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3,741 results for “Hormons”
Data from: Cascading effects of thermally-induced anemone bleaching on associated anemonefish hormonal stress response and reproduction
Organisms can behaviorally, physiologically, and morphologically adjust to environmental variation via integrative hormonal mechanisms, ultimately allowing animals to cope with environmental change. The stress response to environmental and social changes commonly promotes survival at the expense of reproduction. However, despite climate change impacts on population declines and diversity loss, few studies have attributed hormonal stress responses, or their regulatory effects, to climate change in the wild. Here, we report hormonal and fitness responses of individual wild fish to a recent large-scale sea warming event that caused widespread bleaching on coral reefs. This 14-month monitoring study shows a strong correlation between anemone bleaching (zooxanthellae loss), anemonefish stress response, and reproductive hormones that decreased fecundity by 73%. These findings suggest that hormone stress responses play a crucial role in changes to population demography following climate change and plasticity in hormonal responsiveness may be a key mechanism enabling individual acclimation to climate change.
Data from: A host immune hormone modifies parasite species interactions and epidemics: insights from a field manipulation.
Parasite epidemics can depend on priority effects, and parasite priority effects can result from the host immune response to prior infection. Yet we lack experimental evidence that such immune-mediated priority effects influence epidemics. To address this research gap, we manipulated key host immune hormones, then measured the consequences for within-host parasite interactions, and ultimately parasite epidemics in the field. Specifically, we applied plant immune-signaling hormones to sentinel plants, embedded into a wild host population, and tracked foliar infections caused by two common fungal parasites. Within host individuals, priority effects were altered by the immune-signaling hormone, salicylic acid. Scaling up from within-host interactions, hosts treated with salicylic acid experienced lower prevalence of a less aggressive parasite, increased burden of infection by a more aggressive parasite, and experienced fewer coinfections. Together, these results indicate that by altering within-host priority effects, host immune hormones can drive parasite epidemics. This study therefore experimentally links host immune hormones to within-host priority effects and parasite epidemics, advancing a more mechanistic understanding of how interactions among parasites alter their epidemics.
Data from: Vitamin D status among Thai school children and the association with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels
In several low latitude countries, vitamin D deficiency is emerging as a public health issue. Adequate vitamin D is essential for bone health in rapidly growing children. In the Thai population, little is known about serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status of infants and children. Moreover, the association between 25(OH)D and the biological active form of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)]2D is not clear. The specific aims of this study were to characterize circulating serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and their determinants including parathyroid hormone (PTH), age, sex, height and body mass index (BMI) in 529 school-aged Thai children aged 6–14 y. Adjusted linear regression analysis was performed to examine the impact of age and BMI, and its interaction with sex, on serum 25(OH)D concentrations and 1,25(OH)2D concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and PTH concentrations (geometric mean ± geometric SD) were 72.7±1.2 nmol/L, 199.1±1.3 pmol/L and 35.0±1.5 ng/L, respectively. Only 4% (21 of 529) participants had a serum 25(OH)D level below 50 nmol/L. There was statistically significant evidence for an interaction between sex and age with regard to 25(OH)D concentrations. Specifically, 25(OH)D concentrations were 19% higher in males. Moreover, females experienced a statistically significant 4% decline in serum 25(OH)D levels for each increasing year of age (P = 0.001); no decline was seen in male participants with increasing age (P = 0.93). When BMI, age, sex, height and serum 25(OH)D were individually regressed on 1,25(OH)2D, height and sex were associated with 1,25(OH)2D with females exhibiting statistically significantly higher serum 1,25(OH)2D levels compared with males (P<0.001). Serum 1,25(OH)2D among our sample of children exhibiting fairly sufficient vitamin D status were higher than previous reports suggesting an adaptive mechanism to maximize calcium absorption.
Data from: Lactation and resource limitation affect stress responses, thyroid hormones, immune function and antioxidant capacity of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
1. Lactation is the most energetically demanding stage of reproduction in female mammals. Increased energetic allocation toward current reproduction may result in fitness costs, though the mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are not well understood. Trade-offs during lactation may include reduced energetic allocation to cellular maintenance, immune response and survival, and may be influenced by resource limitation. 2. As the smallest marine mammal, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate necessitating substantial energetic requirements for survival. To provide the increased energy needed for lactation, female sea otters significantly increase foraging effort, especially during late-lactation. Caloric insufficiency during lactation is reflected in the high numbers of maternal deaths due to End-Lactation Syndrome in the California subpopulation. 3. We investigated the effects of lactation and resource limitation on maternal stress responses, metabolic regulation, immune function and antioxidant capacity in two subspecies of wild sea otters (northern: E. l. nereis and southern: E. l. kenyoni) within the California, Washington and Alaska subpopulations. 4. Lactation and resource limitation were associated with reduced glucocorticoid responses to acute capture stress. Corticosterone release was lower in lactating otters. Cortisol release was lower under resource limitation and suppression during lactation was only evident under resource limitation. Lactation and resource limitation were associated with alterations in thyroid hormones. Immune responses and total antioxidant capacity were not reduced by lactation or resource limitation. Southern sea otters exhibited higher concentrations of antioxidants, immunoglobulins and thyroid hormones than northern sea otters. 5. These data provide evidence for allocation trade-offs during reproduction and in response to nutrient limitation but suggest self-maintenance of immune function and antioxidant defenses despite energetic constraints. Income-breeding strategists may be especially vulnerable to the consequences of stress and modulation of thyroid function when food resources are insufficient to support successful reproduction and may come at a cost to survival, and thereby influence population trends.
