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5,448 results for “Neuron”
Adolescent alcohol exposure, pain, and synaptic function at BLA inputs onto prelimbic neurons
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Data from: An Elongator mouse model of ALS spotlights TDP-43 in the motor neuron nucleolus
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Functional interactions among neurons within single columns of macaque V1
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Datasets for neuronal imaging, extracellular recordings and behavioral rig code
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Data from: Reactivation of memory-associated neurons induces downstream suppression of competing neuronal populations
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Sympathetic motor neuron dysfunction is a missing link in age-associated sympathetic overactivity
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Task-induced modulations of neuronal activity along the auditory pathway
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GPR161 mechanosensitivity at the primary cilium drives neuronal saltatory migration
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Neuron soma size and density measurements in male and female adult rat nucleus accumbens shell, nucleus accumbens core, and caudate-putamen disaggregated by sex and estrous cycle phase
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Chronic Ca2+ imaging of cortical neurons with long-term expression of GCaMP-X
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neuron
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 05 June 2020
Data from: Persistent firing and adaptation in optic-flow-sensitive descending neurons
<p>A general principle of sensory systems is that they adapt to prolonged stimulation by reducing their response over time. Indeed, in many visual systems, including higher-order motion sensitive neurons in the fly optic lobes and the mammalian visual cortex, a reduction in neural activity following prolonged stimulation occurs. In contrast to this phenomenon, the response of the motor system controlling flight maneuvers persists following the offset of visual motion. It has been suggested that this gap is caused by a lingering calcium signal in the output synapses of optic lobe neurons. However, whether this directly affects the responses of the post-synaptic descending neurons, leading to the observed behavioral output, is not known. We use extracellular electrophysiology to record from optic flow sensitive descending neurons in response to prolonged wide-field stimulation. We find that, as opposed to most sensory and visual neurons, and in particular to the motion vision sensitive neurons in the brains of flies and mammals, the descending neurons show little adaption during stimulus motion. In addition, we find that the optic flow sensitive descending neurons display persistent firing, or an after-effect, following the cessation of visual stimulation, consistent with the lingering calcium signal hypothesis. However, if the difference in after-effect is compensated for, subsequent presentation of stimuli in a test-adapt-test paradigm reveals adaptation to visual motion. Our results thus show a combination of adaptation and persistent firing, in the neurons that project to the thoracic ganglia, and thereby control behavioral output.</p>
Dissociable control of unconditioned responses and associative fear learning by parabrachial CGRP neurons
<p>Parabrachial CGRP neurons receive diverse threat-related signals and contribute to multiple phases of adaptive threat responses in mice, with their inactivation attenuating both unconditioned behavioral responses to somatic pain and fear-memory formation. Because CGRP<sup>PBN</sup> neurons respond broadly to multi-modal threats, it remains unknown how these distinct adaptive processes are individually engaged. We show that while three partially separable subsets of CGRP<sup>PBN</sup> neurons broadly collateralize to their respective downstream partners, individual projections accomplish distinct functions: hypothalamic and extended amygdalar projections elicit assorted unconditioned threat responses including autonomic arousal, anxiety, and freezing behavior, while thalamic and basal forebrain projections generate freezing behavior and, unexpectedly, contribute to associative fear learning. Moreover, the unconditioned responses generated by individual projections are complementary, with simultaneous activation of multiple sites driving profound freezing behavior and bradycardia that are not elicited by any individual projection. This semi-parallel, scalable connectivity schema likely contributes to flexible control of threat responses in unpredictable environments.</p>
Data from: Attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity
<p>Recent work has implicated the basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in addition to their traditional role in motor control. The basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus "head" (CDh) of the striatum, receive indirect anatomical connections from the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure that is known to play a crucial role in the control of visual attention. To test the possible functional relationship between these subcortical structures, we recorded CDh neuronal activity before and during unilateral SC inactivation in a spatial attention task. SC inactivation significantly altered the attention-related modulation of CDh neurons and strongly impaired the classification of task epochs based on CDh activity. Only inactivation of the same-side of SC as recorded CDh neurons, not the opposite-side, had these effects. These results demonstrate a novel interaction between SC activity and attention-related visual processing in the basal ganglia.</p>
Results of Neuron Phenotype Ontology competency queries
<p>Full list of neurons with human readable labels returned from competency queries against the Neuron Phenotype Ontology as described in Gillespie et al. (2020). Three .CSV files are included with the number of competency query (Q1, Q2 and Q3) appended. The DL query used for the query is given in the column header of column A. The numbers provided for Q1 and Q2 in columns B-E represent the count of neurons returned for each of the 3 evidence based models (EBMs) described in the paper and the Common Usage Types (CUTs) The total number of neurons returned across all categories is shown in column F.</p>
Dataset for: Majority of olfactory-receptor neurons have individually neutral effects on behavior
