transverse process of a middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/5) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in posterior view, with black rectangle indicating location of axial CT "slice" shown in B. B. Axial CT "slice" showing intradiapophyseal chamber, with black and white arrowheads indicating cortical and trabecular tissues, respectively. Reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in medial (C) and posterior (D) views. Black rectangle indicates location of sagittal CT "slice" shown in E. E. Sagittal CT "slice" through intradiapophyseal chamber.

Fig. 3 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 3. Partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/12) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based digital reconstruction in left anterolateral view. B. Axial CT "slice" in anterior view, with hypothesized pneumatic structures indicated by arrows. Note internal cavity in left diapophysis.

Fig. 7 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 7. Cervical vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/1, anterior cervical vertebra in anterior (A1) and right ventrolateral (A2) views. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/2, anterior cervical vertebra in right lateral view. C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/3, middle cervical vertebra in right lateral view. Lateral fossae of the centrum (hypothesized as pneumatic in origin) indicated by arrows.

Fig. 9 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 9. Comparison of the reconstructed pulmonary systems of the sauropod clades Rebbachisauridae (Diplodocoidea) and Saltasaurinae (Titanosauria) in right lateral view. A. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a generalized rebbachisaurid. Skeletal reconstruction based largely on Nigersaurus taqueti (Sereno et al. 2007: fig. 3a); pulmonary anatomy based on data presented herein, i.e., hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumaticity described in multiple rebbachisaurids, but primarily Katepensaurus goicoecheai (cervical and dorsal pneumaticity) and Tataouinea hannibalis (sacral, caudal, and pelvic pneumaticity). B. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a saltasaurine (after Cerda et al. 2012: fig. 4a). Color coding of pulmonary structures is as follows: orange, lung; green, cervical air sac system; yellow, clavicular air sac system; blue, abdominal air sac system. Postcranial skeletal elements that are known to have been pneumatized are shown in gray; bones that were either apneumatic or for which this condition is uncertain are in white.

Fig. 1. A in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 1. A. Simplified phylogeny of Diapsida showing position of Rebbachisauridae and both components of the rebbachisaurid Extant Phylogenetic Bracket sensu Witmer 1995 (Crocodylia and Aves). Rectangle indicates absence of postcranial pneumaticity; triangles indicate presence of postcranial pneumaticity. B. Hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumatic and other soft tissue structures in archosaurian vertebrae (based on O'Connor 2006).

Fig. 8 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 8. Anterior view of anterior caudal vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/7. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/8. Hypothesized pneumatic fossae indicated by arrows.

Fig. 5 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 5. Computed tomography-based visualizations of middle to posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/4) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Three-dimensional digital model in right posterolateral view. B. Sagittal section (anterior to left) with arrows indicating internal cavities hypothesized as pneumatic structures.

Fig. 6 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 6. Histology of a dorsal rib (UNPSJB-PV 1007/28) of the holotype of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Complete cross section of the rib sampled for histology. B. Detail of the dense Haversian bone in the cortex. C. General view of fibrolamellar bone tissue. D. Detail of fibrolamellar bone tissue. Note the abundance of longitudinally oriented vascular spaces in C and D. E. Four of the seven growth marks preserved in the primary bone tissue (indicated by arrowheads).

Fig. 2 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 2. Dorsal vertebrae of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/13, partial anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/12, partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra in dorsal view (B2), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fossa in dorsal view (B1). C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/4, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (dashed lines indicate approximate margins of laterodiapophyseal fenestra). D. UNPSJB-PV 1007/5, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (D1), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fenestra in right posterolateral view (D2). Arrows indicate hypothesized pneumatic structures.