Data from: Competition during thermoregulation altered the body temperatures and hormone levels of lizards
Every organism must thermoregulate to maximize its performance, but competing organisms limit access to preferred microclimates. Such competition often creates hierarchies in which dominant individuals have more access to limited resources than subordinate individuals. To assess the costs of competition during thermoregulation, we measured thermoregulation, movement, and hormones of male lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) when alone and when paired with a smaller or larger conspecific. Large males were 31% closer to the heat source when paired than when alone, resulting in a higher mean body temperature (35.7°C vs. 33.9°C). Conversely, small males were 40% farther from the heat source when paired, resulting in lower mean body temperature (32.1°C vs. 33.6°C). When paired, large and small males to circulate 26% and 44% more corticosterone, respectively. Conversely, large males circulated 26% more testosterone when paired, while small males circulated 26% less testosterone. Both dominant and subordinate males incurred costs when paired, including poorer thermoregulation, more movement, and greater physiological stress. Thus, competition for thermal resources should feature more prominently in ecological and evolutionary models of thermoregulation.
Data from: The effect of meal frequency in a reduced-energy regimen on the gastrointestinal and appetite hormones in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study
Background: Appetite and gastrointestinal hormones (GIHs) participate in energy homeostasis, feeding behavior and regulation of body weight. We demonstrated previously the superior effect of a hypocaloric diet regimen with lower meal frequency (B2) on body weight, hepatic fat content, insulin sensitivity and feelings of hunger compared to the same diet divided into six smaller meals a day (A6).Studies with isoenergetic diet regimens indicate that lower meal frequency should also have an effect on fasting and postprandial responses of GIHs.The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the effect of two hypocaloric diet regimens on fasting levels of appetite and GIHs and on their postprandial responses after a standard meal. It was hypothesized that lower meal frequency in a reduced-energy regimen leading to greater body weight reduction and reduced hunger would be associated with decreased plasma concentrations of GIHs: gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), peptide YY(PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and leptin and increased plasma concentration of ghrelin. The postprandial response of satiety hormones (GLP-1, PYY and PP) and postprandial suppression of ghrelin will be improved. Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 54 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D) underwent both regimens.The concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, PP, PYY, amylin, leptin and ghrelin were determined using multiplex immunoanalyses. Results: Fasting leptin and GIP decreased in response to both regimens with no difference between the treatments (p=0.37 and p=0.83, respectively). Fasting ghrelin decreased in A6 and increased in B2 (with difference between regimens p=0.023). Fasting PP increased in B2with no significant difference between regimens (p=0.17). Neither GLP-1 nor PYY did change in either regimen. The decrease in body weight correlated negatively with changes in fasting ghrelin (r=-0.4, p<0.043) and the postprandial reduction of ghrelin correlated positively with its fasting level (r=0.9, p<0.001). The postprandial responses of GIHs and appetite hormones were similar after both diet regimens. Conclusions: Both hypocaloric diet regimens reduced fasting leptin and GIP and postprandial response of GIP comparably. The postprandial responses of GIHs and appetite hormones were similar after both diet regimens. Eating only breakfast and lunch increased fasting plasma ghrelin more than the same caloric restriction split into six meals. The changes in fasting ghrelin correlated negatively with the decrease in body weight. These results suggest that for type 2 diabetic patients on a hypocaloric diet, eating larger breakfast and lunch may be more efficient than six smaller meals during the day.