<p><strong>Summary</strong></p> <p>Animals use olfactory receptors to navigate danger, mates, and food. However, for complex olfactory systems, it is unknown what proportion of olfactory-receptor neurons (ORNs) can individually drive avoidance or attraction. Similarly it is unclear what rules govern behavioral responses to ORN-activity combinations. We used optogenetic analysis in Drosophila to map the behavior elicited by nearly all ORN classes; just one-fifth of ORNs drove either avoidance or attraction. Although wind and hunger are closely linked to olfaction, neither context had much effect on single-ORN-class behavior. Various models have been used to explain the way multiple ORNs combine their behavioral influences, including several simple pooling rules. To assess these, we activated two-way combinations and compared patterns of single- and double-ORN responses: these comparisons were inconsistent with simple pooling. We conclude that the majority of ORN types have neutral behavioral effects individually, but participate in broad, odor-elicited ensembles with potent behavioral effects arising from complex interactions.</p>
Neuronal octopamine signaling regulates mating-induced germline stem cell increase in female Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Stem cells fuel the development and maintenance of tissues. Many studies have addressed how local signals from neighboring niche cells regulate stem cell identity and their proliferative potential. However, the regulation of stem cells by tissue-extrinsic signals in response to environmental cues remains poorly understood. Here we report that efferent octopaminergic neurons projecting to the ovary are essential for germline stem cell (GSC) increase in response to mating in female <i>Drosophila</i>. The neuronal activity of the octopaminergic neurons is required for mating-induced GSC increase as they relay the mating signal from Sex peptide receptor-positive cholinergic neurons. Octopamine and its receptor Oamb are also required for mating-induced GSC increase via intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling. Moreover, we identified Matrix metalloproteinase-2 as a downstream component of the octopamine-Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling to induce GSC increase. Our study provides a mechanism describing how neuronal system couples stem cell behavior to environmental cues through stem cell niche signaling.</p>
Endocannabinoid signalling in stem cells and cerebral organoids drives differentiation to deep layer projection neurons via CB1 receptors
<p>The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, <i>via</i> cannabinoid CB<sub>1</sub> receptor, regulates neurodevelopment by controlling neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis. CB<sub>1</sub> receptor signalling <i>in vivo</i> drives corticofugal deep layer projection neuron development through the regulation of <span>BCL11B </span>and <span>Satb2</span> transcription factors. Here, we investigated the role of eCB signalling in mouse pluripotent embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal differentiation. Characterization of the eCB system revealed increased expression of eCB-metabolizing enzymes, eCB ligands and CB<sub>1</sub> receptors along neuronal differentiation. CB<sub>1</sub> receptor knockdown inhibited neuronal differentiation of deep layer neurons and increased upper layer neuron generation, and this phenotype was rescued by CB<sub>1</sub> re-expression. Pharmacological regulation with CB<sub>1</sub> receptor agonists or elevation of eCB tone with a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor promoted neuronal differentiation of deep layer neurons at the expense of upper layer neurons. Patch-clamp analyses revealed that enhancing cannabinoid signalling facilitated neuronal differentiation and functionality. Noteworthy, incubation with CB<sub>1</sub> receptor agonists during human iPSC-derived cerebral organoid formation also promoted the expansion of BCL11B<sup>+</sup> neurons. These findings unveil a cell-autonomous role of eCB signalling that, <i>via</i> CB<sub>1</sub> receptor, promotes mouse and human deep layer cortical neuron development.</p>
Nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene cooperatively delay motor neuron failure in ALS SOD1G93A mice
<p>Oxidative stress-induced damage is a major mechanism in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A recent human clinical trial showed that the combination of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and pterostilbene (PT), molecules with potential to interfere in that mechanism, was efficacious in ALS patients. We examined the effect of these molecules in SOD1G93A transgenic mice, a well-stablished model of ALS. Assessment of neuromotor activity and coordination was correlated with histopathology, and measurement of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid. Cell death, Nrf2- and redox-dependent enzymes and metabolites, and sirtuin activities were studied in isolated motor neurons. NR and PT increased survival and ameliorated ALSassociated loss of neuromotor functions in SOD1G93A transgenic mice. NR and PT also decreased the microgliosis and astrogliosis associated with ALS progression. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice and humans with ALS. NR and PT ameliorated TNFα-induced oxidative stress and motor neuron death in vitro. Our results support the involvement of oxidative stress, specific Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defenses, and sirtuins in the pathophysiology of ALS. NR and PT interfere with the mechanisms leading to the release of proapoptotic molecular signals by mitochondria, and also promote mitophagy</p>
Cold-induced hyperphagia requires AgRP-neuron activation in mice
<p>To maintain energy homeostasis during cold exposure, the increased energy demands of thermogenesis must be counterbalanced by increased energy intake. To investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this cold-induced hyperphagia, we asked whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are activated when animals are placed in a cold environment and, if so, whether this response is required for the associated hyperphagia. We report that AgRP-neuron activation occurs rapidly upon acute cold exposure, as do increases of both energy expenditure and energy intake, suggesting the mere perception of cold is sufficient to engage each of these responses. We further report that silencing of AgRP neurons selectively blocks the effect of cold exposure to increase food intake but has no effect on energy expenditure. Together, these findings establish a physiologically important role for AgRP neurons in the hyperphagic response to cold exposure.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.