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Fig. 3 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 3. Representative premaxillae (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in right lateral view. A. FMNH PR 3369. B. FMNH PR 2278. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for premaxillae. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

Fig. 4 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 4. Representative maxillae (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in right lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR. 3369. C. FMNH PR 2278. D. Illustration of landmark positions used for maxillae. Black circles, landmarks. E. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (E1) and largest (E2) specimens from average.

Fig. 2. Landmarks and semilandmarks designated using tpsDIG for 2D in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 2. Landmarks and semilandmarks designated using tpsDIG for 2D data (A) and landmark for 3D data (B). Landmark configurations aligned using generalized procrustes analysis, removing the effects of size, orientation, and position (C, D). Ontogenetic shape change visualized by generating deformation grids for 2D data (E) and warped meshes for 3D data (F).

Fig. 5 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 5. Representative lacrimals (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in left lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR 2100. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for lacrimals. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids relative to average; outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

Fig. 1 in Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

Fig. 1. Whole (B) and partial (A) skulls (rendered CT images) of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Depéret, 1896) Lavocat, 1955 from the Maastrichtian Late Cretaceous) Maevarano Formation, northwestern Madagascar in left lateral view. A. UA 9944. B. FMNH PR 2100. C. Illustration of landmark positions used for articulated skull. Black circles, landmarks; white circles interconnected with solid lines, semilandmarks. D. Ontogenetic shape change visualized by deformation grids for 2D data (see Bhullar et al. 2012); outline of smallest (D1) and largest (D2) specimens from average.

Fig. 7 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 7. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/17, holotype, interior of right valve (A1), exterior of left valve with attached oyster (A2). B. TsSGM 2048/24, paratype, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/33, paratype, interior of left valve.

Fig. 11 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 11. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea? robusta sp. nov., Middle Volgian, Yatriya River, Subpolar Urals,. A. TsSGM 2068/37, interior of right valve. B. TsSGM 2068/36, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/35, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/38, interior of left valve attached to other oyster shell.

Fig. 10 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 10. Comparison of morphology Deltoideum vs. Pernostrea. A, C. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817) (labelled as "Ostrea deltoidea"), Kimmeridgian, La Hève, France. A. NHM 204314, interior of right valve. C. NHM 204314, interior of left valve. B, D. Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. B. TsSGM 2068/30, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/84, interior of left valve.

Fig. 3 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 3. Main morphological characters of oysters. A. Left valve of Phygraea (Gryphaeidae, Pycnodonteinae), TsSGM 2068/88, inner view. B. Left valve of Crassostrea (Flemingostreidae, Crassostreinae), TsSGM 2068/13, inner view. C. Left valve of Pernostrea (Gryphaeidae, Gryphaeinae), TsSGM 2068/2, inner view.

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) borealis sp. nov. A. TsSGM 2068/31, paratype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. E. TsSGM 150/3887, holotype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Khatanga depression, north of Eastern Siberia; interior of RV (E1) and exterior of LV (E2). B–D, F. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) praeanabarensis Zakharov, 1966), Lower Volgian, Dyabaka-Tari River, north of Eastern Siberia. B. TsSGM 2068/10, view on left (B1) and right (B2) valves. C. TsSGM 2068/57, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/8, exterior (D1) and interior (D2) of left valve. F. TsSGM 150/2031, interior of left valve.

Fig. 9 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 9. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/23, left (A1) and right (A2) valve views, view from posterior side (A3). B. TsSGM 2068/34, left (B1) and right (B2) valve views. C. TsSGM 2068/32, exterior (C1) and interior (C2) of left valve, view from anterior side (C3).

Fig. 5 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 5. Microstructure of studied gryphaeid oysters. A. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817), TsSGM 2068/87; Kimmeridgian, Dorset, England. B. Pernostrea uralensis (Zakharov, 1972), TsSGM 2068/45; Upper Volgian, Maurynya River, eastern slopes of the Northern Urals. Microstructure (A1, B1), cross section (A2, B2). RF, regularly foliated structure; HCF,?herringbone cross-foliated structure.

Fig. 1 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 1. Geographical position of the studied oysters locations: 1, Lopsiya River; 2, Tolya River; 3, Maurynya River; 4, Yatriya River; 5, Boyarka River; 6, Bol'shaya Romanikha River; 7, Dyabaka-Tari River (after Zakharov 1966; Zakharov and Mesezhnikov 1974).

Fig. 4 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 4. Measurements of morphometric parameters of oyster shells. D1, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and anterior valve margin; D2, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and posterior valve margin; D3, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and ventral margin; D4, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and dorsal margin; H, shell height; HCF, herringbone cross-foliated structure; Hla, ligament area height; Hpam, posterior adductor muscle scar height; L, shell length; LA, ligament area; LV, left valve; Lab, anterior bourrelet length; Lla, ligament area length; Lpam, posterior adductor muscle scar length; Lpb, posterior bourrelet length; Lr, resilifer length; PAM, posterior adductor muscle scar; RF, regularly foliated structure; RV, right valve.

Fig. 8 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 8. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2068/28, paratype, details of right valve sculpture: fine radial striae (A1), exterior with Gastrochaenolites (A2), interior (A3). B. TsSGM 2048/21, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/29, interior of right valve.

Fig. 7 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 7. Partial neural arch of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014 (MPM-PV 1156?-7), from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in left lateral (A) and posterior (B) views.

Fig. 3 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 3. Nearly complete dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in posterior view. A. MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. MPM-PV 1156-6, ~6th. D. MPM-PV 1156?-8, ~7th. E. MPM-PV 1156?-9, ~8th. F. MPM-PV 1156?-10, ~9th. G. MPM-PV 1156-11, ~10th. Dashed lines indicate fractured neural arch laminae. Colours indicate neural arch fossae.

Fig. 2 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 2. Nearly complete dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in anterior view. A. MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. MPM-PV 1156-6, ~6th. D. MPM-PV 1156?-8, ~7th. E. MPM-PV 1156?-9, ~8th. F. MPM-PV 1156?-10, ~9th. G. MPM-PV 1156-11, ~10th. Colours indicate neural arch fossae.

Fig. 1 in Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 1. Nearly complete dorsal vertebrae of titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani Lacovara, Lamanna, Ibiricu, Poole, Schroeter, Ullmann, Voegele, Boles, Carter, Fowler, Egerton, Moyer, Coughenour, Schein, Harris, Martínez, and Novas, 2014, from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina; middle–late Campanian to early Maastrichtian; in left lateral view. A. MPM-PV 1156?-4, estimated as the ~4th dorsal vertebra. B. MPM-PV 1156?-5, ~5th. C. MPM-PV 1156-6, ~6th. D. MPM-PV 1156?-8, ~7th. E. MPM-PV 1156?-9, ~8th. F. MPM-PV 1156?-10, ~9th. G. MPM-PV 1156-11, ~10th. Dashed lines indicate fractured neural arch laminae. Colours indicate neural arch fossae.