Data from: Thyroid hormone protects primary cortical neurons exposed to hypoxia by reducing DNA methylation and apoptosis
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is associated with disruption of cerebral blood flow leading to localized brain hypoxia. Thyroid hormone (TH) treatment, administered shortly after injury, has been shown to promote neural protection in rodent TBI models. The mechanism of TH protection, however, is not established. We used mouse primary cortical neurons to investigate the effectiveness and possible pathways of T3-promoted cell survival after exposure to hypoxic injury. Cultured primary cortical neurons were exposed to hypoxia (0.2% oxygen) for 7 hours with or without T3 (5 nM). T3 treatment enhanced DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmc) levels and attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in DNA 5-methylcytosine (5-mc). In the presence of T3, mRNA expression of Tet family genes was increased and DNA methyltransferases, (Dnmt) 3a and Dnmt3b, were downregulated, compared to conditions in the absence of T3. These T3-induced changes decreased hypoxia-induced DNA de novo methylation, which reduced hypoxia-induced neuronal damage and apoptosis. We utilized RNA-seq to characterize T3-regulated genes in cortical neurons under hypoxic conditions and identified 22 genes that were upregulated and 15 genes that were downregulated. Krupple-like factor 9 (KLF9), a multifunctional transcription factor that plays a key role in CNS development, was highly upregulated by T3 treatment in hypoxic conditions. Knockdown of the KLF9 gene resulted in early apoptosis and abolished the beneficial role of T3 in neuronal survival. KLF9 mediates, in part, the neuronal protective role of T3. T3 treatment reduces hypoxic damage, although pathways that reduce DNA methylation and apoptosis, remains to be elucidated.
Data from: The development of individual differences in cooperative behaviour: maternal glucocorticoid hormones alter helping behaviour of offspring in wild meerkats
The phenotype of parents can have long-lasting effects on the development of offspring as well as on their behaviour, physiology and morphology as adults. In some cases, these changes may increase offspring fitness but, in others, they can elevate parental fitness at a cost to the fitness of their offspring. We show that in Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), the circulating glucocorticoid (GC) hormones of pregnant females affect the growth and cooperative behaviour of their offspring. We performed a 3-year experiment in wild meerkats to test the hypothesis that GC-mediated maternal effects reduce the potential for offspring to reproduce directly and therefore cause them to exhibit more cooperative behaviour. Daughters (but not sons) born to mothers treated with cortisol during pregnancy grew more slowly early in life and exhibited significantly more of two types of cooperative behaviour (pup rearing and feeding) once they were adults compared to offspring from control mothers. They also had lower measures of GCs as they aged, which could explain the observed increases in cooperative behaviour. Because early life growth is a crucial determinant of fitness in female meerkats, our results indicate that GC-mediated maternal effects may reduce the fitness of offspring, but may elevate parental fitness as a consequence of increasing the cooperative behaviour of their daughters.
Data from: Host stress hormones alter vector feeding preferences, success, and productivity
Stress hormones might represent a key link between individual-level infection outcome, population-level parasite transmission, and zoonotic disease risk. Although the effects of stress on immunity are well known, stress hormones could also affect host–vector interactions via modification of host behaviours or vector-feeding patterns and subsequent reproductive success. Here, we experimentally manipulated songbird stress hormones and examined subsequent feeding preferences, feeding success, and productivity of mosquito vectors in addition to defensive behaviours of hosts. Despite being more defensive, birds with elevated stress hormone concentrations were approximately twice as likely to be fed on by mosquitoes compared to control birds. Moreover, stress hormones altered the relationship between the timing of laying and clutch size in blood-fed mosquitoes. Our results suggest that host stress could affect the transmission dynamics of vector-borne parasites via multiple pathways.
Data from: Feather steroid hormone concentrations in relation to age, sex, and moulting time in a long distance migratory passerine
In birds, concentrations of testosterone (T) and corticosterone (Cort) are closely connected with many morphological, behavioural and other physiological traits, including reproduction, metabolism, immunity, and fitness. The direction of the effect of these hormones on above-mentioned traits, and the potential feedback between hormones are in general unclear; in addition, knowledge on how age and sex can affect T and Cort concentrations is still inconsistent. Our study used a novel method to analyse testosterone and corticosterone in feathers (Tf, Cortf) based on the pre-column chemical derivatization of hormones before LC-MS/MS analysis. Unlike previously used methods (RIA, EIA), our analytical procedure allows simultaneous analysis of both hormones from small amounts of feathers (4-25 mg) and thus overcomes the problem of insufficient detection limits. We applied this method to reveal associations between Tf and Cortf hormone concentrations and feather growth, age, and sex in feathers grown during the post-breeding (flanks) and pre-breeding (tails) periods in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). There was neither a correlation between pre-breeding and post-breeding Tf, nor between pre-breeding and post-breeding Cortf. Tail Cortf concentrations were negatively associated with tail feather growth rates. Feather hormone concentrations were correlated in the pre-breeding period, negatively in males but positively in females. Both Cortf and Tf were higher in young birds compared to older ones, indicating either an age-related decrease in hormone concentrations within individuals, or the selective disappearance of individuals with high steroid concentrations. Males and females did not differ in Cortf, but Tf concentrations were higher in males than females, particularly during the pre-breeding period. In this study, we provide an effective method for analysing hormones in feathers in an ecological context, especially in situations when the total amount of feathers available for the analysis is limited.
Data from: Association of in utero persistent organic pollutant exposure with placental thyroid hormones
In utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can result in thyroid function disorder, leading to concerns about their impact on fetal and neonatal development. The present study was performed to investigate the associations between placental levels of various POPs and thyroid hormones (THs). In a prospective Danish study initially established for assessing congenital cryptorchidism, 58 placenta samples were collected from mothers of boys born with (28) and without (30) cryptorchidism. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), organotin chemicals (OTCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured. The associations between placental THs and various POPs were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Five PBDEs, 35 PCBs, 14 PCDD/Fs, 3 OTCs, 25 OCPs, T4, T3, and rT3 were measured. No correlation between THs and the odds of cryptorchidism was found. Several POPs were significantly associated with THs: a) T4 was inversely associated with BDEs 99, 100, ΣPBDE, and 2378-TeCDD, and positively associated with 1234678-HpCDF; b) T3 was positively associated with 2378-TeCDF and 12378-PeCDF; c) rT3 was positively associated with PCB 81, 12378-PeCDF and 234678-HxCDF, and inversely associated with tributyltin (TBT), ΣOTC, and methoxychlor (MOC). These results revealed that POP exposures were associated with TH levels in placenta, a possible mechanism for the impacts of POP exposures on children's growth and development. This study provides new insight into the complexity of thyroid-disrupting properties of POPs. More research is needed to elucidate the biological consequences of POP exposures.
FIGURE 1. Oxyurella singalensis Daday 1898 in Hormonal induction of males as a method for studying tropical cladocerans: description of males of four chydorid species (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 1. Oxyurella singalensis Daday 1898, specimens from culture from Loeng Yai reservoir, Khon Kaen area: A–Cinstar I juvenile male: A—lateral view, B—antennule, C—distal portion of thoracic limb I; D–F—instar II juvenile male: Dlateral view, E—antennule, F—thoracic limb I; G–I—adult male: G—lateral view, H—antennule, I—thoracic limb I. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for A, D, G, 0.05 mm for B–C, E– F, H–I.
FIGURE 2. Oxyurella singalensis Daday 1898 in Hormonal induction of males as a method for studying tropical cladocerans: description of males of four chydorid species (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 2. Oxyurella singalensis Daday 1898, specimens from culture from Loeng Yai reservoir, Khon Kaen area: A–Bpostabdomens of instar I and 2 juvenile males; C—postabdomen of adult male; D–E—distal denticles of adult male postabdomen. Scale bars 0.05 mm for A-C, 0.01 mm for D-E.
FIGURE 5 in Hormonal induction of males as a method for studying tropical cladocerans: description of males of four chydorid species (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 5. Disparalona cf. hamata (Birge, 1810), adult male from culture from Loeng Yai reservoir, Khon Kaen area: A—lateral view, B—outline of postabdomen, C—distal part of postabdomen, D–E—antennule in different positions (aestheatascs omitted in E), F—thoracic limb I, G—copulatory hook and IDL of limb I. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for A and B, 0.05 mm for C–G.
FIGURE 4 in Hormonal induction of males as a method for studying tropical cladocerans: description of males of four chydorid species (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 4. Leydigia cf. ciliata Gauthier, 1939, adult male from culture from pond near the highway Khon Kaen—Kalasin: A—lateral view, B–C—postabdomen, D—postabdominal claw, E—antennule, F—thoracic limb 1. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for A and B–C, 0.05 mm for D–F.
FIGURE 3 in Hormonal induction of males as a method for studying tropical cladocerans: description of males of four chydorid species (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 3. Leberis diaphanus (King, 1853), adult male from culture from Loeng Yai reservoir, Khon Kaen area: A—lateral view, B—postabdomen, C—antennule, D —thoracic limb I, E—copulatory hook and IDL of limb I. Scale bars: 0.1 mm for A, 0.05 mm for B–E.
Tracking conformational transitions of the gonadotropin hormone receptors in a bilayer of (SDPC) poly-unsaturated lipids from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.
<p>In the present study, we describe the results from a computational microscopy perspective (also known as molecular dynamics simulation) at the atomistic resolution for the two gonadotropin hormone receptors, the follicle-stimulant hormone receptor and the luteinizing/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor, which are essential for reproduction in humans.</p>
Hormone profiles of the African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides, a species with XY female sex reversal.
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Dataset for Identification of small-molecule antagonists targeting the Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRHR)
<p><span>Active compound dockings, MD systems’ starting conformations, conformations after 1000ns, topology files and parameter files.</span></p>
Dataset for Hormonal plasticity to food restriction is heritable
<p>Dataset and analyses for manuscript Hormonal plasticity to food restriction is heritable</p> <p>Please see readme file for more information. </p> <p>Updated analysis file (.rmd) in version 5. Please refer to ver2 and ver1 for readme and datasets. </p>
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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